Population Mobility in the United States Martha B. Sharma APHG Test Development Committee NCGE,...
Transcript of Population Mobility in the United States Martha B. Sharma APHG Test Development Committee NCGE,...
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Population Mobility in the
United States
Martha B. SharmaAPHG Test Development Committee
NCGE, Kansas City
October 22, 2004
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II. Population
C. Population movement
1. Push and pull factors
2. Major voluntary and involuntary migrations at different scales
3. Migration selectivity
4. Short-term, local movements, and activity space
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Some Basic Vocabulary*
• Domestic migration: moves that cross jurisdictional boundaries
• Residential mobility: moves within the same jurisdiction
• Moving rate: percentage of people who changed residence in a 1-year period
*U.S. Census Bureau. Current Population Reports, March 2004.
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U.S. Population Mobility• Between 2002 and 2003, 40.1 million U.S. residents
moved• More than half of all moves were local (i.e., within the
same county)
• Young adults had the highest moving rates (about one-third of 20-29 year olds in 2003)
• Older adults had the highest interstate moving rates (28% of all 55 and older movers crossed state lines in 2003)
• Hispanics and African American had the highest overall moving rates (18% in 2003)
• Factors most influencing moving rates were age and home ownership
Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Current Population Reports, March 2004.
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Geographical Mobility, U.S. 1947-2003
0
5
10
15
20
25
1947
-48
1955
-56
1965
-66
1975
-76
1985
-86
1995
-96
2002
-200
3
Per
cen
t M
ove
rs
Source: U.S. Census Bureau.
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Geographical Mobility, U.S. -- 1947-2003(by type of move)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1947
-48
1950
-51
1955
-56
1960
-61
1965
-66
1970
-71
1975
-76
1980
-81
1985
-86
1990
-91
1995
-96
2000
-200
1
2002
-200
3
Pe
rce
nt
Mo
ve
rsSame county
Same state
Different state
SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 , Summary File3 [online].
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U.S. Change in Residence, 1995-2000
same city12%
same county13%
same state10%
different state9%
Different house44%
Same house56%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, Summary File 3 [online]
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United States: Changing Residence 1995-2000
National Mean
Source: U .S . Census. Census 2000 (SF3)
Population (% ) L iving in a D ifferent House
1995-2000
0.35 - 0.4
0.4 - 0.45
0.45 - 0.46
0.46 - 0.55
0.55 - 0.65
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Type of Movers, U.S. (%) - March 2002 to 2003
From different state19%
From abroad3%
Within same county59%
From different county, same state
19%
SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau. Geographical Mobility: Population Characteristics , March 2004.
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National Mean
United States: Changing Residence 1995-2000“Different House, Same City or Town”
Source: U .S . Census. Census 2000 (SF3)
Population (% ) L iving in a D ifferent House
1995-2000
0.04 - 0.08
0.08 - 0.12
0.12 - 0.13
0.13 - 0.18
0.18 - 0.24
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National Mean
United States: Changing Residence 1995-2000“Different House, Different City or Town, Same County”
Source: U .S . Census. Census 2000 (SF3)
Population (% ) L iving in a D ifferent House
1995-2000
0 - 0.1
0.1 - 0.12
0.12 - 0.13
0.13 - 0.17
0.17 - 0.22
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Source: U .S . Census. Census 2000 (SF3)
Population (% ) Living in a D ifferent House
1995-2000
0 - 0.04
0.04 - 0.08
0.08 - 0.09
0.09 - 0.12
0.12 - 0.15
National Mean
United States: Changing Residence 1995-2000“Different House, Different City or Town,
Different County, Same State”
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Source: U .S . Census. Census 2000 (SF3)
Population (% ) Living in a D ifferent House
1995-2000
0.04 - 0.06
0.06 - 0.08
0.08 - 0.09
0.09 - 0.17
0.17 - 0.26
National Mean
United States: Changing Residence 1995-2000“Different House, Different City or Town,
Different County, Different State”
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Region to Region Movement, March 1999 to 2000
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
# M
ove
rs
Northeast Midwest West
Movers to the South
Moved from
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, Summary File 3 [online]
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
# M
ove
rs
Northeast South West
Region to Region Movement, March 1999 to 2000
Movers to the Midwest
Moved from
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, Summary File 3 [online]
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Region to Region Movement, March 1999 to 2000
Movers to the Northeast
Moved from
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
# M
ove
rs
West Midwest South
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, Summary File 3 [online]
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
# M
ove
rs
Northeast Midwest South
Movers to the West
Region to Region Movement, March 1999 to 2000
Moved from
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, Summary File 3 [online]
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Beware the fallacy of absolute truth.
What is true at one scale may not be true at a different scale.
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United States: Changing Residence 1995-2000
National Mean
Source: U .S . Census. Census 2000 (SF3)
Population (% ) L iving in a D ifferent House
1995-2000
0.35 - 0.4
0.4 - 0.45
0.45 - 0.46
0.46 - 0.55
0.55 - 0.65
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Source: U .S . C ensus Bureau, C ensus 2000 (SF3)
Population (% ) L iv ing ina D ifferent H ouse
1995-2000
0.2 - 0.4
0.4 - 0.46
0.46 - 0 .47
0.47 - 0 .55
0.55 - 0 .63
National Mean
South Carolina: Changing Residence 1995-2000
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Source: U .S . Census. Census 2000 (SF3)
Population (% ) Living in a D ifferent House
1995-2000
0.04 - 0.06
0.06 - 0.08
0.08 - 0.09
0.09 - 0.17
0.17 - 0.26
National Mean
United States: Changing Residence 1995-2000“Different House, Different City or Town,
Different County, Different State”
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0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
Northeast Midwest South West
Movers to South Carolina1995-2000
Moved from a Different State
Source: U .S . C ensus Bureau, C ensus 2000 (SF3)
Population (% ) L iv ing ina D ifferent H ouse
1995-2000
0.03 - 0 .06
0.06 - 0 .08
0.08 - 0 .09
0.09 - 0 .17
0.17 - 0 .31
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, Summary File 3 [online]
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1. On the Census Bureau Home Page, locate American FactFinder
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2. Select Data Sets
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3. Select Summary File 3 and Detailed Tables
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4. Select the Geographic Scale you want to examine.
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5. Then select one or more Geographic Areas for which you want data and click “Add,” then “Next.”
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6. Scroll through the list of tables to locate Table PCT 21; click “Add.” Add additional tables if desired, then click “Show Results.”
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7. The data is presented as a table that can be printed or downloaded as an Excel file.
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Questions to Guide Analysis• How does your state compare to the rest of the country
in term of mobility rates? Is it above or below the national mean?
• What factors may account for your state’s mobility status?
• Describe patterns of mobility within your state. • Which counties have experienced above average
mobility? Which fall below average? How do you account for these patterns?
• Examine patterns of mobility within your county or city. Visit areas of unusually high or low mobility. Observe characteristics that may influence mobility.
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Questions (continued)
• How might patterns of mobility affect political and economic trends in your state, county, or community?
• Did your parents grow up in your community or are they a part of the mobility pattern?
• If your parents are “local,” how has your state, county, or community changed since they were in high school? Which changes are a product of mobility trends?
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Activity Space:
Mobility at the Local Scale
Population Mobility in the
United States, Part 2
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Movement at the individual scale is affected by three factors:
• Accessibility, i.e., “where you are”• Opportunities
• Distance
• Mobility, i.e., “who you are”• Age
• Income
• Availability of car or public transportation
• Mental maps, i.e., “what you know”• Perception of what is where
• Perception of danger
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Evaluating Personal Activity Space
• Have students keep a diary of their movements for 24 hours on a school day and on a weekend day. [chart provided]
• Using a piece of quarter-inch graphing paper, have students chart their movements for each day.
• What factors limit their movement?• How is their activity space different on a
weekend day compared to a school day?
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• Have students interview people in different age groups (e.g., a 7-year old, a college student, a parent, an elderly relative) concerning their movements over a 24 –hour period.
• Have them repeat the graphing activity.• How does age affect mobility?• What factors limit or enable the mobility of
persons in different age groups?
Evaluating Activity Space - Extension
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Activity Space Resources
• Fellmann, Getis, and Getis. Human Geography, 8th edition. McGraw-Hill, 2005. pp. 71-76.
• Kuby, et al. Human Geography in Action, 1st edition. John Wiley, 1998. chapter 5.
Web resource:• http://www.colorado.edu/geography/cartpro/
cartography2/spring2001/dettloff/time/prism_map.html