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APRESENTATION ON

Polyester, Rice husk and

Banana fibre as composites

Presented by:Vinit Singh2016PPE5370

Presented to:Dr. Mukesh KumarDept. of Mechanical Engineering

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POLYESTER

DEFINATION• POLYESTER (AKA TERYLENE) IS A CATEGORY OF POLYMERS

WHICH CONTAIN THE ESTER FUNCTIONAL GROUP IN THEIR MAIN CHAIN.

“Long chain polymers chemically composed of at least 85% by weight of an ester and a dihydric alcohol and terephthalic acid”. The name “polyester” refers to the linkage of several monomers (esters) within the fiber.

HISTORY

• IN 1926, UNITED STATES-BASED E.I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND CO. BEGAN RESEARCH INTO VERY LARGE MOLECULES AND SYNTHETIC FIBERS

• W.H. CAROTHERS, CENTERED ON WHAT BECAME NYLON, THE FIRST SYNTHETIC FIBER.

• 1939-41, BRITISH RESEARCH CHEMISTS TOOK INTEREST IN THE DU PONT STUDIES AND CONDUCTED THEIR OWN RESEARCH IN THE LABORATORIES OF CALICO PRINTERS ASSOCIATION, LTD. THIS WORK RESULTED IN THE CREATION OF THE POLYESTER FIBER KNOWN IN ENGLAND AS TERYLENE.

• IN 1946, DU PONT PURCHASED THE RIGHT TO PRODUCE THIS POLYESTER FIBER IN THE UNITED STATES.

• THE COMPANY CONDUCTED SOME FURTHER DEVELOPMENTAL WORK, AND IN 1951, BEGAN TO MARKET THE FIBER UNDER THE NAME DACRON

FORMS OF POLYESTER1. FILAMENT

2. STAPLE

3. TOW

4. FIBERFILL

USES OF DIFFERENT FORM IN DIFFERENT PLACES1. IN THE FILAMENT FORM, EACH INDIVIDUAL

STRAND OF POLYESTER FIBER IS CONTINUOUS IN LENGTH, PRODUCING SMOOTH-SURFACED FABRICS

2. IN STAPLE FORM, FILAMENTS ARE CUT TO SHORT, PREDETERMINED LENGTHS. IN THIS FORM POLYESTER IS EASIER TO BLEND WITH OTHER FIBERS

3. TOW IS A FORM IN WHICH CONTINUOUS FILAMENTS ARE DRAWN LOOSELY TOGETHER

4. FIBERFILL IS THE VOLUMINOUS FORM USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF QUILTS, PILLOWS, AND OUTERWEAR

Microscopic View

STRUCTURE AND APPERANCE• COLOURLESS AND TRANSPARENT• SMOOTH AND LUSTURUOS• SHAPE AS WE REQIURE• SHINY GLASSROD LIKE

POLYESTER FIBER CHARACTERISTICSSTRONG RESISTANT TO STRETCHING AND SHRINKING RESISTANT TO MOST CHEMICALS QUICK DRYING CRISP AND RESILIENT WHEN WET OR DRY WRINKLE RESISTANT MILDEW RESISTANT ABRASION RESISTANT RETAINS HEAT-SET PLEATS AND CREASE EASILY WASHED

DISTINGUISHING FORM OTHERS DISTINGUISHING POLYESTERS FROM OTHER FIBERS:POLYESTER IS SOLUBLE IN HOT META CRESOL; HOWEVER ,UNLIKE

ACETATE IT IS NOT SOLUBLE IN ACETONE, AND UNLIKE NYLON IT IS NOT SOLUBLE IN CONCENTRATED FORMIC ACID.

POLYESTER BLENDS• POLYESTER AND COTTON1. RESIST WRINKLES2. RESIST STAINS3. RETAIN SHAPE

POLYESTER BLENDS• POLYESTER AND WOOL1. WRINKLE RESISTANCE2. SHAPE RETENTION3. INCREASE DURABILITY

POLYESTER BLENDS• POLYESTER AND RAYON1. MORE DURABLE2. SHAPE RETENTION3. MORE RESILIENCE

PROPERTIES DENIER: 0.5 – 15 TENACITY : DRY 3.5 - 7.0 : WET 3.5 - 7.0 ELONGATION AT BREAK : DRY 15 - 45 : WET 15 45% MOISTURE REGAIN: 0.2-0.5% SPECIFIC GRAVITY: 1.36 - 1.41% ELASTIC RECOVERY : @2% =98 : @5% = 65 MELTING POINT : 260 - 270 DEGREE C EFFECT OF SUNLIGHT : TURNS YELLOW, RETAINS 70 - 80 %

TENACITY AT LONG EXPOSURE RESISTANCE TO WEATHERING: GOOD ROT RESISTANCE: HIGH ALKALI RESISTANCE: DAMAGED BY CON ALKALI ACID RESISTANCE: EXCELLENT INSECTS: NO EFFECT

CHEMISTRY OF POLYESTER FIBER COOHHOOC + CH3OH COOCH3CH3OOC

COOCH3CH3OOC + HOCH2CH2OH

COOCH2CH2OHHOCH2CH2OOC CH3OH+

Terephthalic Acid Dimethyl Terephthalate

Bis(2-Hydroxyethyl) Terephthlate

Polyester

Ethylene Glycol

C

O

COCH2CH2O

O

C

O

OCH2CH2OC

O

Polymerization

n

OTHER PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER• FINENESS OF POLYESTER TEXTILE: FINENESS OF POLYESTER FIBER IS ALSO

CONTROLLABLE. X-SECTIONAL SHAPE: NORMAL CROSS SECTIONAL SHAPE IS ROUND BUT IT IS ALSO MADE TRIANGULAR, ELLIPTICAL OR PENTAGONAL. NORMALLY IT IS WHITE BUT COULD BE OF ANY COLOR IF COLOR IS ADDED DURING SPINNING.

EXTENSIBILITY: EXTENSION AT BREAK VARIES FROM 20% TO 30 %. GOOD RECOVERY FROM EXTENSION. DUE TO GOOD EXTENSION, STRENGTH AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTY POLYESTER IS WIDELY USED AS SEWING THREAD IN THE GARMENT INDUSTRIES.

RESILIENCY: POLYESTER TEXTILE SHOWS GOOD RESILIENCY PROPERTY. IT DOES NOT CREASE EASILY AND ANY UNDUE CREASE CAN BE RECOVERED EASILY.

DIMENSIONAL STABILITY: POLYESTER FIBER IS DIMENSIONALLY STABLE. IT COULD BE HEAT-SET AT AROUND 200 DEGREE C. HEAT SET POLYESTER FIBER DOES NOT SHRINK OR EXTENDED. ACTION OF BLEACHING AGENTS: IT IS NOT DAMAGED BY THE ACTION OF BLEACHING AGENTS.

ACTION OF ACID AND ALKALI: IT IS UNAFFECTED BY THE ACTION OF ACID AND ALKALI.

ACTION OF ORGANIC SOLVENT: POLYESTER TEXTILE IS UNAFFECTED BY ORGANIC SOLVENT, HENCE POLYESTER FIBER COULD BE DRY-CLEANED.

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RICE HUSKS

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BANANA FIBRE

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INTRODUCTION• THE NATURAL FIBERS ARE RENEWABLE, NON-ABRASIVE, BIO-DEGRADABLE,

POSSESS A GOOD CALORIFIC VALUE, EXHIBIT EXCELLENT MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND ARE INEXPENSIVE.

• THIS GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY FEATURE MAKES THE MATERIALS VERY POPULAR IN ENGINEERING MARKETS SUCH AS THE AUTOMOTIVE AND CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY.

• THE BANANA FIBERS ARE WASTE PRODUCT OF BANANA CULTIVATION, THEREFORE WITHOUT ANY ADDITIONAL COST THESE FIBERS CAN BE OBTAINED FOR INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES.

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BANANA FIBER• BANANA PLANT NOT ONLY GIVES THE DELICIOUS FRUIT BUT IT ALSO

PROVIDES TEXTILE FIBER, THE BANANA FIBER.• IT GROWS EASILY AS IT SETS OUT YOUNG SHOOTS AND IS MOST

COMMONLY FOUND IN HOT TROPICAL CLIMATES.• ALL VARIETIES OF BANANA PLANTS HAVE FIBERS IN ABUNDANCE.• THESE FIBERS ARE OBTAINED AFTER THE FRUIT IS HARVESTED AND FALL IN

THE GROUP OF BAST FIBERS.• THIS PLANT HAS LONG BEEN A GOOD SOURCE FOR HIGH QUALITY TEXTILES

IN MANY PARTS OF THE WORLD, ESPECIALLY IN JAPAN AND NEPAL.

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PROPERTIES OF BANANA FIBER• BANANA FIBER IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF BAMBOO FIBER, BUT ITS FINENESS AND SPIN ABILITY IS BETTER.• THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BANANA FIBER IS CELLULOSE, HEMICELLULOSE, AND LIGNIN.• IT IS HIGHLY STRONG FIBER.• IT HAS SMALLER ELONGATION.• IT HAS GOT SHINY APPEARANCE DEPENDING UPON THE EXTRACTION & SPINNING PROCESS.• IT IS LIGHT WEIGHT.• IT ABSORBS AS WELL AS RELEASES MOISTURE VERY FAST.• IT IS BIO- DEGRADABLE AND HAS NO NEGATIVE EFFECT ON ENVIRONMENT AND THUS CAN BE

CATEGORIZED AS ECO-FRIENDLY FIBER.• IT CAN BE SPUN THROUGH ALMOST ALL THE METHODS OF SPINNING INCLUDING RING SPINNING, OPEN-

END SPINNING, BAST FIBER SPINNING, AND SEMI-WORSTED SPINNING AMONG OTHERS.

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COMPOSITION OF FEW COMMONLY USED NATURAL FIBERS

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METHOD OF PREPARATION• REQUIRED MATERIALS ARE:• BANANA FIBER• RESIN (POLYESTER, CAN BE USED MANY)• HARDENER (METHYL ETHYL KETONE

PEROXIDE, MANYOTHERS CAN BE USED AS HARDENER)

• FILLER (SILICON POWDER, MANY OTHER TYPE OFFILLERS CAN BE USED)

• RELEASING AGENT

Resin Hardener

Filler

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STEPS INVOLVED• THE BANANA FIBER IS OBTAINED FROM BANANA PLANT.• THE EXTRACTED BANANA FIBER FIRSTLY SUN DRIED AND THEN DRIED IN OVEN TO

REMOVE WATER CONTENT PRESENT IN THE FIBER.• THEN BANANA FIBER OF DIFFERENT LENGTH IS MIXED WITH MATRIX MIXTURE WITH

THEIR RESPECTIVE VALUES BY SIMPLE MECHANICAL STIRRING AND MIXTURE ARE SLOWLY POURED IN DIFFERENT MOULDS.

• RELEASING AGENT IS USED ON MOULD SHEET WHICH GIVES EASE TO REMOVAL OF COMPOSITE FROM THE MOULD.

• AFTER POURING IN TO THE MOULD IT IS HEATED TO 30°C FOR APPROXIMATELY 24 HOURS.

• A CONSTANT LOAD IS APPLIED ON TO THE MOULD.• AFTER CURING IS DONE, THE SPECIMEN IS TAKEN OUT FROM THE MOULD.

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COMPOSITION OF MATERIALS• RESIN-60%• HARDENER -10%• FILLER- 30%

Fabricated banana fiber reinforced composite

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INFLUENCE OF FIBER PARAMETERS ON TENSILE STRENGTH

• THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF THE BANANA FIBER BASED EPOXY COMPOSITES DEPENDS ON FIBER PARAMETERS

• THE TENSILE STRENGTH OF BANANA FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITES INCREASES WITH INCREASE IN FIBER LENGTH AND LOADING.

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INFLUENCE OF FIBER PARAMETERS ON FLEXURAL STRENGTH

• WHEN FIBER LENGTH INCREASES THE FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF THE FABRICATED COMPOSITES FIRST INCREASES UP TO 10 MM LENGTH AND THEN DECREASES.

• WHEN FIBER LOADING INCREASE THEN FLEXURAL STRENGTH INCREASE UP TO FIBER LOADING 15% THEN DECREASES.

• THE MAXIMUM FLEXURAL STRENGTH IS OBSERVED WHEN FIBER LENGTH IS 10 MM AND LOADING IS 15%.

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INFLUENCE OF FIBER PARAMETER ON IMPACT STRENGTH

• THE IMPACT ENERGY IS INCREASES WITH INCREASE IN FIBER LENGTH. IT ALSO SHOW THAT THE IMPACT ENERGY INCREASES WITH INCREASES IN FIBER LOADING.

• THE MAXIMUM IMPACT ENERGY ABSORBED BY THE MATERIAL 15 MM LENGTH OF FIBER AND 20% FIBER CONTENT.

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INFLUENCE OF FIBER PARAMETERS ON HARDNESS

• THE HARDNESS VALUE INCREASES WITH INCREASE IN FIBER LENGTH AND IT IS MAXIMUM AT 10 MM FIBER LENGTH.

• HOWEVER, WITH INCREASE OF FIBER LOADING HARDNESS VALUE INCREASES UP TO FIBER LOADING 15% THEN THE HARDNESS VALUE DECREASES.

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USES

• AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRIES• BANANA FIBER COMPOSITE WALL• FLOOR TOPPING OF HOUSES• WINDOW APPLICATION• CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRIES

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REFERENCES• KULKARNI A. G., ROHATGI P. K., SATYANARAYANA K. G., SUKUMARAN K., PILLAI S. G. K., FABRICATION AND PROPERTIES OF

NATURAL FIBER-REINFORCED POLYESTER COMPOSITES, COMPOSITES, 17 (1986), PP. 329-333.• MERLINI C., SOLDI V. , BARRA G. M. O., INFLUENCE OF FIBER SURFACE TREATMENT AND LENGTH ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL

PROPERTIES OF SHORT RANDOM BANANA FIBER-REINFORCED CASTOR OIL POLYURETHANE COMPOSITES, POLYMER TESTING, 30 (2011), PP. 833–840.

• DHIEB H., BUIJNSTERS J. G., EDDOUMY F., VÁZQUEZ L., CELIS J.P., SURFACE AND SUB-SURFACEDEGRADATION OF UNIDIRECTIONAL CARBON FIBER REINFORCED EPOXY COMPOSITES UNDER DRY AND WET RECIPROCATING SLIDING, COMPOSITES PART A: APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING, 55 (2013), PP. 53–62.

• HTTP://WWW.SCIENCEDIRECT.COM/SCIENCE/ARTICLE/PII/S1877705814033517• HTTPS://WWW.RESEARCHGATE.NET/PUBLICATION/249356546_BANANA_FIBER_REINFORCED_POLYMER_COMPOSITES_-_A_

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