Population Analysis Black-Necked - Red... · 2017. 1. 18. · Draft for Review by the Institutional...

Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 17 February 2017

Population Analysis &

Breeding and Transfer Plan

Black-Necked Stilt (Himantopus mexicanus) AZA Species Survival Plan®

Red SSP Program

AZA Species Survival Plan® Coordinator & Studbook Keeper Carmen Murach, NEW Zoo ([email protected])

AZA Population Advisor Cara Groome Bryan, Population Management Center ([email protected])

18 January 2017

Black-Necked Stilt SSP DRAFT – 2016-2017 Draft for Review by the Institutional Representatives – Please Respond by 17 February 2017

This Animal Program is currently a Red SSP and recommendations proposed are non-binding – Participation is voluntary. Dispositions to non-AZA institutions should comply with each institution's acquisition/disposition policy.

1

Executive Summary Species Survival Plan® for the Black-Necked Stilt (Himantopus mexicanus)

The current black-necked stilt population is 49 (31.17.1) individuals at 18 AZA institutions and 2 non-AZA institutions. This species is currently considered its own species, though in the past has been considered a subspecies of the black-winged stilt (Himantopus himantopus). The Charadriiformes Taxon Advisory Group (TAG) has designated a target size of

80 individuals for the black-necked stilt SSP in their 2011 Regional Collection Plan (RCP). This population currently qualifies as a Red SSP Program. Based on an analytical studbook with extensive assumptions (See Appendix A), the current black-necked stilt population is descended from 16 founders with 2 potential founders remaining in the population. Efforts should be made to recruit these potential founders into the breeding population. The current gene diversity of the descendant population is 91.56%. This current gene diversity is equivalent to almost 6 unrelated animals (FGE=5.93). Long-term projections based on a growth rate of approximately 4% (lambda = 1.04) and a target size of 80, indicate that gene diversity will decline to approximately 76% over the next 10 generations. When gene diversity falls below 90% of that in the founding population, it is expected that reproduction and survival may be increasingly compromised.

Demography

Current size of population (N) – Total (Males.Females.Unknown Sex) 49 (31.17.1)

Number of individuals excluded from management 4 (2.2)

Population size following exclusions 45 (29.15.1)

Target population size from RCP 2011-2015 80

Mean generation time, T (years) 8.1

*Historical / 5 year / Projected population growth rate (; lambda) 1.038 / 0.904 / 1.018 *Historical from life tables (SSP, 1969 – present); 5-year from PopLink census; Projected from PMx stochastic 20 – yr projections

Genetics

Based on analytical studbook with extensive assumptions

Current Potential

Current Founders 16 2

Founder genome equivalents (FGE) 5.93 12.70

Gene diversity (GD %) 91.56 96.06

Population mean kinship (MK) 0.0844 --

Mean inbreeding (F) 0.093 --

Effective population size/census size ratio (Ne / N) 0.3556 --

Percentage of pedigree known before assumptions & exclusions 24.0 --

Percentage of pedigree known after assumptions & exclusions 100 --

Projections λ = 1 λ = 1.04, Target size = 80

Years To 90% Gene Diversity 4 5

Years to 10% Loss of Gene Diversity 34 52

Gene Diversity at 100 Years From Present (%) 64 73

Gene Diversity in 10 Generations From Present (Tx10) 68.5 76.1

Demographic analyses indicate that at least 5 hatches in the coming year are required to maintain the population at its current size. To achieve an annual population growth rate of approximately 4% (λ=1.04) and reach the target population

size of 80 in 12 years, approximately 7 hatches per year are needed in the coming years. Due to historic unknown pedigree, extensive assumptions were developed for this species to allow genetic management. These assumptions may over or under estimate the current gene diversity and mean kinship of the current population. Institutions are encouraged to investigate the historic origins of their unknown pedigree animals and record parentage for all new offspring in order to help determine relatedness and genetic importance of animals within the living population. Where possible, existing breeding groups were left together and breeding recommendations were prioritized to maintain or increase gene diversity through consideration of mean kinship (prioritizing breeding for low mean kinship animals and minimizing differences in sire and dam mean kinships), avoidance of inbreeding, and institutional needs. Institutions recommended to breed are expected to hold offspring for at least one year. Summary Actions: The Program recommends 11 females for breeding. In addition, 7 transfers are recommended to facilitate new breeding or to meet institutional requests.



2

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments

SSP Coordinator/AZA Studbook Keeper: Carmen Murach, NEW Zoo

[email protected]

Report and Analyses Prepared By: Cara Groome Bryan, Consulting Population Biologist, Population Management Center

[email protected]

The black-neck stilt planning meeting was held via phone / internet conference on 15 December 2016, attended by: Carmen Murach, SSP Coordinator/Studbook Keeper, NEW Zoo

Cara Groome Bryan, Population Management Center

Cover photo credit: Sue Ascher, Northern Wisconsin Zoo Volunteer, August 2016.

This plan was prepared and distributed with the assistance of the AZA Population Management Center in Chicago.

[email protected]

Executive Summary 1 Description of Population Status

Introduction 3

Analytical Population 3

Demography 4

Genetics 5

Management Strategy 6

Recommendations

Summary Recommendations 7

BLOOMINGT, BUSCH TAM, CHICAGOLP, COLUMBIA 8

CORPUS CH, FRESNO, GREENBAY, JACKSON, LONG B AQ, LOUISVILL 9

MEMPHIS, MILWAUKEE, MINNESOTA, MONTERYAQ, NZP-WASH 10

PHOENIX, SANJOSECA, SCOT NECK, TRACY AV, WACO 11

Appendices

A. Pedigree Assumptions 12

B. Summary of Data Exports 15

C. Animals Excluded from Genetic Analysis 15

D. Life Tables 16

E. Ordered Mean Kinship List 18

F. Descriptive Survival Statistics Report 19

G. Definitions 21

H. Directory of Institutional Representatives 23

mailto:[email protected]




3

Description of Population Status Species Survival Plan® for the Black-Necked Stilt

(Himantopus mexicanus)

Introduction: The current black-necked stilt population is 49 (31.17.1) individuals at 18 AZA institutions and 2 non-AZA institutions. This species is currently considered its own species, though in the past has been considered a subspecies of the black-winged stilt (Himantopus himantopus). The Charadriiformes Taxon Advisory Group (TAG) has designated a target size of 80 individuals for the black-necked stilt SSP in their 2011 Regional Collection Plan (RCP). This population currently qualifies as a Red SSP Program. Comprehensive genetic and demographic analyses of the black-necked stilt population were performed in December 2016, resulting in the current breeding and transfer plan for this species. Analyses of the North American Black-Necked Stilt Studbook (current to 5 October 2016) were performed using PopLink 2.4, and PMx 1.2.2. This is the second breeding and transfer plan for the black-necked stilt. Recommendations proposed in a Red SSP Plan are non-binding; participation is voluntary. Analytical Studbook: The current Black-Necked Stilt Studbook has data from 1969 to present. According the SSP Coordinator successful breeding of this species did not occur until this time, though the species was held in zoos for many years previous to this first hatching. Extensive assumptions were applied to resolve pedigree unknownness within the black-necked stilt population (Appendix A). These assumptions have affected the projected genetics of the population as they may be over or under estimating the amount of inbreeding and genetic diversity within the current living population. Assumptions were made to connect all BUSCH TAM animals to historic wild caught animals which were brought in as a group and bred from the 1970s to the mid-1980s. Without records of parentage it is difficult to determine which animals from this institution may be related. To prevent future inbreeding in the future, animals with unknown pedigree were all given the same parents from BUSCH TAM (See Appendix A). Additional assumptions were made at several other institutions for individuals with unknown or multiple possible parents. Institutions are encouraged to record parentage of all individuals to allow for more accurate genetic management in the future. In addition, any institutions with information on the pedigree history of their animals are encouraged to contact the SSP Coordinator. Four individuals (2.2) were excluded from the breeding population for age (Appendix C). After exclusions, there were 45 birds remaining in the potentially breeding population.



4

Demography: Black-necked stilts began successfully breeding in North American zoos in 1969. However, this species was not held in large numbers until the early 1980s. Zoo breeding and the occasional importation from the wild has allowed the population to continue growing, reaching its peak size in 2009. The population slightly decreased in 2010 due to more deaths in the population than births (Figures 1). Growth rates for the black-necked stilt population over the last 10 years have ranged from 0.85 – 1.07 with an overall growth rate of λ=0.961). Over the last 5 years, the population has been growing at a slightly slower rate of approximately λ=0.9.

Figure 1. Census of black-necked stilt population in AZA by sex (left) and hatch type (right). Demographic projections estimate that to keep this population stable (0% growth); at least 5 hatches in the coming year are necessary. According to studbook data, the North America black-necked stilt population typically has 1 to 4 chicks per clutch with a mean of 1.5 chicks per clutch. Over the past 10 years, the AZA population has had an average of approximately 7 chicks per year; over the past 5 years however there have been fewer with only 3-4

chicks per year. A growth rate of 4% (λ= 1.04) would require 7 hatches per year in the coming years, and allow the

population to reach the target population size of 80 in approximately 12 years.

Figure 2. Age structure of the Black-necked Stilt SSP population.

The age structure does not approximate a stable distribution as it has many sparse or empty age classes. In addition, there is a male sex bias within the population which is not conducive to the breeding biology of this species. The Program should focus on breeding a steady amount of hatches in order to continue this broad base and continue to fill of the breeding age classes in the future.

Based on studbook data from 1969 to present, juvenile mortality for the black-necked stilts is 18% for males and 27% for females (Appendix D). The oldest recorded male in the North American black-necked stilt population lived to be 26 years old and the oldest female stilt was 24 years old. Both male and female black-necked stilts have been recorded as breeding at one year old. The oldest male and female in the population to have bred were both 16 years old. Black-necked stilts are somewhat seasonal with over 50% of the hatches occurring in June and July.

-20

0

20

40

60

80

1960 1980 2000 2020

Male

Female

Unknown

Total

-20

0

20

40

60

80

1960 1980 2000 2020

Total

Wild Hatch

Unknown

Captive Hatch



5

GENETIC SUMMARY* Current Potential

Current Founders 16 2

Founder genome equivalents (FGE) 5.93 12.70

Gene diversity (GD %) 91.56 96.06

Population mean kinship (MK) 0.0844 --

Mean inbreeding (F) 0.093 --

Effective population size/census size ratio (Ne / N) 0.3556 --

Percentage of pedigree known before assumptions & exclusions 24.0 --

Percentage of pedigree known after assumptions & exclusions 100 --

Projections λ = 1

λ = 1.04, Target size = 80

Years To 90% Gene Diversity 4 5

Years to 10% Loss of Gene Diversity 34 52

Gene Diversity at 100 Years From Present (%) 64 73

Gene Diversity in 10 Generations From Present (Tx10) 68.5 76.1

*Based on analytical studbook with extensive pedigree assumptions (See Appendix A).

Genetics: Extensive assumptions were created to resolve pedigree unknownness and avoid inbreeding within the managed population. Please note these assumptions may over or under estimate the amount of inbreeding and genetic diversity within the current living population.

Based on the studbook with assumptions, the potentially breeding black-necked stilt population is descended from 16 founders with 2 additional potential founders remaining in the population (Figure 3). Current gene diversity in the population is 91.56%, equivalent to that found in almost 6 unrelated individuals (FGE = 5.93). Long-term projections indicate that gene diversity would decrease to approximately 76% in 10 generations (assuming growth rate of 1.04 and a target size of 80). When gene diversity falls below 90% of that in the founding population, it is expected that reproduction will be increasingly compromised by, among other factors, lower hatch weights, and greater neonatal mortality.

To retain gene diversity for a longer period of time and possibly recruit additional potential gene diversity, potential founders should be recruited into the breeding population and animals with low mean kinship values should be paired and prioritized for breeding in order to equalize the different founder lineages. Other strategies that could reduce the loss of gene diversity include; increasing the population’s Ne/N ratio (number of animals breeding), growing the population at a faster rate, and acquiring additional founders.

Figure 3. Founder representation graph illustrating the inequality of the founder lineages represented in the current black-necked

stilt population. This graph is based on extensive pedigree assumptions.



6

Management Strategy: The current black-necked stilt population is 49 (31.17.1) individuals at 18 AZA institutions and 2 non-AZA institutions. Demographic analyses indicate that at least 5 hatches in the coming year are required to maintain the current population size (lambda = 1.00). To increase the population to the target size of 80 in the next 12 years (lambda=1.04), approximately 7 hatches per year are needed in the coming years. Pairings have been recommended with the consideration of mean kinship, maximum avoidance of inbreeding, differences in sire and dam mean kinships, and the needs of individual institutions in an attempt to maintain gene diversity for as long as possible. This is the second breeding and transfer plan for the Black-necked stilt program.

1. Recommends 11 females for breeding in AZA.

Institutions recommended to breed are expected to hold offspring for at least 1 year.

Since this is a three year plan for this program, please allow your pairs to breed annually.

2. Institutions are encouraged to track and record parentage of all chicks hatched in order to facilitate genetic management of this species.

Individuals of unknown pedigree cannot be prioritized for placement.

Institutions should band or otherwise individually identify birds for easy visual differentiation.

3. Recommends 7 transfers within the program to address institutional requests or to make new companion or breeding pairs.

4. Institutions interested in obtaining or placing black-necked stilt should contact the SSP Coordinator to coordinate transfers that will facilitate genetic and demographic stability.

5. Institutions contacted by rehabilitation facilities are asked to contact the SSP Coordinator to coordinate

the best placement for these individuals.



7

SUMMARY OF BREEDING AND TRANSFER RECOMMENDATIONS

UniqueID Location Sex Age Disposition New Location Breeding With RecNotes

85 BLOOMINGT M 13 HOLD BLOOMINGT DO NOT BREED

99 BLOOMINGT F 8 SEND TO MILWAUKEE BREED WITH 77

151 BUSCH TAM M 17 HOLD BUSCH TAM BREED WITH 197


197 BUSCH TAM F 3 HOLD BUSCH TAM BREED WITH 151




84 CHICAGOLP F 13 HOLD CHICAGOLP BREED WITH 140

140 CHICAGOLP M 7 HOLD CHICAGOLP BREED WITH 84

236 CHICAGOLP M 0 SEND TO BLOOMINGT DO NOT BREED

141 COLUMBIA M 7 HOLD COLUMBIA BREED WITH 215

215 COLUMBIA F 1 HOLD COLUMBIA BREED WITH 141

166 CORPUS CH M 6 HOLD CORPUS CH DO NOT BREED

217 CORPUS CH M 0 HOLD CORPUS CH DO NOT BREED

74 FRESNO F 14 SEND TO PHOENIX BREED WITH 225

101 FRESNO M 9 HOLD FRESNO DO NOT BREED

39 GREENBAY M 24 HOLD GREENBAY DO NOT BREED Excluded

83 JACKSON M 13 HOLD JACKSON DO NOT BREED

91 JACKSON M 11 HOLD JACKSON DO NOT BREED

148 LONG B AQ F -- HOLD LONG B AQ BREED WITH 165 Potential founder, prioritize breeding

165 LONG B AQ M 6 HOLD LONG B AQ BREED WITH 148

72 LOUISVILL M 15 HOLD LOUISVILL DO NOT BREED

49 LOUISVILL F 21 HOLD LOUISVILL DO NOT BREED Excluded

50 LOUISVILL F 21 HOLD LOUISVILL DO NOT BREED Excluded

45 MEMPHIS M 21 HOLD MEMPHIS DO NOT BREED Excluded

77 MILWAUKEE M 14 HOLD MILWAUKEE BREED WITH 99

75 MINNESOTA F 14 HOLD MINNESOTA BREED WITH 142

76 MINNESOTA M 14 HOLD MINNESOTA DO NOT BREED

142 MINNESOTA M 7 HOLD MINNESOTA BREED WITH 75

175 MINNESOTA F 5 SEND TO MONTERYAQ BREED WITH 169

233 MINNESOTA M 0 SEND TO TRACY AV DO NOT BREED

124 MONTERYAQ M 7 SEND TO FRESNO DO NOT BREED

219 NZP-WASH M 0 HOLD NZP-WASH BREED WITH 220

220 NZP-WASH F 0 HOLD NZP-WASH BREED WITH 219

169 PHOENIX M 8 SEND TO MONTERYAQ BREED WITH 175

225 PHOENIX M 0 HOLD PHOENIX BREED WITH 74

122 SANJOSECA M 7 HOLD SANJOSECA DO NOT BREED

206 SCOT NECK F 6 HOLD SCOT NECK SEE NOTES

See institutional table

207 SCOT NECK F 6 HOLD SCOT NECK SEE NOTES


200 SCOT NECK F -- HOLD SCOT NECK SEE NOTES


201 SCOT NECK M -- HOLD SCOT NECK SEE NOTES


202 SCOT NECK F -- HOLD SCOT NECK SEE NOTES








167 TRACY AV M 6 HOLD TRACY AV DO NOT BREED

82 WACO M 13 HOLD WACO DO NOT BREED

171 WACO Unknown 5 HOLD WACO DO NOT BREED



8

RECOMMENDATIONS BY INSTITUTION BLOOMINGT Miller Park Zoo Bloomington, IL UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With RecNotes

85 B05083 M 13 HOLD BLOOMINGT DO NOT BREED

99 B10002 F 8 SEND TO MILWAUKEE BREED WITH 77

236 23723 M 0 RECEIVE FROM CHICAGOLP DO NOT BREED

BUSCH TAM Busch Gardens Tampa Bay Tampa, FL UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With RecNotes

151 60600 M 17 HOLD BUSCH TAM BREED WITH 197 or 238

See matrix below for suitable mates


197 65653 F 3 HOLD BUSCH TAM BREED WITH 151 or 150

238 65881 F 1 HOLD BUSCH TAM BREED WITH 150, 151 or 196


153 61854 F 14 HOLD BUSCH TAM BREED WITH 196

151 196 150

197 Breed DNB Breed

238 Breed Breed Breed

153 DNB Breed DNB

CHICAGOLP Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens Chicago, IL UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With RecNotes

84 22558 F 13 HOLD CHICAGOLP BREED WITH 140

140 22396 M 7 HOLD CHICAGOLP BREED WITH 84

236 23723 M 0 SEND TO BLOOMINGT DO NOT BREED

COLUMBIA Riverbanks Zoo and Garden Columbia, SC UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With RecNotes

141 12526 M 7 HOLD COLUMBIA BREED WITH 215

215 13302 F 1 HOLD COLUMBIA BREED WITH 141



9

CORPUS CH Texas State Aquarium Corpus Christi, TX

UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With RecNotes

166 B16050 M 6 HOLD CORPUS CH DO NOT BREED

217 B16051 M 0 HOLD CORPUS CH DO NOT BREED

FRESNO Fresno Chaffee Zoo Fresno, CA


74 280327 F 14 SEND TO PHOENIX BREED WITH 225

101 270281 M 9 HOLD FRESNO DO NOT BREED

124 150231 M 7 RECEIVE FROM MONTERYAQ DO NOT BREED

GREENBAY NEW Zoo Green Bay, WI


39 201420 M 24 HOLD GREENBAY DO NOT BREED

Excluded

JACKSON Jackson Zoological Park Jackson, MS


83 200689 M 13 HOLD JACKSON DO NOT BREED

91 200690 M 11 HOLD JACKSON DO NOT BREED

LONG B AQ Aquarium of the Pacific, Long Beach Long Beach, CA


148 HM-07- F -- HOLD LONG B AQ BREED WITH 165 Potential founder, prioritize breeding

165 UM1501 M 6 HOLD LONG B AQ BREED WITH 148

LOUISVILL Louisville Zoological Garden Louisville, KY


72 202530 M 15 HOLD LOUISVILL DO NOT BREED

49 201262 F 21 HOLD LOUISVILL DO NOT BREED Excluded

50 201264 F 21 HOLD LOUISVILL DO NOT BREED Excluded



10

MEMPHIS Memphis Zoological Garden and Aquarium Memphis, TN UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With RecNotes

45 15848 M 21 HOLD MEMPHIS DO NOT BREED Excluded

MILWAUKEE Milwaukee County Zoological Gardens Milwaukee, WI UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With RecNotes

77 B4579 M 14 HOLD MILWAUKEE BREED WITH 99

99 B10002 F 8 RECEIVE FROM BLOOMINGT BREED WITH 77

MINNESOTA Minnesota Zoological Garden Apple Valley, MN UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With RecNotes

75 10663 F 14 HOLD MINNESOTA BREED WITH 142

76 10664 M 14 HOLD MINNESOTA DO NOT BREED

142 12807 M 7 HOLD MINNESOTA BREED WITH 75

175 13328 F 5 SEND TO MONTERYAQ BREED WITH 169

233 14581 M 0 SEND TO TRACY AV DO NOT BREED

MONTERYAQ Monterey Bay Aquarium Monterey, CA UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With RecNotes

124 150231 M 7 SEND TO FRESNO DO NOT BREED

175 13328 F 5 RECEIVE FROM MINNESOTA BREED WITH 169

169 12787 M 8 RECEIVE FROM PHOENIX BREED WITH 175

NZP-WASH Smithsonian National Zoological Park Washington, DC UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With RecNotes

219 216524 M 0 HOLD NZP-WASH BREED WITH 220

220 216525 F 0 HOLD NZP-WASH BREED WITH 219



11

PHOENIX Phoenix Zoo Phoenix, AZ UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With RecNotes

169 12787 M 8 SEND TO MONTERYAQ BREED WITH 175

225 13252 M 0 HOLD PHOENIX BREED WITH 74

74 280327 F 14 RECEIVE FROM FRESNO BREED WITH 225

SANJOSECA Happy Hollow Zoo San Jose, CA UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With RecNotes

122 200567 M 7 HOLD SANJOSECA DO NOT BREED

SCOT NECK Sylvan Heights Waterfowl Scotland Neck, NC UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With RecNotes

206 Green F 6 HOLD SCOT NECK SEE NOTES Breed at institutional discretion

207 red lt F 6 HOLD SCOT NECK SEE NOTES Breed at institutional discretion

200 003 si F -- HOLD SCOT NECK SEE NOTES Breed at institutional discretion

201 005 si M -- HOLD SCOT NECK SEE NOTES Breed at institutional discretion

202 12NL7 F -- HOLD SCOT NECK SEE NOTES Breed at institutional discretion

203 1NL7 M -- HOLD SCOT NECK SEE NOTES Breed at institutional discretion



TRACY AV Tracy Aviary Salt Lake City, UT UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With RecNotes

167 2278 M 6 HOLD TRACY AV DO NOT BREED

233 14581 M 0 RECEIVE FROM MINNESOTA DO NOT BREED

WACO Cameron Park Zoo Waco, TX UniqueID LocalID Sex Age Disposition Location Breeding With RecNotes

82 B02803 M 13 HOLD WACO DO NOT BREED

171 B01811 U 5 HOLD WACO DO NOT BREED



12

Appendix A Pedigree Assumptions

HYPOTHETICAL SPECIMENS

Studbook ID

Sire Dam Notes

HYP1 39 42 MULT14 potential sires are 39, 42, and 45. 45 was most likely too young to breed at this time. 39 has offspring and is still living, 42 has offspring in the population. HYP1=39x42.

HYP2 40 41 MULT15 potential dams are 40, 41, and 44. 44 never bred and has pedigree already represented by 40 and 41. 40 and 41 both have living offspring. HYP2=40x41

HYP3 61 62 Represent one of the 2nd generation breeding pairs at BUSCH TAM. The other pairs were 52 x 53 and 115 x 116. 61 is a sibling to these animals. 62 was a bird that went from ORLANDO to BUSCH and bred at BUSCH TAM. These assumptions connect the BUCH TAM lineage with the ORLANDO lineage to the third generation animals.

HYP4 52 53 Represent one of the 2nd generation breeding pairs at BUSCH TAM. The other pairs were 61 x 62 and 115 x 116. These animals are siblings to 115 and 116, chosen arbitrarily to represent the 1st generation lineage. These assumptions connect the BUCH TAM lineage with the ORLANDO lineage to the third generation animals.

HYP5 82 119 MULT5 potential sires are 8, 46, 119, 117, and 118. 46 is the offspring of 8 and dam of this individuals, so did not include in assumptions. 113 and 114 are the parents of 117 and 118.

HYP6 114 113 MULT5 potential sires are 8, 46, 119, 117, and 118. 46 is the offspring of 8 and dam of this individuals, so did not include in assumptions. 113 and 114 are the parents of 117 and 118.

HYP7 WILD WILD Hypothetical parent of birds imported to SCOT NECK from Denmark

HYP8 201 203 Possible sires in MULT25

HYP9 204 205 Possible sires in MULT25

HYP10 HYP8 HYP9

HYP11 200 202

HYP12 206 207

HYP13 HYP11 HYP12

ANALYTICAL DATA FOR TRUE SPECIMENS

Studbook ID

Field True Overlay Notes

1 Dam UNK WILD This individual came in in 1969, the first year captive breeding was recorded with note “purchased from unknown." Most likely not from a zoo, assume wild caught or rehab bird.

Sire UNK WILD

104 Sire MULT4 76 MULT4 = Potential sires 39, 76, 83, and 91. 76, 83, and 91 are all offspring of 39. 76 was breeding with offspring's dam (#84) at this time. Assume 76 is sire.

115 Dam MULT7 113 BUSCH TAM has records of approx. 12 wild caught animals that came in during the early 1980s, of these it looks like 8 made it to adulthood. It is assumed that the birds in the studbook that were hatched from this time to about 1997 were offspring of these animals. There is no record of which animals bred and which did not, assume that all animals hatched at this time came from wild caught parents 113 and 114 to connect all birds to the wild caught founders.

Sire MULT6 114


Sire MULT6 114

13 Dam MULT1 7 MULT1 potential dams are 7 and 15. 7 is wild caught with many living descendants. 15 is thought to be wild caught but no living offspring.

133 Dam MULT16 HYP4 Connects the second generation animals to the third generation. HYP3 = 61x 62 HYP4 = 52 x 53 (represents 1st generation) Sire MULT17 HYP3

14 Dam UNK WILD This animal says it was captive hatched at San Antonio, however it was the first recorded bird at this facility and there before captive breeding became abundant. Assume wild caught bird.

Sire UNK WILD


152 Dam MULT19 HYP4 Connects the second generation animals to the third generation. HYP3 = 61x 62 HYP4



13

Sire MULT22 HYP3 = 52 x 53 (represents 1st generation)






168 Dam MULT12 59 Parents were actually known but there was confusion with which birds were sent to this institution. Reassigned numbers to birds so they are accurate to HOMOSASSA records.

Sire MULT11 57

176 Dam MULT13 178 Potential parents at LOSANGELE during time of hatch were all unknown sexed animals: 10, 178, and 180. 10 and 178 were known wild caught animals and 180 was from a Private facility but thought to be wild caught and left no offspring in the population. Choose 10 and 178 as potential parents.

Sire MULT13 10

177 Dam MULT13 178 Potential parents at LOSANGELE during time of hatch were all unknown sexed animals: 10, 178, and 180. 10 and 178 were known wild caught animals and 180 was from a Private facility but thought to be wild caught and left no offspring in the population. Choose 10 and 178 as potential parents.

Sire MULT13 10

27 Dam UNK 193 This individual and #26 were likely offspring of wild caught birds (brought in as eggs) to SEAWORLD. Sire UNK 192

49 Dam MULT15 HYP2 MULT14 potential sires are 39, 42, and 45. 45 was most likely too young to breed at this time. 39 has offspring and is still living, 42 has offspring in the population. HYP1=39x42.

Sire MULT14 HYP1 MULT14 potential sires are 39, 42, and 45. 45 was most likely too young to breed at this time. 39 has offspring and is still living, 42 has offspring in the population. HYP1=39x42.

50 Dam MULT15 HYP2 MULT14 potential sires are 39, 42, and 45. 45 was most likely too young to breed at this time. 39 has offspring and is still living, 42 has offspring in the population. HYP1=39x42.

Sire MULT14 HYP1 MULT14 potential sires are 39, 42, and 45. 45 was most likely too young to breed at this time. 39 has offspring and is still living, 42 has offspring in the population. HYP1=39x42.


Sire MULT6 114


Sire MULT6 114

56 Dam 17 HYP6 MULT5 potential sires are 8, 46, 119, 117, and 118. 46 is the offspring of 8 and dam of this individuals, so did not include in assumptions. 113 and 114 are the parents of 117 and 118.

Sire MULT5 HYP5


59

Dam

MULT10 HYP4 Connects the second generation animals to the third generation. HYP3 = 61x 62 HYP4 = 52 x 53 (represents 1st generation)

Sire MULT9 HYP3

61 Dam UNK 113 BUSCH TAM has records of approx. 12 wild caught animals that came in during the early 1980s, of these it looks like 8 made it to adulthood. It is assumed that the birds in the studbook that were hatched from this time to about 1997 were offspring of these animals. There is no record of which animals bred and which did not, assume that all animals hatched at this time came from wild caught parents 113 and 114 to connect all birds to the wild caught founders.

Sire UNK 114

62 Dam UNK WILD Orlando at this time was believed to have one wild caught pair breeding and possibly



14

Sire UNK WILD getting additional animals in from the wild. All other relatives of #62 are no longer living. Assume wild caught.

80 Dam MULT2 41 Potential dams at time of hatch were 75, 79, and 41. 75 and 79 are offspring of 41. Assume dam is 41.



200 Dam UNK WILD

Sire UNK HYP7

201 Dam UNK WILD

Sire UNK HYP7

202 Dam UNK WILD

Sire UNK HYP7

203 Dam UNK WILD

Sire UNK HYP7

204 Dam UNK WILD

Sire UNK HYP7

205 Dam UNK WILD

Sire UNK HYP7

220 Dam MULT 27 HYP13

Sire MULT 25 HYP10


Sire MULT 25 HYP10


Sire MULT 25 HYP10


Sire MULT 25 HYP10


Sire MULT 25 HYP10

BUSH TAM Assumptions:

According to taxon reports provided by Busch Tampa, the majority of birds from 1975 to 1983 were wild caught, unrelated birds (approximately 12 animals with 8 surviving to adulthood). Of these wild caught birds, only female 113 was recorded as reproducing, the majority of other individuals were listed as unknown sex. Individuals 52, 53, 61, 115, 116 were all hatched at BUSCH TAM and then produced their own offspring .Since there are no records on which of the wild caught birds bred or how these individuals might be related, all five of these animals were given parents 113 and 114 (the only two of these 12 birds that are in the current studbook) since it is possible that only one pair was breeding at the time, making these animals siblings and to prevent inbreeding in the future. Busch Tampa was mostly a closed institution, from records it looks like they only received a few animals from other institutions (mainly ORLANDO). Only one of these animals from outside BUSCH is recorded as successfully breeding at BUSCH (#62). From records it looks as though the first generation animals (plus #62) began producing offspring around 1997. All animals hatched after 1997 were given HYP3 (61 x 62) and HYP 4 (52 x 53) parents to represent the potential parents at BUSCH TAM at the time of hatch.

SCOT NECK Assumptions (added 2016):

SCOT NECK birds came from Denmark originally; there were 4 birds in the parent colony that were imported. It was reported that there was relatedness among the group but there was no inbreeding between each pair of birds. It is unknown which birds were paired by the importer. Based on this information and the assumed small size of the population in Europe, we made the assumption that the four original birds at Scot neck were on average half-siblings – they share a common sire but unique dams.



15

Appendix B Summary of Data Exports

PMx Project: BNStilt2016b Created: 2016-12-21 by PMx version 1.2.20140424 File: C:\PMxProjects\BNStilt2016b.pmxproj Primary data file Data File Name: XXBNStilt.ped Common Name: Black-necked stilt Scientific Name: Himantopus mexicanus Data Source: PopLink Studbook Name: BNStilt Exported On: 2016-12-21 Software version: PopLink 2.4 Current through: 2016-10-05 Compiled by: Carmen Murach Scope: AZA Dates: 2016-12-21 Locations: N.AMERICA Association: Other Filters: Status = Living User: cgroome

Locations data file Data File Name: location.txt Demographic input files MPrn file: mXXBNStilt.prn FPrn file: fXXBNStilt.prn Male LifeTable filter: *Dates: 1969-01-01 to 2016-12-21 *Locations: N.AMERICA *Association: *Other Filters: Status = Living *User: cgroome Female LifeTable filter: *Dates: 1969-01-01 to 2016-12-21 *Locations: N.AMERICA *Association: *Other Filters: Status = Living *User: cgroome

Appendix C Animals Excluded from the Genetic Analysis

Studbook ID Institution Sex Age Reason for Exclusion

39 GREENBAY M 24 Age

45 MEMPHIS M 21 Age

49 LOUISVILL F 21 Age

50 LOUISVILL F 21 Age



16

Appendix D

Life Tables

Males Age (years) Px Mid Px Qx Risk Qx Lx Mid Lx Mx Risk Mx Ex Vx Cx

0 0.82 0.89 0.18 104.9 1.00 0.91 0.000 104.9 12.31 1.10 0.10

1 0.98 0.98 0.02 83.6 0.82 0.81 0.020 83.6 12.68 1.26 0.08

2 0.98 0.96 0.02 81.7 0.80 0.80 0.100 81.7 11.92 1.29 0.08

3 0.94 0.91 0.06 78.6 0.79 0.76 0.050 78.6 11.37 1.27 0.08

4 0.88 0.90 0.12 71.2 0.74 0.70 0.080 71.2 11.39 1.36 0.07

5 0.93 0.94 0.07 61.5 0.65 0.63 0.180 61.5 11.50 1.45 0.06

6 0.95 0.93 0.05 55.1 0.61 0.59 0.190 55.1 11.17 1.38 0.06

7 0.91 0.95 0.09 47.7 0.58 0.55 0.290 47.7 10.93 1.31 0.05

8 1.00 0.99 0.00 40.1 0.52 0.52 0.140 40.1 10.42 1.09 0.05

9 0.97 0.92 0.03 38.9 0.52 0.52 0.110 38.9 9.57 0.99 0.05

10 0.87 0.92 0.13 37.5 0.51 0.48 0.170 37.5 9.30 0.98 0.04

11 0.97 0.95 0.03 32.1 0.44 0.44 0.050 32.1 9.06 0.90 0.04

12 0.92 0.94 0.08 30.5 0.43 0.41 0.050 30.5 8.52 0.92 0.03

13 0.96 0.90 0.04 26.3 0.39 0.39 0.060 26.3 8.01 0.94 0.03

14 0.83 0.86 0.17 23.0 0.38 0.35 0.310 23.0 7.82 1.01 0.03

15 0.89 0.94 0.11 17.6 0.31 0.30 0.470 17.6 7.96 0.83 0.02

16 1.00 1.00 0.00 15.0 0.28 0.28 0.390 15.0 7.39 0.39 0.02

17 1.00 0.93 0.00 14.2 0.28 0.28 0.000 14.2 6.39 0.00 0.02

18 0.85 0.87 0.15 13.0 0.28 0.26 0.000 13.0 5.83 0.00 0.02

19 0.90 0.89 0.10 10.4 0.24 0.23 0.000 10.4 5.53 0.00 0.02

20 0.88 0.94 0.12 8.2 0.21 0.20 0.000 8.2 5.09 0.00 0.01

21 1.00 1.00 0.00 5.8 0.19 0.19 0.000 5.8 4.36 0.00 0.01

22 1.00 0.90 0.00 5.0 0.19 0.19 0.000 5.0 3.36 0.00 0.01

23 0.80 0.89 0.20 5.0 0.19 0.17 0.000 5.0 2.63 0.00 0.01

24 1.00 0.67 0.00 3.3 0.15 0.15 0.000 3.3 1.83 0.00 0.01

25 0.33 0.25 0.67 3.0 0.15 0.10 0.000 3.0 1.25 0.00 0.01

26 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.0 0.05 0.02 0.000 1.0 1.00 0.00 0.00

27 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00

28 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00

r = 0.021, lambda = 1.022, T = 8.6, N20 = 43 Qx = mortality; Px = survival; Lx = cumulative survivorship; Mx = fecundity; Vx = expected future reproduction



17

Females Age (years) Px Mid Px Qx Risk Qx Lx Mid Lx Mx Risk Mx Ex Vx Cx

0 0.73 0.83 0.27 77.2 1.00 0.87 0.000 77.2 --- 1.16 0.13

1 0.96 0.94 0.04 55.2 0.73 0.72 0.040 55.2 --- 1.47 0.10

2 0.92 0.93 0.08 51.9 0.70 0.67 0.020 51.9 --- 1.61 0.09

3 0.94 0.92 0.06 46.6 0.64 0.63 0.070 46.6 --- 1.80 0.08

4 0.90 0.92 0.10 43.5 0.61 0.58 0.240 43.5 --- 1.98 0.07

5 0.95 0.95 0.05 38.0 0.55 0.53 0.420 38.0 --- 1.98 0.06

6 0.96 0.94 0.04 33.3 0.52 0.51 0.330 33.3 --- 1.72 0.06

7 0.92 0.96 0.08 30.2 0.50 0.48 0.190 30.2 --- 1.56 0.05

8 1.00 0.98 0.00 27.0 0.46 0.46 0.160 27.0 --- 1.51 0.04

9 0.96 0.96 0.04 26.5 0.46 0.45 0.260 26.5 --- 1.45 0.04

10 0.96 0.98 0.04 25.5 0.44 0.43 0.400 25.5 --- 1.30 0.04

11 1.00 0.95 0.00 24.5 0.42 0.42 0.270 24.5 --- 0.97 0.04

12 0.89 0.92 0.11 23.5 0.42 0.40 0.100 23.5 --- 0.78 0.03

13 0.95 0.95 0.05 20.4 0.38 0.37 0.160 20.4 --- 0.78 0.03

14 0.94 0.97 0.06 17.7 0.36 0.35 0.630 17.7 --- 0.69 0.02

15 1.00 0.90 0.00 15.0 0.34 0.34 0.070 15.0 --- 0.07 0.02

16 0.80 0.85 0.20 15.0 0.34 0.30 0.000 15.0 --- 0.00 0.02

17 0.92 0.96 0.08 12.0 0.27 0.26 0.000 12.0 --- 0.00 0.02

18 1.00 0.90 0.00 11.0 0.25 0.25 0.000 11.0 --- 0.00 0.01

19 0.80 0.80 0.20 9.8 0.25 0.22 0.000 9.8 --- 0.00 0.01

20 0.81 0.75 0.19 5.3 0.20 0.18 0.000 5.3 --- 0.00 0.01

21 0.67 0.80 0.33 3.0 0.16 0.13 0.000 3.0 --- 0.00 0.01

22 1.00 0.75 0.00 2.0 0.11 0.11 0.000 2.0 --- 0.00 0.01

23 0.50 0.67 0.50 2.0 0.11 0.08 0.000 2.0 --- 0.00 0.00

24 1.00 1.00 0.00 1.0 0.05 0.05 0.000 1.0 --- 0.00 0.00

25 1.00 1.00 0.00 1.0 0.05 0.05 0.000 1.0 --- 0.00 0.00

26 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.000 0.1 --- 0.00 0.00

27 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.0 0.05 0.05 0.000 0.0 --- 0.00 0.00

28 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.0 0.05 0.05 0.000 0.0 --- 0.00 0.00

r = 0.052, lambda = 1.054, T = 7.7, N20 = 38

Qx = mortality; Px = survival; Lx = cumulative survivorship; Mx = fecundity; Vx = expected future reproduction



18

Appendix E Ordered Mean Kinship

Note: Values are subject to change with any hatch, death, import, export, inclusion, exclusion, or changes in pedigree or pedigree

assumptions. Unknown sexed animals show on both lists.

Population MK = 0.0844

Males Females

UniqueID MKdynamic MKdynRank Location Age

UniqueID MKdynamic MKdynRank Location Age

169 0.0060 1 PHOENIX 8

148 0.0000 1 LONG B AQ --

225 0.0179 2 PHOENIX 0

238 0.0000 1 BUSCH TAM 1

77 0.0290 3 MILWAUKEE 14

99 0.0119 3 BLOOMINGT 8

151 0.0327 4 BUSCH TAM 17

153 0.0374 4 BUSCH TAM 14

150 0.0361 5 BUSCH TAM 17

197 0.0599 5 BUSCH TAM 3

196 0.0599 6 BUSCH TAM 3

200 0.0778 6 SCOT NECK --

217 0.0679 7 CORPUS CH 0

202 0.0778 6 SCOT NECK --

201 0.0757 8 SCOT NECK --

74 0.0919 8 FRESNO 14

203 0.0757 8 SCOT NECK --

207 0.0999 9 SCOT NECK 6

204 0.0757 8 SCOT NECK --

206 0.0999 9 SCOT NECK 6

205 0.0757 8 SCOT NECK --

215 0.1038 11 COLUMBIA 1

101 0.0856 12 FRESNO 9

220 0.1038 11 NZP-WASH 0

141 0.0856 12 COLUMBIA 7

75 0.1077 13 MINNESOTA 14

165 0.0856 12 LONG B AQ 6

171 0.1084 -1 WACO 5

166 0.0856 12 CORPUS CH 6

175 0.1095 14 MINNESOTA 5

142 0.0885 16 MINNESOTA 7

84 0.1155 15 CHICAGOLP 13

167 0.0885 16 TRACY AV 6 140 0.0915 18 CHICAGOLP 7

72 0.0948 19 LOUISVILL 15 219 0.1038 20 NZP-WASH 0

233 0.1041 21 MINNESOTA 0 82 0.1051 22 WACO 13

83 0.1051 22 JACKSON 13 85 0.1051 22 BLOOMINGT 13

91 0.1051 22 JACKSON 11 171 0.1084 -1 WACO 5

236 0.1095 26 CHICAGOLP 0 76 0.1103 27 MINNESOTA 14

122 0.1189 28 SANJOSECA 7 124 0.1189 28 MONTERYAQ 7



19

Appendix F Descriptive Survival Statistics Report

Black-necked stilt Studbook

Himantopus mexicanus AZA Studbook

Studbook data current as of 10/5/2016

Compiled by

Carmen Murach [email protected]

PopLink Studbook filename: BNStilt + XXSTILT PopLink User Who Exported Report: cgroome

Date of Export: 12/21/2016 Data Filtered by: StartDate = 1/1/1969 AND EndDate = 12/21/2016

PopLink Version: 2.4 REPORT OVERVIEW:

The data for females were not of sufficient robustness to analyze and report female survival statistics. Based on this analysis, if a male Black-necked stilt survives to its first birthday, its median life expectancy is 12.6 years. Please see the body of the report for more details.

BACKGROUND ON ANALYSES: These analyses were conducted using animals that lived during the period 1 January 1969 to 21 December 2016 at all institutions in the studbook. The analyses mainly focus on survival statistics from 1 year (e.g. excluding any individuals that did not survive past their first birthday). These statistics most accurately reflect typical survival for animals which can be seen on exhibit in zoos and aquariums. This report summarizes survival records of individuals housed at zoological facilities for a specific geographic range and time period; these records trace an individual's history from birth or entry into the population to death, exit out of the population, or the end of the time period. As such, this history only reflects standard practices - including management, husbandry, and acquisition/disposition practices - for the specified time period and geographic range. Thus, the report contents should be viewed with some caution as they may not fully reflect current and newly emerging zoo and aquarium management techniques or practices. For example, if the population has not been maintained in zoos and aquariums long enough to have many adults living into old age, median life expectancy will likely be an underestimate until more data accrue in older age classes. Thus, users of these reports should recognize that the results produced will likely vary over time or depending on the subset of data selected. Data were not of sufficient quality to analyze and report survival statistics for females (see Data Quality section). Because of this, statistical differences between male and female statistics could not be calculated and results are only reported for males. SUMMARY OF ANALYSES: SURVIVAL STATISTICS The dataset used for analysis includes partial or full lifespans of 76 male individuals, 47 (61.8%) of which had died by 21 December 2016. If a male Black-necked stilt survives to its first birthday, its median life expectancy1 is 12.6 years of age. Given the quality of the data - how many animals are in the database and how many have died - there is a 95% chance that the true median falls between 9.8 and 14.8 years of age (i.e., these are the 95% confidence limits). Only 25% of male Black-necked stilt can be expected to survive to be 20.3 years or older. First-year (infant) survival2 for male Black-necked stilt is 79%. The year after birth/hatching is a period of relatively low survival for many species and life histories.

The maximum longevity3 observed for male Black-necked stilt is 26.2 years; this longevity record is based on an individual which was DEAD as of the analysis end date (studbook number 24, sex = Male, origin = Wild Hatch, birth date estimate = Year).4 The correct interpretation of these statistics is that, if it survives the first year of life, the 'typical' Black-necked stilt male will live 12.6 years; that half of all Black-necked stilt males can be expected to die before they reach 12.6 and half will live longer than 12.6; that only 25% of all male Black-necked stilt can be expected to live 20.3 years; and that it is rare but possible for Black-necked stilt males to live 26.2 years. There are not enough data to determine whether these values are representative of both sexes. The median life expectancy, confidence interval, first-year survival, and maximum longevity may change as more data are accumulated, the population's age structure changes, or management practices improve. While both median life expectancy and maximum longevity are discussed in this report, it is more appropriate to rely on median life expectancy to place the age of any one individual in context. To put these statistics in perspective, median life expectancy from age one for people in the United



20

States is 77.5 years and the maximum longevity (documented worldwide) is 122 years5. Therefore, if a person lived to be 85 years old, the appropriate context is that they lived well beyond the median life expectancy (77.5), not that they fell short of the maximum longevity (122). DATA QUALITY The PopLink Survival Tool uses five data quality measures to determine whether data are robust enough to make reliable estimates of key survival parameters. The male subset of data for this population passed all of the following tests, while the female subset failed one or more of the tests:

1. Can the median life expectancy be calculated? FEMALE PASS 2. Is the sample size (number of individuals at risk) greater than 20 individuals at the median? FEMALE FAIL 3. Is the 95% Confidence Interval (CI) bounded? FEMALE PASS 4. Is the sample size in the first age class of analysis (e.g. the first day of analysis) greater than 30 individuals? FEMALE PASS 5. Is the length of the 95% CI < 33% of the maximum longevity? FEMALE FAIL

PopLink data validation has never been run; if errors are present in this studbook, they may affect the data in this analysis.

1 The statistics analyzed for this report (median life expectancy, 95% confidence limits, and age to which 25% of individuals survive) exclude any individuals who did not survive to their first birthday; these individuals are excluded because this Report is focused on providing median survival estimates for the typical individual that survives the vulnerable infant stage. In other words, this report answers the question, 'how long is this species expected to live once it has reached its first birthday?' For this studbook, 40 individuals died before their first birthday and were excluded from these analyses. For all animals that survive to their first birthday, 50% will die before the median life expectancy in this report and 50% die after. Note that the median life expectancy obtained from population management software (PM2000, PMx, ZooRisk) or from life tables in Breeding and Transfer Plans (e.g. where Lx = 0.5) will be lower because it includes these individuals that did not survive to their first birthday in order to project the correct number of births needed. See the PopLink manual for more details. 2For reference, first-year survival is provided. For this studbook and the selected demographic window, 40 individuals did not survive to their first birthday and were excluded from the estimates provided above (median life expectancy, 95% confidence limits, and age to which 25% of individuals survive). 3 Maximum longevity is the age of the oldest known individual for this species, living or dead. It is not necessarily the biological maximum age, but only reflects the individuals included in the dataset. 4 Information on the oldest females in the population can be found by running the PopLink Age Outliers Report. Censored individuals are individuals whose deaths have not been observed as of the end of the analysis window, including individuals who 1) are still alive as of the end date, 2) exited the geographic window before the end date (through transfer or release), or 3) were lost-to-follow up before the end date. 5 Median life expectancy for people is estimated from: Xu, Jiaquan, Kochanek KD, Murphy SL, and Tejada-Vera B. 2007. Deaths: Final Data for 2007. National vital statistics reports; vol 58 no 19. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. Jeanne Calment of France was the oldest documented and fully validated human and died at 122 years and 164 days; from: http://www.grg.org/Adams/Tables.htm. Accessed August 9, 2007.



21

Appendix G Definitions

Management Terms (as of June 2015)

Green Species Survival Plan® (Green SSP) Program – A Green SSP Program has a population size of 50 or more animals and is projected to retain 90% gene diversity for a minimum of 100 years or 10 generations. Green SSP Programs are subject to AZA’s Full Participation and Non–Member Participation Policies.

Yellow Species Survival Plan® (Yellow SSP) Program – A Yellow SSP Program has a population size of 50 or more animals but cannot retain 90% gene diversity for 100 years or 10 generations. Yellow SSP participation by AZA institutions is voluntary. Red Species Survival Plan® (Red SSP) Program – A Red SSP has a population size of greater than 20 but fewer than 50 animals, at least three AZA member institutions, and a published studbook. Animal Programs that manage species designated as Extinct in the Wild, Critically Endangered, or Endangered (IUCN) do not need to meet minimum population size and number of participating institution criteria to be designated as an SSP Program. Red Program participation by AZA institutions is voluntary.

Full Participation – AZA policy stating that all AZA accredited institutions and certified related facilities having a Green SSP animal in their collection are required to participate in the collaborative SSP planning process (e.g., provide relevant animal data to the AZA Studbook Keeper, assign an Institutional Representative who will communicate institutional wants and needs to the SSP Coordinator and comment on the draft plan during the 30-day review period, and abide by the recommendations agreed upon in the final plan). All AZA member institutions and Animal Programs, regardless of management designation, must adhere to the AZA Policy on Acquisitions, Transfers, and Transitions and the AZA Code of Professional Ethics. For more information on AZA policies, see http://www.aza.org/board-policies/.

Demographic Terms Age Distribution – A two-way classification showing the numbers or percentages of individuals in various age and sex classes. Ex, Life Expectancy – Average years of further life for an animal in age class x.

Lambda () or Population Growth Rate – The proportional change in population size from one year to the next. Lambda can be based on life-table calculations (the expected lambda) or from observed changes in population size from year to year. A lambda of 1.11 means an 11% per year increase; lambda of 0.97 means a 3% decline in size per year. lx, Age-Specific Survivorship – The probability that a new individual (e.g., age 0) is alive at the beginning of age x. Alternatively, the proportion of individuals which survive from birth to the beginning of a specific age class. Mean Generation Time (T) – The average time elapsing from reproduction in one generation to the time the next generation reproduces. Also, the average age at which a female (or male) produces offspring. It is not the age of first reproduction. Males and females often have different generation times. Mx, Fecundity – The average number of same-sexed young born to animals in that age class. Because studbooks typically have relatively small sample sizes, studbook software calculate Mx as 1/2 the average number of young born to animals in that age class. This provides a somewhat less "noisy" estimate of Mx, though it does not allow for unusual sex ratios. The fecundity rates provide information on the age of first, last, and maximum reproduction. Px, Age-Specific Survival – The probability that an individual of age x survives one time period; is conditional on an individual being alive at the beginning of the time period. Alternatively, the proportion of individuals which survive from the beginning of one age class to the next. Qx, Mortality – Probability that an individual of age x dies during time period. Qx = 1-Px. Alternatively, the proportion of individuals that die during an age class. It is calculated from the number of animals that die during an age class divided by the number of animals that were alive at the beginning of the age class (i.e.-"at risk"). Risk (Qx or Mx) – The number of individuals that have lived during an age class. The number at risk is used to calculate Mx and Qx by dividing the number of births and deaths that occurred during an age class by the number of animals at risk of dying and reproducing during that age class. Vx, Reproductive Value – The expected number of offspring produced this year and in future years by an animal of age x.



22

Genetic Terms Allele Retention – The probability that a gene present in a founder individual exists in the living, descendant population. Current Gene Diversity (GD) -- The proportional gene diversity (as a proportion of the source population) is the probability that two alleles from the same locus sampled at random from the population will not be identical by descent. Gene diversity is calculated from allele frequencies, and is the heterozygosity expected in progeny produced by random mating, and if the population were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Effective Population Size (Inbreeding Ne) -- The size of a randomly mating population of constant size with equal sex ratio and a Poisson distribution of family sizes that would (a) result in the same mean rate of inbreeding as that observed in the population, or (b) would result in the same rate of random change in gene frequencies (genetic drift) as observed in the population. These two definitions are identical only if the population is demographically stable (because the rate of inbreeding depends on the distribution of alleles in the parental generation, whereas the rate of gene frequency drift is measured in the current generation). Founder – An individual obtained from a source population (often the wild) that has no known relationship to any individuals in the derived population (except for its own descendants). Founder Genome Equivalents (FGE) – The number wild-caught individuals (founders) that would produce the same amount of gene diversity as does the population under study. The gene diversity of a population is 1 - 1 / (2 * FGE). Founder Representation -- Proportion of the genes in the living, descendant population that are derived from that founder. Inbreeding Coefficient (F) -- Probability that the two alleles at a genetic locus are identical by descent from an ancestor common to both parents. The mean inbreeding coefficient of a population will be the proportional decrease in observed heterozygosity relative to the expected heterozygosity of the founder population. Mean Kinship (MK) – The mean kinship coefficient between an animal and all animals (including itself) in the living, captive-born population. The mean kinship of a population is equal to the proportional loss of gene diversity of the descendant (captive-born) population relative to the founders and is also the mean inbreeding coefficient of progeny produced by random mating. Mean kinship is also the reciprocal of two times the founder genome equivalents: MK = 1 / (2 * FGE). MK = 1 - GD. Percent Known – Percent of an animal's genome that is traceable to known founders. Thus, if an animal has an UNK sire, the % Known = 50. If it has an UNK grandparent, % Known = 75. Percent Certain -- The percentage of the living individuals’ pedigree that can be completely identified as certain: (exact identity of both parents is known) and traceable back to known founders. Individuals that are 100% certain do not have any MULTs or UNKs in their pedigree. Certainty represents a higher degree of knowledge than Known and therefore is always less than or equal to Known. Prob Lost – Probability that a random allele from the individual will be lost from the population in the next generation, because neither this individual nor any of its relatives pass on the allele to an offspring. Assumes that each individual will produce a number of future offspring equal to its reproductive value, Vx.



23

Appendix H Directory of Institutional Representatives

Organization First Name Last Name Email Phone

LONG B AQ Aquarium of the Pacific Karen Anderson [email protected] (562)951-3193

BLOOMINGT Miller Park Zoo Peter Burvenich [email protected] (309)434-2250

FORTWORTH Fort Worth Zoo Shelly Collinsworth [email protected] (817)759-7212

MANHATTAN Sunset Zoological Park Brian Davoren [email protected] (785)587-2737

SANFORD Central Florida Zoo & Botanical Gardens

Courtney Donner [email protected] (407)323-4450

PHILADELP Philadelphia Zoo Ian Gereg [email protected] (215)243-5368

PITTS CA National Aviary Teri Grendzinski [email protected] (412)258-9471

NZP-WASH Smithsonian National Zoological Park

Sara Hallager [email protected] (202)633-3088

BUSCH TAM Busch Gardens Tampa Bay Philip Hillary [email protected] (813)987-5236

TAMPA AQ The Florida Aquarium Eric Hovland [email protected] (813)273-4000 (4219)

ST LOUIS Saint Louis Zoo Michael Macek [email protected] (314)646-4825

LOUISVILL Louisville Zoological Garden Gary Michael [email protected] (502)238-5346

CHICAGOLP Lincoln Park Zoo Sunny Nelson [email protected] (312)742-8859

ATASCADER Charles Paddock Zoo Flavia Parotti [email protected] (951)760-1506

MINNESOTA Minnesota Zoological Garden

Jamie Toste [email protected] (952)431-9278

PHOENIX Phoenix Zoo John Sills [email protected] (602)273-1341 (7625)

KANSASCTY Kansas City Zoo Timothy Steinmetz [email protected] (816)595-1324

WACO Cameron Park Zoo Shawn Styrcula [email protected] (254)750-8453

LOWRY Tampa's Lowry Park Zoo Julie Tomita [email protected] (813)935-8552 (376)

SANJOSECA Happy Hollow Zoo Heather Vrzal [email protected] (408)794-6433

MILWAUKEE Milwaukee County Zoological Gardens

Alex Waier [email protected] (414)256-5449

FRESNO Fresno Chaffee Zoo Jennifer Wesson [email protected] (559)307-9945

MOODY Rainforest & Aquarium at Moody Gardens Inc.

Gregory Whittaker [email protected] (409)683-4101

CORPUS CH Texas State Aquarium Lauren Wilson [email protected] (716)696-0404

OKLAHOMA Oklahoma City Zoological Park

Eddie Witte [email protected] (405)425-0208

COLUMBIA Riverbanks Zoo Colleen Lynch [email protected] (803)602-0913

GREENBAY Northeastern Wisconsin Zoo Carmen Murach [email protected] (920)662-2403

MEMPHIS Memphis Zoo Carol Hesch [email protected] (901)333-6706

MONTERYAQ Monterey Bay Aquarium Aimee Greenebaum [email protected] (831)647-6876

TRACY AV Tracy Aviary Kate Lyngle-Cowand [email protected] (801)596-8500 (119)

TULSA Tulsa Zoo Josef Lindholm [email protected] (918)669-6260

Non-AZA

JACKSON Jackson Zoological Park Dave Wetzel [email protected]

SCOT NECK Sylvan Heights Bird Park Dustin Foote [email protected] (252)826-3186


































Population Analysis Black-Necked - Red... · 2017. 1. 18. · Draft for Review by the Institutional...

Documents

Transcript of Population Analysis Black-Necked - Red... · 2017. 1. 18. · Draft for Review by the Institutional...