Population of Rome 5 th Century – 120,000 male, adult citizens 4 th Century – 160,000 3 rd...
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Population of Rome •5 th Century – 120,000 male, adult citizens •4 th Century – 160,000 •3 rd Century – 300,000 •1 st Century – 900,000 •1 st Century AD – 4,000,000- 7,000,000
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Transcript of Population of Rome 5 th Century – 120,000 male, adult citizens 4 th Century – 160,000 3 rd...
Population of Rome
• 5th Century – 120,000 male, adult citizens
• 4th Century – 160,000
• 3rd Century – 300,000
• 1st Century – 900,000
• 1st Century AD – 4,000,000-7,000,000
133-30 BC – Entrenched Problems•Latifundia – large estates (and labor problems, filled by POWs out of Rome’s wars)
•Slave Revolts (134-31, 104-100, 73-71)
•Grain Dole
•Unemployment at Rome
•Italian Allies – Franchise issue
•Large Standing Army – spread around the Mediterranean
•Difficulty of Administrating Empire
e.g. Jugurtha in Numidia/Mithradates in Asia Minor
•Maintenance of Mos Maiorum
Gracchus & Gracchus – Power of the Tribune
T. *challenged authority of Senate *appealed to people for support (Populares) *tried to give franchise to Italians *redistribution of land (Agrarian Reform)G. * redistribution of land * voting rights for Italians * control price of grain in Rome * jury pool from Equites (Knights) class * soldiers clothing bought with public expense
Marius vs Sulla
• Jugurtha, King of Numidia
Massinissa, J’s grandfather
Micipsa, J’s uncle
134 BC Assisted Scipio Aemilianus
112 J & 2 cousins inherit kingship
War with Rome
• Marius (quaestor, Sulla) comes to fore
• Marius in North Africa and Gaul
New Army
Successive consulships
Political efforts
• “Social Wars” 91-88 BC
Sulla is hero and elected consul
• Mithridates in Asia
Sulla given command, but Marius mingling in politics again with Sulpicius Rufus
• Sulla recalled from command
• 1st Civil War - Sulla marches on Rome
• 2nd Civil War – Marius & Cinna march on Rome
Reign of Terror
• Sulla marches back – takes Rome and initiates longer Reign of Terror with PROSCRIPTIONS
• 82-79 BC Sulla holds continuous dictatorship
Sulla’s Changes
• Military colonies (filled with his veterans)• Restoration of Senatorial powers• Weakening of Assembly (requires
Senatorial approval for any legislation)• Weakening Tribuneship – limited to
intercession• Reformed judicial system – standing courts
and Senatorial juries
48 years of struggle left - Triumvirates
• 1st Triumvirate – Pompey, J. Caesar, Crassus (60-49 BC)
• 2nd Triumvirate – Octavian, Mark Antony, Lepidus (43-31 BC)
Power lies with the army.
Octavian left alive.
Pax Augusta
