POPULATION & LIVING STANDARDS CH. 11 & 12. CH. 11 POPULATION TRENDS AND GROWTH.
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Transcript of POPULATION & LIVING STANDARDS CH. 11 & 12. CH. 11 POPULATION TRENDS AND GROWTH.
POPULATION &
LIVING STANDARDS
CH. 11 & 12
CH. 11POPULATION TRENDS
AND GROWTH
POPULATION
HOW MUCH IS A BILLION?
76 MILLION PEOPLE ARE ADDED PER YEAR
THE POPULATION CLOCK
POPULATION CONTROL
INDIA CHINA1952 – Family Planning
- Rhythm Method / Abstinence1962 – Awareness – Songs / Radio1970 – Sterilization Programs & Targets
- Vasectomies => need for sons!!
1975 – Coercion & Reward Tactics - > 3 = X Schooling / Firings / Demotions
1977 – New gov’t Ends Coercion- Ed. / Vol. Birth Control
1983 – Programs Not Working!!2000 – Female Sterilization2010 – BR down but
still too high!
1949 – BR encouraged = power1970 – Promoted ‘Two-Child’1979 – One Child Policy
- Cash / Ed. / Medical / Housing> 1 = No Ed./Fines /Med.
PROBLEMS- Rural areas = workers- Pressure abortions- Pressure sterilizations- Infanticide ( Boys #1)- Too many men- Lower pop. = no tax $ =>relaxed policies
Proud Family??
Why Sons??
Mao “Every stomach = 2 arms”
DEMOGRAPHY
THE CENSUS CANADA – By law all Canadians to complete.
Why???- Major = 10 yrs (yrs.ending in 1)- Minor = 5 yrs (ending in 6)
DECIPHERING DATA- Developed vs Developing Countries- Calcutta vs Vancouver
CALCULATING POPULATION CHANGE- Four basic components - birth rate, death rate, immigration rate, emmigration rate
- Natural Increase = Birth Rate – Death Rate
- used to compare dev. vs developing countries
- Exponential Growth - Doubling Time = 70 % of Natural Increase
- Net Migration = Immig. – Emmig.
- Population Growth Rate = Natural Increase + Net migration
Calcutta Vancouver
Country POP. BR /
1000
DR /
1000
NI /
1000
INDIA 1.2 BILLION 23.0 8.5 14.5
RUSSIA 140MILLION
10.8 15.1 -4.3
CANADA 34MILLION
10.6 7.4 3.2
GABON 1.5MILLION
27.5 9.8 17.7
THE STUDY OF POPULATION TRENDS AND ISSUES
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL
CANADAINDIA/ CHINA
NOTE – China adopted a ‘one child’ / reward policy / India = sterilization & penalty programs.
POPULATION PROFILES
AGE COHORTS
DEPENDENCY RATIO
EARLYEXPANDING
EXPANDING STABLE CONTRACTING
POPULATIONPYRAMIDS
(FOUR STAGES)
WHY IMMIGRATION ???
WORLD POPULATIONDISTRIBUTION
WORLD POPULATIONDENSITY POPULATION
AREA /SQ. KM
ECUMENE – The populated area of the world.
NEOMALTHUSIANS
CORNUCOPIANS
PHYSICAL FACTORS
ClimateLandscapeResouces
SoilsVegetation
WaterAccessibility
HUMAN FACTORS
Government PolicyDisease
DevelopmentCulture
Communication
THE FUTURE ??
POPULATION TIDBITS-On the average, 12 newborns will be given to the wrong parents daily.
-Michael Jordan makes more money from Nike annually than the entire Nike factory workers in Malaysia combined.
-The three most valuable brand names on earth: Marlboro, Coca-Cola, and Budweiser, in that order.
-The three wealthiest families in the world have more assets than the Combined wealth of the forty-eight poorest nations.
-The world's youngest parents were 8 and 9 and lived in China in 1910.
-If the population of China walked past you in single line, the line would never end because of the rate of reproduction
-China has more English speakers than the United States
-An average person uses the bathroom 6 times per day.
CH 12
LIVING STANDARDSIN A CHANGING WORLD
THE ‘HAVES’ THE ‘HAVE-NOTS’
MEASURING DEVELOPMENTHUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI) The HDI measures standard of living.The three HDI indicators.
1. Life expectancy2. Literacy Rate3. GDP per capita
RANK COUNTRY LIFE EX. LITERACY GDP ($US)
1 NORWAY 80.5 99% $53, 433
4 CANADA 80.6 99% $35, 812
181 NIGER 50.8 29% $627
CATAGORIZING NATIONS1.Developed (Canada)2.Newly Industrializing Countries (Brazil)3.Developing (Niger)
CLOSING THE GAP:GOALS
HUNGEREDUCATIONEQUALITYCHILD MORTALITYMATERNAL HEALTH
HIV/AIDSENVIRONMENTDEVELOPMENT
INFRASTRUCTURE
GDP Per Capita• The higher the GDP per capita - the higher
the life expectancy - Canada GDP $1.3 Trillion
• The more education the female population has the lower the birth rate
Country Life Ex. GDP
Mexico 72.1 $874 Billion
Botswanna 51.7 $11.8 Billion
CountrySecondary
SchoolBirth Rate
/1000
Afghanistan 8% 52
Canada 100%11
USA GDP$14.1 Trillion
Education
MEASURING LIVING STANDARDS
BARTER VS. CURRENCY
GLOBALIZATION(PROS/CONS)
QUALITY OF LIFE(HEALTH, LITERACY, EQUALITY,
SHANTYS, FREEDOMS,)
URBAN LIVING
MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS(Control resources, indusrty => debt)
POVERTY LINEBasic Needs
Can. Poverty = 70% income on daily needsDev’ing = $1.25 / day
THE POVERTY TRAPINTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
WORLD BANKMEGAPROJECTS (World Price drops???)
BURDEN OF DEBTHEAVILY INDEBTED POOR COUNTRIES
(HIPC) – Loan forgiveness CAN. + $ to Environment
THE VULNERABLE ONES
THE POSITION OF WOMEN-Male domination – legal rights-Honour Killings- Family obligations – men search for work.- Low literacy – Men only ed.
- Ed. Is the Solution – Low BR & IMR- Polygamy
CHILDREN- Famine, disease, war, sanitation- No ed.- U5MR (13 x more likely to die)- Ethnic cleansing, land mines, soldiers- Child labour, begging, stealing.- Working Conditions- Bonded Labour – Family Debts
THE HEALTH CRISIS-LACK OF CLEAN WATER
-WHO = 1.2 Billion = no water.-Clean water & sanitation = cure 10 % of disease
- EPEDEMICS-Malaria – on the rise (1 Million/yr.)- HIV/AIDS – (33 Million world wide; 2 Million died per Year) (See next slide)
WORLD AIDS
HELPING TO IMPROVELIVING STANDARDS
FOREIGN AID1.OFFICIAL DEV’T ASSISTANCE (ODA)
- Aid by Gov’ts2.NON-GOV’T ORGANIZATIONS
- Churches, Rotary, Oxfam, Red Cross3.MULTILATERAL AID
- Aid from a # of Gov’ts.- Usually big projects (Damns)
4.BILATERAL AID- From one country to another- Often = strings attached Tied Aid (‘Buy Canadian’)
FACTS TO PONDER– World military = $1.5 Trillion / All Dev’t Goals= $143 Billion. - UN target = .7 % of GNP / Canada = .32% GNP
- Dictators have leached Aid from the poor – NGOs working to end abuse.- small local projects have helped leaching – water pumps to rural areas
CAN. FOREIGN AIDCIDA Goals – water, infrastructure, women’s poverty, rights, jobs, & environment. - Partnerships Criticisms - 80% of funds on 20 priority countries (Africa???)
CANADA’S 20 PRIORITY COUNTRIES
LINKING AID TO HUMAN RIGHTS
THE CASE FOR DENYING AID -Gov’ts must change ways first.- deny aid when human rights are violated- will aid get to those in need? Army??- Human rights are key in Canada, must
Also be key to aid
THE CASE FOR GIVING AID-Different cultures = different rights;
Who are we to judge?Women’s rights vary from culture to culture.
- Good causes should not be confusedwith rights.
-Poverty = breeding ground for violations.
Many of those in need often live under regimes that abuse human rights.
The Allocation Problem1. Who does each represent?2. Is there enough food for both?3. What happens to the food production in Africa?
(Cash Crops)4. How would you break the hunger cycle?
MATH PROBLEMIf the world produces 12,500KJ/person of food daily and 10,000KJ/person is needed, is there a food shortage?
Yes/ No
WORLD AIR TRAFFICThe “Haves” & “The Have Nots”