Population Growth

http://worldhistoryforusall.sdsu.edu/eras/era4.php

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3000 BC 2000 BC 1000 BC 1 AD

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World Population

Why the growth in population?

1. The invention of iron

2. Farming and pastoral nomadism – new land, new crops

3. Improved species of crops – more crops

4. Domestication of animals for work

5. Denser population led to immunization to infectious

diseases, therefore longer life expectancies

What happened because of this population growth?

1. Deforestation – soil erosion, shortages of wood for fuel,

localized extinctions

2. More complex societies

3. Increased collective learning

4. More people living in large cities

Pharos Lighthouse at Alexandria

Persepolis of Persia

Rome

Teotihuacan

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Piramide_de_la_Luna_072006.jpg/800px-Piramide_de_la_Luna_072006.jpg

Expanding Networks

Network: A web of connections through which people, goods,

and ideas circulate.

1. Routes. Merchants, shippers, sea captains extended and

extended trade routes across Afroeurasia and America

Roman Ship

Chinese Ship

Roman

Chariots

War and

Trade

http://econintersect.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/silk-road1.jpg

2. Empires (a state that unites many territories and diverse

peoples under one rule or government, usually—but not

always built by force) required networks for political

management and economic interaction.

3. Writing. Alphabetic writing systems with a fewer number of

symbols, or letters, to represent sounds allowed for faster

writing systems.

4. Religion (an organized belief system explaining man’s

relationship with the spiritual) united peoples based on

common writing(s), trade goods, and art styles.

The Akkadians in Sumer

1. Nomadic pastoralists

who lived in Arabia and

Syria; they settled in

Sumer.

2. Sargon united the cities

of Sumer around his

capital to establish the

first empire.

3. He allowed the

Sumerians to keep their

language, religion and

culture.

http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/262/268312/art/figures/KISH010.jpg

http://www.freewebs.com/punicfighters/assy.jpg.jpg

http://www.mysteriousworld.com/Content/Images/Journal/2003/Autumn/Osiria/Sargon180.gif

Sargon I, “The Great”

The Amorites of Babylon

1. Hammurabi united the peoples of Mesopotamia under the

first major collection of laws in history – The Code of

Hammurabi

2. He enforced both

criminal and civil

laws; based on

retribution

3. He absorbed and

built upon the

existing culture

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-d27d8u-aenY/UAs5INZit-I/AAAAAAAAA44/jThtfLwLnKE/s1600/Hammurabi.jpg

Hammurabi and His Code

http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRnh3bUXX7-BNaQLUSsrHcR41XfNxfMnu5ZuUhUoRK4-MT4iCCXVg

―To cause justice to prevail in the land,

To destroy the wicked and evil,

That the strong may not oppress the weak‖

The Hittites and

the

Egyptians

http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/262/268312/art/figures/KISH016.jpg

http://www.travellinkturkey.com/images/auxilary/hittite_map.jpg

The Phoenicians

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/PhoenicianTrade.png/325px-PhoenicianTrade.png

1. Successful merchants and traders originating from the

eastern Mediterranean

2. They are known for supplying cedar, purple dye (made

from sea snails), and glass ware

3. They established

colonies

throughout the

Mediterranean

region as supply

stations and

trading posts

4. Historians credit

Phoenicians for

the introduction

of an alphabet

http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSZhI155XvTOsPREMgeB-1Gaa0CiuTOL5ZfdyAJ8MtQQG4aPfI-RQ

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Murex

http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTFwAm7yDxo6ygOkRV7qlJhmzfoDXrr38V6LgqJqnTU0pvR92tq1g

The Assyrians

1. Organized an invading army from the Upper Tigris River,

overwhelming the inhabitants with superior force—iron

weapons, cavalry, battering rams, massed archers.

2. Nineveh, the

capital city, had

one of the world’s

first libraries,

orchards, and

even a zoo.

3. They ruled with

intimidation and

terror under a

strict law code.

http://www.knowledgequestmaps.com/images/Assyrian%20Empire.ldsc.jpg

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_C6_DXX4pkmQ/TEmeHwUe8lI/AAAAAAAAAig/y6xBKc8Mq1A/s1600/Assurbanipal+horse+archery.jpg

http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/images/h2/h2_31.13.2.jpg

http://www.savepasargad.com/New-050508/01.General-News/News-

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The Chaldeans of Babylon

1. Nebuchadnezzar revived the Babylonian Empire,

overthrowing the Assyrians in 612 B.C.

2. He rebuilt canals, temples, and walls of the city.

3. Babylon is known

for astronomy (the

study of the star)

and astrology

(interpreting human

events based on the

position of the

stars)

http://visualunit.files.wordpress.com/2010/05/babylonian_empire1.jpg

A.Level of population and intensity of interchange

required a large system of shared morality and

beliefs.

B.The religions of this era had uniting themes of

kindness, selflessness and decency.

C.Over time divisions and subdivisions developed

within each religion.

D.All the religions encouraged investigations into the

structure and meaning of the physical and natural

world.

Religion: an organized belief system explaining man’s relationship with the spiritual

http://ihrg.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/distribution-of-world-religions-map.png

Judaism (early 1st millennium BC)

Hinduism (early 1st millennium BC)

Daoism ( 5th century BC)

Confucianism (5th century BC)

Buddhism (5th century BC)

Christianity (1st century AD)

Self-transformative

Eternal salvation

India

China

Middle East

Regional focus

Universal appeal

The Persians

The Persians were Indo-European speaking tribes who migrated

from the plains of southern Russia across the Caucasus mountains

and the Caspian Sea to settle on the Plateau of Iran.

http://70facets.org/messages/2007/PERSIANEMPIRE.png

The territory controlled by the Persians was one of rugged

mountains, deserts, and rivers.

Agriculture was centered on the scattered oases in

the area where water filtered up from underground.

They also used irrigation, building tunnels called qanats.

http://quezi.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/qanat3.png

http://www.irrigationmuseum.org/photos/qanat-drawing.jpg

http://ag.arizona.edu/oals/ALN/aln57/gifs/wessels4.jpg

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The two most important tribes of these early peoples were

the Medes and the Persians. They called their homeland Iran,

which means ―land of the Aryans.‖

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A famous prophet-reformer named

Zoroaster preached against the practice of

polytheism and called on the people to

worship one god. His teaching centered on

a struggle between good and evil—the just

would receive a blessing, but the wicked

would suffer punishment.

A Persian empire emerged under the leadership of Cyrus II.

He overthrew the confederation of Median tribes in protest

of greater controls and higher taxes.

He expanded the empire to its greatest extent by conquering

the Lydians in Asia Minor, extending to the Indus River in

India, adding Babylon, and even reaching Greece along the

Black Sea.

The Lydians are

credited with

being the first to

mint coins.

Darius I (grandson of Cyrus) divided the empire into provinces

called satrapies.

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The Persian Empire of Darius

• Efficient and stable administration through regional governors,

the satraps – ―the king’s eyes and ears‖

• United empire through elaborate system of roads for

communication and use of a common currency

• Dependent on the military of professional soldiers; the

―Immortals‖ were an elite infantry force whose numbers never

seemed to lessened because killed soldiers were immediately

replaced

•A multi-cultural empire usually respecting local government,

laws, and religious customs

Weakened by internal plots for control and the rise of the Greeks,

the Persian Empire ended in the 330s B.C.

The Indian Empires

The Greeks

(see separate handout)

While two religions – Hinduism and Buddhism – spread

throughout India, there was little political unity (prior to

400 B.C.). They did, however, provide a religious and social

bond.

Warring kingdoms united to force out invaders (the

Persians and the Greeks), grew rich through trade, and left a

lasting legacy of accomplishments

Three key ideas represent Hinduism:

Hinduism

REINCARNATION. The

spiritual rebirth in successive

physical forms until perfection

is achieved.

KARMA. The ―force‖ created by

how a person lives their life; the

ethical consequences of behavior.

DHARMA. A divine law requiring people to do their duty

http://www.spiritualquestionshelpline.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Trimurti-Brahma-Vishnu-Shiva.jpg

Siddhartha Gautama preached a message of man’s striving to

reach Nirvana—a state of union with the Great World Soul.

Buddhism

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The Four Noble Truths summarize his teaching:

1. Life is full of suffering

2. Selfish desires create suffering

3. Ending selfish desires will end suffering

4. Following the Eightfold Path will end desire

• Right view

• Right intention

• Right speech

• Right action

• Right livelihood

• Right effort

• Right mindfulness

• Right concentration

The Mauryan Empire

Founded by Chandragupta Maurya (324-301)

•Built a highly centralized empire, dividing his territory into

provinces ruled by governors.

•Lived in fear of assassination; retired his rule and lived as a monk

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-X3VQbMmrnjs/T6zrVuKHVqI/AAAAAAAAB6k/2EnoJKZNPvk/s1600/Mauryan+Empire+map.jpg

Asoka, his grandson, ruled as a ―philosopher king‖

based on the ideals of Buddhism. His goal was to

win the affections of the people. He achieved this

through education and public works.

He expanded Indian influence through trade.

Indian architecture during this time served

religious purposes…

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…pillars marked places of the Buddha’s life,

…stupas held relics

and became places of

devotion, and

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monks and served as halls

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The Gupta Empire

During the Gupta period (320-550) India enjoyed a classical age in

which art, literature, mathematics, and science made great advances

while the people enjoyed great prosperity under firm, but gentle rule.

•In agriculture: wheat, rice, sugar cane, cotton

•In trade: merchants plied their goods along the Silk Road

http://www.silkroutes.net/SilkRoadMaps/PictureMapRoutes.jpg

In learning: Hindu and Buddhist monks built schools, scholars

studied mathematics (which Arab traders copied), and physicians

set broken bones and performed cosmetic surgery

The caste system

developed into a strict

hierarchy of

occupational and social

classifications. From the

high-caste Brahmins to

the the low-caste

Untouchables each

member of society had

sense of identity as part

of a stable society.

Empires in China

The civil wars between Chinese states ended in 221 B.C. when

Qin Shihuangdi unified the Chinese world using force against

invaders and harsh treatment of his subjects.

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The Qin Empire

• created a single monetary unit and common language

• constructed a series of road and canals to encourage

transportation

• began building a series of walls along the northern border; it

would, over centuries, become the Great Wall of China

http://dgreatwallofchina.com/Great-Wall-of-China-Pictures.jpg

• purged the empire of books—and people—who opposed the

official government policies

• used a censorate to check on government officials and their work

• divided the land of the aristocracy to give to the people

• chose government officials based on merit, not birth

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The Han Empire

The first Han emperor replaced the harsh legalism of the Qin with

Confucian principles; scholars became the chief advisors and

administrators (mandarins) of the civil service.

Though neither the Qin nor Han Empires lasted long, the bureaucracies

they created remain intact for centuries providing continuity with

changing dynasties.

http://blog.chinatravel.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Han-dynasty-map.jpg

In science:

• astronomers measured the movement of the stars for keeping time

• physicians used acupuncture to treat illnesses

• inventors developed a way to make

paper from wood pulp

http://www.bl.uk/learning/images/bodies/illustrations/acupuncture.jpg

http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Lifeandhealth/Pix/pictures/2008/07/24/acupuncture1.jpg

In economics:

• the family remained the primary economic unit

• the government stabilized the price of farm products through

leveling (buying surplus crops to sell in lean years)

• taxation forced many peasants to give up their lands and work for

wealthier land owners

The Romans

(see separate handout)

This ends Era 3 (except for Rome, that is)