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Popular rebellionsPopular rebellions

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Socio-economic contextSocio-economic context Labourers are able to command higher wages Landowners are struggling to adapt to new conditions Landowners try to revive feudal services Squeezing of tenants in manorial courts

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Poll tax of 1381Poll tax of 1381 Regressive tax, falling on every adult male Higher in 1380 than before Falls hardest in most populous parts of country, esp. East Anglia After mass tax evasion in first assessment, the crown insists on harsher enforcement of collection

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Chronology of eventsChronology of events 30 May 1381 Refusal to pay poll tax in Brentwood, Essex 4 5 June Rebellion breaks out in Kent (Dartford) 10 June Rebels arrive in Canterbury 12 June Rebels arrive in Blackheath in London 14 June King meets rebels at Mile End. Execution of Simon Sudbury (Chancellor and archbishop of Canterbury) and Robert Hales (Treasurer of England). 15 June fFrther meeting of king and rebels at Smithfield. Killing of Wat Tyler. Outbreak of violence between city militia and rebels Collapse of rebellion soon thereafter

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Uprisings elsewhereUprisings elsewhere Other uprisings in 1381 in East Anglia, Hertfordshire These provoke disobedience across southern and midland England Abbeys of St Albans and Bury of St Edmund prominent targets of urban anger (the monasteries are harsh urban landlords)

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Authorities strike backAuthorities strike back From 22 June 1381 royal household goes on progress through the counties involved in the uprising more or less a military campaign Many who take part are given punishments in court Still, remarkably few people put to death. Probably the crown is too afraid to take severe reprisals.

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Who were the rebels?Who were the rebels? Most participants are peasant farmers, with a plot of land. They are well below gentry status, but are generally not landless labourers. Slight bias towards the better off. Many of the rebels have played a role in local government (as reeves, chief pledges, bailiffs, jurors, etc.)

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What do the rebels do?What do the rebels do? Destruction of court records Attacks on property and manorial estates Personal violence and abuse towards shire officials, such as JPs (but relatively little bloodshed in regions) Murder of high-ranking political figures such as Sudbury

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Targeting Very few of the first collectors of the poll tax are persecuted. Those who enforce the collection of the tax are punished Mark Ormrod: Peasant uprising is a protest against twenty years of mismanagement. Rebels want a return to the law of Winchester, i.e. return to a system of community policing

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Ideology Violence not confined to personal retribution Rebellion cannot be explained solely in terms of immiseration or widespread serfdom There are general aims to protect newfound rights from the encroachment of lords Religious ideas of Christian equality (John Balls sermon)

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Jacquerie of 1358Jacquerie of 1358 Uprising north of Paris, around the towns of Compigne and Senlis Sparked by imposition of tallage by cathedral chapter of Laon. Participants are mainly rural artisans Appears to be part of wider patterns of anti-noble aggression, sponsored in part by Etienne Marcel, a bourgeois in charge of Paris government at this time

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Ciompi rebellion of 1378Ciompi rebellion of 1378 Primarily an urban phenomenon Seems to be an outgrowth of organized forms of political association among craft workers Leads to the overthrow of patrician government in Florence in 1378. Replaced with a council of 32 elected by the popolo minuto (labouring classes) Measures are taken to regulate the wool industry, providing greater protection for workers