POLYGRAPHY 1

7/22/2019 POLYGRAPHY 1

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THE SCIENCE OF

POLYGRAPH TECHNIQUE

By: Mr. Chivas G. Dulguime, R.C.


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Polygraphy:

comes from two Greek words, poly

and graphos which means many

writings.

is the scientific detection of deception

through the use or aid of a polygraph

machine.


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Polygraph

is an instrument or a device capable ofproducing recordings of physiological

phenomena that may be used as the basis

of the application of a reliable techniquefor diagnosing truth or deception.


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TYPES OF LIE:

1. White Lie

2. Red Lie

3. Black Lie4. Malicious or Judicious Lie

5. Pathological Lie


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DIFFERENT KINDS OF LIE

DETECTION:

1. Ancient Methods:

Red Hot Iron Ordeal

Ordeal of the Balance

Boiling Water Ordeal

Water Test Ordeal

The Smell Out Technique The Sacred Ass Ordeal


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Contemporary methods:

1. The Observation Methods

2. The Regular Police Method

- application of the three (3) Is in CriminalInvestigation (Information, Interrogation andInstrumentation) in order to obtain

confession and admission.


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Contemporary methods:

3. Hypnotism- by Franz Anton Mesmer- recovering the stored memory of the subject whileunder hyper amnesia.

4. Word Association Test

- by Sir Francis Galton and improved by Dr. CarlGustav Jung.

5. Truth Serum/Intoxication- by Sir Edward Mandell House


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The Polygraph Test Technique:

HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS:

1. Cesare Lombroso

2. Vittorio Benussi

3. Harold Burtt

4. John Larson

5. Leonard Keeler

6. John Reid

7. Sir James mackenzie

8. William Moulton Marston9. Luigi Galvani


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BASIC FACTS OF

POLYGRAPH


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TRIPOD FOUNDATION OF

POLYGRAPHY1. Mechanical Leg Basis Premise

The polygraph machine is mechanically capable of making graphicalrecords containing reliable information regarding physiological changes.

2. Physiological Leg Basis Premise

Among the physiological changes that may be recorded and identified

are those that automatically occur only following the stimulation of thespecific nervous system component and from which stimulation of thosespecific nervous system components can be reliably diagnosed.

3. Psychological Leg Basis Premise

Under this polygraph leg premise, the specific nervous systemcomponent whose stimulation can thus be diagnosed are so stimulated y

the involuntary mental and emotional processes of the individual who isconsciously attempting concealment of deception especially if thatindividual has something at stake and the prevailing circumstances leadhim to believe that exposure to detection is quite possible althoughundesirable.


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HUMAN BODY SYSTEM

Nervous Systemactivator of the body system

Circulatory Systemblood circulation Respiratory Systembreathing cycle

Excretory System/Skinexternal covering of

the body


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THEORY AND CONCEPT

A. Psychological Theoryof a lie:Emotional changes occur in aperson causing physiological changes that can be recognizedand diagnosed.

B. Psychological Set. . . A person's fears, anxietiesand apprehensions are focused (directed) to the areas that hold(Poses) the greatest threat to his well being or self.

C. Psychology of Test QuestionsThe test is structured so as topose a threat to the security of both the innocent and guiltysubject and force him/her to focus (direct) his/her attention tothat specific area of the test.

**Fear is the greatest psychological factor- Fear of beingdetected of an untruth.


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The Nervous System

Major division - Central vs.

Peripheral

Central or CNS- brain andspinal cord

Peripheral- nerves

connecting CNS to musclesand organs

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System


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Peripheral Nervous System

S k e le ta l

( S o m a tic )

S y m p a th e tic P a ra s y m p a th e tic

A u to n o m ic

P e rip h e ra l N e rv o u s S y s te m


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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

- It is the main effector mechanism which thepolygraph is concerned.

- It governed the following involuntary reflexes: heartbeat blood pressure

respiration

perspiration

digestion

- Can be influenced by thought and emotion- Main control is hypothalamus


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Sympathetic

Fight or flight response

Release adrenaline and

noradrenaline

Increases heart rate andblood pressure

Increases blood flow to

skeletal muscles

Inhibits digestive functions

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMBrain

Spinal

cord

SYMPATHETIC

Dilates pupil

Stimulates salivation

Relaxes bronchi

Accelerates heartbeat

Inhibits activity

Stimulates glucose

Secretion of adrenaline,nonadrenaline

Relaxes bladder

Stimulates ejaculation

in male

Sympathetic

ganglia

Salivaryglands

Lungs

Heart

Stomach

Pancrea

s Liver

Adrenalgland

Kidney


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Sympathetic Effects

Fight or flight response.

Release of norepinephrine from

postganglionic fibers and epinephrine from

adrenal medulla.

Mass activation prepares for intense activity.

Heart rate increases.

Bronchioles dilate. [glucose] increases.


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Parasympathetic

Rest and digest system

Calms body toconserve andmaintain energy

Lowers heartbeat,breathing rate,blood pressure

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMBrain

PARASYMPATHETIC

Spinal

cord

Stimulates salivation

Constricts bronchi

Slows heartbeat

Stimulates activity

Contracts bladderStimulates erectionof sex organs

Stimulates gallbladderGallbladder

Contracts pupil


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Parasympathetic Effects

Stimulation of separate parasympatheticnerves.

Relaxing effects:

Decrease heart rate (HR).

Dilate blood vessels.

Increase GI activity.


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Summary of autonomic differences

Autonomic nervous system controls physiological arousalSympathetic

division (arousing)

Parasympathetic

division (calming)

Pupils dilate EYES Pupils contract

Decreases SALVATION Increases

Perspires SKIN Dries

Increases RESPIRATION Decreases

Accelerates HEART Slows

Inhibits DIGESTION Activates

Secrete stress

hormones

ADRENAL

GLANDS

Decrease secretion

of stress hormones


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The Polygraph

Measures:

Heart beat

Respirat ion

Skin

Conduct iv i ty

Blood

Pressure


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PARTS OF THE POLYGRAPH

MACHINE

1. Pneumograph

- breathing patterns

- three minor components: (two

elongated tube and beaded chain)

2. Galvanograph

- psychogalvanic skin reflex

- two finger electrodes and amplifier

unit.


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PARTS OF THE POLYGRAPH

MACHINE

3. Cardiograph

- pulse rate and heartbeat.

- minor components: (bulb,sphygmograph and arm cuff)

4. Kymograph

- paper fed mechanism run by adynamo

- polygramchart paper


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FACTORS AFFECTING THE RELIABLITY

OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION:

1. Subject

2. Examiner

3. Polygraph Machine

4. Examination Room


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PHASES OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION:

1. Initial Interview

2. PreTest

3. Actual Test

4. Post Test

PHASES OF POLYGRAPH


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PHASES OF POLYGRAPH

EXAMINATION

Requisition of PolygraphExamination

Four (4) copies of Letter

RequestBrief Facts of the Case /

Investigation Report

Sworn Statement / Affidavit of

ComplainantSworn Statement / Affidavit of

Examinees/ Witness/es

Sketch of crime scene,

/witness/es, if available.

1st. InitialInterview


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PHASES OF POLYGRAPH

EXAMINATION

During the pre-test

interview, the polygraphexaminer will explainhow the polygraphworks, discuss the

issue, review all thequestions to be askedon the polygraph test.

2nd. Pre-test Interview with the person to

be examined

PHASES OF POLYGRAPH


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Purpose of Pre-testInterview

PHASES OF POLYGRAPH

EXAMINATION

To prepare the subject for polygraph

examination.

Informing the subject of his/her

involvement with the case.

To obtain subject consent for polygraph

examination.

Taking of subjects or examinees personal data.To determine the suitability of the subject or

examinee.

Evaluating the psychological preparation of the

subject or examinee.


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Purpose of taking the Consent

of the Examinee

The examiner have a legal basis that no

human rights violation is committed

That the subject voluntarily submitted

his/her self to undergo polygraph

examination

It is an armed against harassment


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3rdPhaseActual Test or Instrumentation

- attachment of instrument and

questioning of the subject

4thPhasePost Test or Interrogation phase

- results evaluation.


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GENERAL RULES IN QUESTION

FORMULATION

Questions must be simple and direct.

They must not involved legal term inology .

They must be answerable by yesor noonly

and should be as short as possible. The meaning must be clear and phrased in a

language that the subject can easily

understand.

All questions must refer to one offense on ly. Questions must never contain inference (opinion).

They must not contain inferences to ones

religion, race or belief.


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Types of questions:

1. Relevant

2. Irrelevant

3. Control4. Symptomatic

5. Knowledge

6. Guilt complex7. Sky

8. Evidence connecting


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Indication of deception:

PNEUMO TRACING:

1. Change in rhythm or regularity

2. Change in amplitude or volume

3. Change in inspiration and expiration rate

4. Notch or serrated inspiration or expiration

stroke

5. Hyperventilation6. Suppression

7. Respiratory block


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CARDIO TRACINGS:1. Increase or decrease of BP

2. Increase in BP only

3. Decrease only in BP4. Increase or decrease in PR

5. Increase or decrease in amplitude

6. Change in position or appearance of dicrotic notch

7. Extra systole


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THANK YOU AND GOD BLESS

US ALWAYS! ! !

POLYGRAPHY 1

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