Population Studies In 1999, 600 million children in the world lived in poverty – 50 million more...
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Transcript of Population Studies In 1999, 600 million children in the world lived in poverty – 50 million more...
![Page 1: Population Studies In 1999, 600 million children in the world lived in poverty – 50 million more than in 1990 United Nations.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062720/56649f155503460f94c2ab0d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Population Studies
In 1999, 600 million children in the world lived in poverty – 50 million more than in 1990
United Nations
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Population Studies
Demography: study of human populations with respect to their size, structure and development.
Why do we need to know changes in human population?
*we need to remember that the situation is dynamic in population studies.*
- numbers, distribution, structures and movements constantly change in time and space
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Population Studies
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Population Studies
Until about 200 years ago, population growth was slow.
Since then, there had been an enormous increase (previous graph).
Population Explosion: sudden and great increase in world’s population.
Rate of increase has become exponential.
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Reasons for the rapid increase
• onset of agricultural and industrial revolution in the 18th C.
• improvements in medical sciences
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Reasons for the rapid increase
Birth rate (BR): number of live births per year per 1000 people
Death Rate (DR): number of deaths per year per 1000 people
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): number of deaths per children below one year of age per 1000 people
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Reasons for the rapid increase
Natural Increase (NI): excess of births over deaths per 1000 person
Population Density: number of people per sq. km of an area
Total Fertility Rate (TFR): average number of children each woman would bear during her childbearing years
Replacement Fertility Level: level of fertility at which a given population is replacing itself.
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Reasons for the rapid increase
Zero Population Growth: When the BR is the same as the DR.
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Reasons for changes in Birth and Death rates
1. standard of living
- medical facilities, health care
- housing
- hygiene
- water supply
- sanitation and nutrition
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Reasons for changes in Birth and Death rates
2. Cultural factors
- way of living, customs and beliefs
- role of children, religion
- region of the world (developed Vs. under-developed)
3. Government policies
- increase/slow down BRs
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Demographic Transition Model
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4 stages of demographic transition
Each stage is linked to the economic and
social development of the individual
country
•Stage 1•Stage 2•Stage 3•Stage 4
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4 stages of demographic transition
STAGE 1 - AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY -
HIGH BRs & DRs = SLOW GROWTH
High DRS due to:•poor medical facilities•sanitation•water supply•diet•natural catastrophies•high IMR
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4 stages of demographic transition
High BRs due to:
•social desire for larger families because children are economic assets•high IMR•security purposes•ignorance of birth control
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4 stages of demographic transition
STAGE 2: AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY +
EARLY INDUSTRIALISATION - HIGH
BRs, FALLING DRs, RISING RATE OF
INCREMENT
FALLING DRs :•improvement in medical care•sanitation•water supply•sewerage disposal•food supply
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4 stages of demographic transition
HIGH BRs:
•social norm still that of an agricultural society•low wages so children can work to get money•child L is allowed•birth control still NOT available
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4 stages of demographic transition
•Asian Countries - because of western colonisation & missionary influence may experience a decline in the DRs, but not the accompany industrial development and agricultural improvement of the West.
•Some experience a slower rate of development undertaken by newly independent governments.
•Stage 2: India, Malaysia & Indonesia
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4 stages of demographic transition
STAGE 3: MATURE INDUSTRIALISED
SOCIETY - FALLING BRs & LOW DRs
FALLING BRs:•increased urbanisation brings about a change in the society - •smaller families - cost of a child•families can enjoy higher living standards with fewer members•practising birth control methods
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4 stages of demographic transition
•Education to girls - good job prospects instead of marrying at an early age and bearing children•delay marriage - reducing the number of children being born (Fertility Rate) - all leads to a decline in the BRs•government policies
DRs:•slight decline as most advances made in the previous stages
•SINGAPORE FALLS IN THIS CATSINGAPORE FALLS IN THIS CAT..
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4 stages of demographic transition
STAGE 4:
ADVANCED INDUSTRIALISIED SOCIETYADVANCED INDUSTRIALISIED SOCIETY
BRs:•TFR continues to decline as the role of women changes - education, working, career-minded instead of getting married at an early age and having children•having No kids!•Marriage under institution also comes under battering, also ending in divorces
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4 stages of demographic transition
•Role of woman as a traditional child bearer becomes INVALID
•economic security with greater income, $avings, insurance policie$ erodes the concept that children are a source of old age security
•children leaving home earlier
•Fluctuation in BRs may indicate govt. efforts in increasing BRs!!
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4 stages of demographic transition
•Egs: many European countries such as Sweden, France, Germany & Japan
DRs:
•levels out as advances in medical sciences extends life expectancy
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