Polyatomic molecules, molecular ions, and radicals of astrophysical interest, i
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Transcript of Polyatomic molecules, molecular ions, and radicals of astrophysical interest, i
P O L Y A T O M I C M O L E C U L E S , M O L E C U L A R I O N S , AND
R A D I C A L S OF A S T R O P H Y S I C A L I N T E R E S T , I*
M A R K A N D E Y S I N G H and JAI P R A K A S H C H A T U R V E D I
Department of Physics, University of Gorakhpur, India
(Received 19 April, 1989)
Abstract. This paper has been devoted to basic molecular studies of polyatomics. A critical analysis of the 356 available references in literature has been made to select 98 polyatomic molecules, molecular ions, and radicals containing three, four, and five atoms of astrophysical significance. The results have been arranged in a text-cure-tabular form. The compilation contains various information for each molecule, such as the spectral region, transition levels, astrophysical objects, where the respective molecules have been detected (say, comet, meteorite, Sun, planet, star, interstellar matter, interstellar cloud, molecular cloud, interstellar space, Galaxy, etc.).
A few important areas of active research in laboratory astrophysics have also been identified in this article: laboratory astrophysics, molecular cloud chemistry, isotopic abundance, planetary and cometary atmospheres through satellites. Seventy-five new polyatomic molecules (containing three, four, and five atoms) of astrophysical significance have also been listed.
1. Introduction
In many problems involving the estimation of the physical condition (viz., temperature, pressure, density, and abundance) of the emitter, in various cosmic sources, it is desirable to have a knowledge of the astrophysical objects where the respective molecules have been detected.
Spectra of astrophysical origin are due to conditions which are usually widely different from those normally existing in terrestrial sources. Variation in pressure, temperature, concentration - one or more of these - will give rise to differences in spectra. Attempts have been made to simulate these conditions in the laboratory with a view to identifying the spectra of astrophysical sources and studying mechanism that leads to a particular spectrum. Our knowledge of extra-terrestrial sources is solely through the study of the radiation, we receive from them. The spectroscopic features of this radiation, compared with those of terrestrial sources lead to the identification of the emitter and also to the structure and composition of the celestial source and the analysis of this radiation gives also information about the mass, size, pressure, temperature, magnetic field, and motion of extra-terrestrial bodies as well as the intervening space. However, these conditions are very often different from those normally existing on the Earth. This lead to changes in the spectral features and line intensities and the consequent difficulty in identification. It has been found that, by a suitable adjustment of the experimental conditions, spectra occurring in extra-terrestrial sources can also be produced in the laboratory. Different temperatures and pressures, at which matter astrophysical sources exists, are responsi- ble for the observation of spectra of simple polyatomic and diatomic molecules or
* Astrophysics and Space Science Review Paper I.
Astrophysics and Space Science 162: 251-278, 1989. �9 1989 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in Belgium.
252 MARKANDEY SINGH AND J. P. CHATURVEDI
radicals, their ions and neutral atoms as well as their ions (sometimes a dozen or more
electrons removes). For purposes of identification it is, therefore, necessary to obtain
these spectra in the laboratory and compare the two sets.
Study of the laboratory spectra and determination of atomic and molecular constants
are also often helpful in identification of a spectrum of astrophysical origin even though
the actual transition involved may not be obtained in the laboratory - one can build the
spectrum from the constants determined and then compare the two. Moreover,
knowledge of the constants can be used in explaining abundances or absence of certain species.
A critical analysis of the available literature regarding their identification of 98
polyatomic molecules, molecular ions, and radicals (containing three, four, and five
atoms) in tabular form according to molecular weight are given in Tables I, II, and III .
The references of each of the tables are given in separate.
TABLE I
Molecules, molecular ions, and radicals containing three atoms of astrophysical interest
1. H3 +
(i) Parameter: MW = 3.024 (ii) Identification:
(49) Molecular clouds. (125) IRC+ 10216. (17) Jupiter (atmosphere), interstellar clouds.
2. H2D +
(i) Parameter: MW = 4.034
(ii) Identification: (179) Radio astronomical objects. (128) The (1 lo ~ 1 ~1) transition in NGC 2264 and in interstellar clouds.
3. CH~
(i) Parameter: MW = 14.028
(ii) Identification : (49) Molecular clouds. (115,116) Diffuse interstellar clouds.
4. CH 2
(i) Parameter: MW = 14.028
(ii) Identification: (49, 116) Molecular clouds, interstellar clouds. (58) Stars (C-rich). (85) Cometary atmospheres. (76, 77, 113, 118, 145) Stars (R, N, several late N-type) comets. (20) IRC+ 10216, circumstellar envelope.
5. NH 2
(i) Parameter: MW = 16.025
MOLECULAR STUDY OF POLYATOMIC MOLECULES, I 253
Table I (continued)
(ii) Identification : (18, 145, 146) Comet (V). (85, 147) Cometary spectra, cometary atmospheres. (112) Jupiter, Saturn (atmosphere). (116) Interstellar clouds. (114, 118) Comet (head) at 26618 ~, 26967 ~, and 27350 ~. (174) Comet West 1975 n (head at 25703).
6. H20 +
(i) Parameter: MW = 18.017
(ii) Identification: (18, 37) Comet (V, 222.5-5 #). (49) Molecular clouds. (85) Cometary atmospheres. (114) Comet (heat, tail). (116, 117) Interstellar clouds, interstellar medium. (148) Comet (tail) (0, 7, 0) at 26542 A, (0, 6, 0) at 26987 ]~, (0, 5, 0) at 27468 ]~. (80, 81) Comet Kohoutek (optical range). (52) Interstellar clouds. (171) Komet Kohoutek comet (V). (138) Interstellar medium. (174) Comet Kohoutek 1973 XII (tail), (0, 10, 0) at 25489 A, (0, 9, 0) at 25799 .~; comet West 1975,
(head).
7. H20
(i) Parameter: MW = 18.071
(ii) Identification: (30, 32, 74, 82, 83, 107) M33, IC342, NGC 253, NGC 4945, NGC 3079, NGC 6240, NGC 1068,
NGC 3034, NGC 4258, NGC 6946. (119) W49N, W51, Sgr B2. (164) Dark clouds. (132) Late-type stars. (139) Towards p Ophiuchi. (163) Miras (21.35 cm). (141) Central star (Maser). (142) Z Cygni, M8, lightning spectrum (224660-8900 ~). (145) Abundance of gases matter in Earth (atmosphere, (1-10) • 10- 3 kg cm - z), Venus (atmosphere,
10-2 kg cm-2), and in Mars (atmosphere, (0.5-2.5) x 10-6 kg cm-2). (21, 31) R, 21.3 cm and 21.4 cm in 1968 by Hat Greek 20 ft telescope by Berkeley group (isotopic
species, i.e., HDO and H z 180. (87, 100) Stellar shell (maser), Cep A (HII regions). (45, 59) Protostellar gas cloud, HII region, Sgr B2. (52, 63, 65) Interstellar cloud. (14) Comet Bowell (1982 I), Comet Cernis (1983 XII). (71, 167) Atmospheric spectrum (100-300 GHz), stratosphere (spectrum). (58, 156) Stars (O-rich, C-rich). (149) Stellar atmospheres. (150) Jupiter (spectrum) (25 # regions). (27) Stratospheric spectrum (20-84 cm- 1). (13, 15, 18, 37, 40, 91, 92, 93, 170) The 616--523 line in comet 1983d, radio observations in comet
IRAS-Araki-Alcock (1983 VII), comet (R) (222.5-5 p).
254
Table I (continued)
MARKANDEY S1NGH AND J. P. CHATURVEDI
(39, 50) Comet Bradfield 1974 IIl, comet Halley. (49, 67) Molecular clouds. (10, 72, 73, 112) Jupiter, Earth (atmosphere). (85, 114) Comet (head, atmosphere). (115, 116, 137) Interstellar medium, interstellar clouds. (10, 71, 110, 135, 176) Sunspot, umbra (spectrum) (Do ~ = 5.10 eV, transitions f~, X bands v.r.s.). (23, 24, 38, 53, 120, 145, 148, 172, 173, 176) Comet (head), Venus, Mars, Earth (atmospheres).
8. HDO
(i) Parameter: MW = 19.027
(ii) Identification: (7, 9) Earth's atmosphere (absorption spectrum). (27) Stratospheric spectrum (20-84 era- 1). (145) Earth (atmosphere), Sun (spectrum). (167) Atmospheric spectrum (200-300 GHz), stratospheric (spectrum).
9. C2H
(i) Parameter: MW = 25.032
(ii) Identification: (58, 156) Stars (C-rich). (69, 90, 124, 125) IRC + 10216, TMC-1. (85) Cometary atmospheres. (115, 116) Diffuse interstellar clouds, in interstellar clouds. (31) R. (86, 99) IRC+ 10216 (N = 1-0 at 87 GHz, 4010 and 4108 cm-~ (22.4 ~tm) show strong electronic
bands). (157) Molecular clouds and in interstellar space.
10. C~D
(i) Parameter: MW = 26.042
(ii) Identification: (165) Orion. (33, 166) Interstellar clouds.
11. HCN
(i) Parameter: MW = 27.029
(ii) Identification: (21, 31) R, 22.1 mm and 23.4 mm in 1970 by NRAO 36 ft telescope by UVa/NRAO group (isotopic
species, i.e., DCN, HI3CN, HCISN). (131) Stars (C-rich, 23 gin). (122) Stars (S-type, C/O ~ 1), planetary nebula, NGC 7027. (129, 143) M82, NGC 253. (20, 43, 44, 70, 123,124, 125, 183) IRC + 10216, interstellar medium, Stellar envelopes (O-rich, C-rich,
like NML Tau), OH 231.8 + 4.2, IRC + 10420. (60, 96, 111,126, 175,182) Interstellar clouds, Orion-KL, Spike of KL in the region of OMC1, carbon
stars (late-type), IRC + 10216. (44, 70, 95, 98,109, 154, 161) OH 231.8 + 4.2 (J = 1-0), bipolar envelope, O-rich objects, C-rich objects
(isotopic species, i,e., H13CN), stars (bipolar AGB, M-type). (37, 39, 40, 46, 47, 50, 64, 68, 84, 122, 133,156, 184) Comet Halley (J = 1 --* 0 at 88.6 GHz, ~,~2.5-12 #),
Comet Kohoutek 1973III, comets (by radio observations), 30circumstellar envelopes (J = 1 ~ 0), stars (C-rich), AFGL 2233, IRC + 10401.
MOLECULAR STUDY OF POLYATOMIC MOLECULES, I 255
Table I (continued)
(27, 167) Stratospheric spectrum (20-84 cm-1), atmospheric spectrum (200-300 GHz). (42, 61, 69, 88, 90, 105, 106, 115, 116, 149) Interstellar medium, TMC-1, interstellar clouds, diffuse
interstellar medium, dark clouds, interstellar space, interstellar dark clouds, stellar atmospheres, diffuse interstellar clouds.
(18, 22, 51, 80, 85, 89, 91, 112, 114, 145,148, 155) Jupiter, Saturn (atmospheres), comet (atmosphere, head), stars (R-, N-type), carbon stars (atmospheres, N-type), comet (R region).
(16) Jupiter (221800-2200 ~).
12. HNC
(i) Parameter: MW = 27.029
(ii) Identification : (25, 69, 90, 105) Interstellar space, TMC-1, interstellar clouds (isotopic species, i.e., HNI3C). (31) R, 23.3 mm in 1971 by NRAO 36 ft telescope by UVa/NRAO group (isotopic species, i.e., DNC,
HNI3C, and H~SNC).
13. DCN
(i) Parameter: MW = 28.039
(ii) Identification: (180) Interstellar clouds. (31) R, 22.1 mm and 24.4 mm in 1972 by NRAO 36 ft telescope by BTI group.
14. DNC
(i) Parameter: MW = 28.039
(ii) Identification: (21) R, 23.3 mm in 1971 by NRAO 36 ft telescope by UVa/NRAO.
15. COH §
(i) Parameter: MW = 29.021
(ii) Identification: (159) Sgr B2. (28) Interstellar medium. (31) R.
16. HOC +
(i) Parameter: MW = 29.021
(ii) Identification : (41) Interstellar medium. (179) Radio astronomical objects.
17. CHO +
(i) Parameter: MW = 29.021
(ii) Identification: (85) Cometary atmospheres.
18. CHO
(i) Parameter: MW = 29.021
(ii) Identification: (85) Cometary atmospheres.
256
Table I (continued)
MARKANDEY SINGH AND J. P. CHATURVEDI
19. HCO +
(i) Parameter: MW = 29.021
(ii) Identification : (130, 143) NGC 253, M82. (68, 69) TMC-1 (212-1m). (60, 96, 111,126, 175) Spike of KL region of OMC-1. (96, 109) IRC+ 10216. (42, 57, 90, 108, 115, 140) Interstellar medium, interstellar matter, L 134N, Bok 335, TMC-1, inter-
stellar clouds, diffuse interstellar clouds. (26, 48, 75, 116, 168, 169) Interstellar space, molecular clouds (line at 89190 MHz), interstellar clouds. (31) R (isotopic species, i.e., DCO +, H13CO+, HC180+).
20. HCO
(i) Parameter: MW = 29.021
(ii) Identification : (67) Molecular clouds. (149) Stellar atmospheres. (31) R.
21. N2H +
(i) Parameter: MW = 29.026
(ii) Identification: (48, 75, 105, 168, 169) Interstellar clouds, TMC-1. (66, 152, 158) Molecular clouds, interstellar space. (31) R (isotopic species, i.e., N2D+).
22. DCO §
(i) Parameter: MW = 30.031
(ii) Identification: (68) TMC-1. (127) OMC-1. (108) L 134N, Bok 335.
23. N2D +
(i) Parameter: MW = 30.036
(ii) Identification: (21) R.
24. HNO
(i) Parameter: MW = 31.018
(ii) Identification: (41) Interstellar medium, (31) R.
25. HO2
(i) Parameter: MW = 33.010
(ii) Identification: (167) Atmospheric spectrum (200-300 GHz), stratosphere (spectrum).
MOLECULAR STUDY OF POLYATOMIC MOLECULES, I 257
Table I (continued)
26. H2S
(i) Parameter: MW = 34.084
(ii) Identification: (43, 44, 123, 183) IRC+ 10216. (31) R, 21.8 mm in 1972 by NARO 36 ft telescope by NASA/BTI group. (160) Towards OH 231.8 + 4.2. (62, 149, 151, 156) Interstellar medium, molecular clouds, stellar atmospheres, stars (O-rich). (112) Jupiter, Saturn (atmospohere). (16, 34, 37) Comet (222.5-5 #), Venus, Jupiter (221800-2200 ,~).
27. C 3
(i) Parameter: MW = 36.036
(ii) Identifieation : (52, 85, 116) Interstellar clouds, comet (atmosphere). (145, 147) Comet (head), stars (R-, N-types), comet (spectrum). (11, 12, 13, 14, 18, 55, 114, 136, 148) Comet (223950-4150,~.), comet (head), i.e., trans. 3~_ ~Z at
223880-4100 ~, ~Z - ~ at 223970-4070 A, ~ - ~ at 224020-4070 ~; the most conspicous being at 24540 ~.
28. C2N
(i) Parameter: MW = 38.033
(ii) Identification: (58) Stars (C-rich).
29. NaOH
(i) Parameter: MW = 40.001
(ii) Identification: (31) R.
30. C20
(i) Parameter: MW = 40.025
(ii) Identification: (90) Transition 5(4)-4(3) in TMC-1, interstellar clouds.
31. MgOH
(i) Parameter: MW = 41.329
(ii) Identification : (156) Stars (O-rich).
32. c o y
(i) Parameter: MW = 44.014
(ii) Identification : (18, 36, 54, 85, 145) Comet (UV, V) Venus (ionosphere), Mars, comet (atmospheres). (56, 114, 136, 148) Comet Kohoutek 1973 XII (tail), (i.e., trans. 2 z _ 27r ' (1, 0) at 23378 A, (0, 0) at
23509 A, (0, 1) at 23674 A). (56) Comet West (22890 A). (53, 55, 56) Trans. (B - X) in comet (222880-2900 A). (35) Halley-type comet (inner coma) (i.e., production rate Qr~2o ~ 2 • 1029 molecule s - 1).
258
Table I (continued)
MARKANDEY S1NGH AND J. P. CHATURVEDI
33. CO 2
(i) Parameter: MW = 44.014
(ii) Identification: (1, 2, 3, 16) Mars, Venus (spectrum). (37, 50, 58, 156, 170) Comet (222.5-5 #), comet Halley (222.5-12/~), stars (O-rich, C-rich). (67, 78, 79, 85, 101,102, 103, 116, 120, 121,144, 145, 149) Molecular clouds, cometary atmospheres,
Earth (atmosphere), interstellar clouds, comet, stars (atmospheres), comet (nucleus), cometary spectra (222000-2200 ~.), Sun (spectrum), Mars, Venus (ionosphere), abundance of gases matter in Earth (atmosphere, 0.5 x 10- 3 kg c m - 2), Venus (atmosphere, (95 + 25) kg c m - 2), Mars (atmosphere, (1.4 ___ 0.2) x 10 -2 kg cm -2) (isotopic species, i.e., 13CO2, 12C160180).
(53, 54, 55, 172, 173) Comet (nucleus) cometary spectra (222000-2200 ~). (135) Photosphere (spectrum).
34. NzO
(i) Parameter: MW = 44.019
(ii) Identification: (134) Comets. (6, 8, 9, 16, 27, 135, 144, 145, 167) Sun (spectrum), Earth (atmosphere, 200-300 GHz), Venus,
stratosphere (spectrum, 20-84 c m - 1 ).
35. HCS +
(i) Parameter: MW = 45.088
(ii) Identification: (33) R. (69, 90) Line (212-101) in dark cloud TMC-1.
36. NO 2
(i) Parameter: MW = 46.011
(ii) Identification: (16) Venus.
(167) Stratosphere (spectrum).
37. O 3
(i) Parameter: MW = 48.003
(ii) Identification: (4, 5, 16, 27, 104, 167,177, 178, 181) Earth (atmosphere), Venus, stratospheric spectrum (20-84 c m - 1 ). (29,145, 167) Upper atmosphere of Earth (200-300 GHz), stratosphere (spectrum) (isotopic species,
i.e., 16017Ot80, 160160170, 160180170, 160160180) `
38. SiC 2
(i) Parameter: MW = 52.114
(ii) Identification: (149, 156) Star (atmosphere), stars (C-rich). (58, 69, 124, 125, 153, 162, 183) Stars (C-rich), IRC+ 10216 (abundance relative to H z = 1 x I0 - to).
39. HOC1
(i) Parameter: MW = 52.468
MOLECULAR STUDY OF POLYATOMIC MOLECULES~ I 259
Table I (continued)
(ii) Identification: (167) Stratosphere (spectrum), atmospheric spectrum (200-300 GHz) (isotopic species, i.e., HO37Cl).
40. OCS
(i) Parameter: MW = 60.081
(ii) Identification: (16) Venus. (37) Comet (222.5-5#). (90) J = 7 ~ 6 (dark clouds, L 134N). (21, 31) R, 22.5 mm and 22.7 mm in 1971 by NRAO 36 ft telescope by BTI/Columbia group. (167) Stratosphere (spectrum), atmospheric spectrum (200-300 GHz).
41. SO2
(i) Parameter: MW = 64.070
(ii) Identification : (16, 37, 90, 115) Venus, comet (222.5-5 #), dark clouds, interstellar medium, interstellar clouds. (43, 70, 109, 183) IRC + 10216, massive bipolar envelope, objects (O-rich). (60, 96, 111, 126, 175) Spike of KL region of OMC-1. (120, 167) Venus (ionosphere), stratosphere (spectrum). (97, 159) Sgr B2, Orion. (31) R (isotopic species, i.e., 34802).
42. CS~
(i) Parameter: MW = 76.148
(ii) Identification: (37, 55, 94) Comets (nucleus), comet (222.5-5/0.
43. TiO2
(i) Parameter: MW = 81.902
(ii) Identification: (156) Stars (O-rich).
44. TiF 2
(i) Parameter: MW = 87.900
(ii) Identification : (156) Stars (O-rich).
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260
Table I (continued)
MARKANDEY SINGH AND J. P. CHATURVEDI
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262
Table I (continued)
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86. Huggins, P. J., Glassgold, A. E., and Morris, M.: 1984, Astrophys. J. 279, 284. 87. Hughes, V. A.: 1985, Astrophys. J. 298, 830. 88. Huntress, W. T., Jr. and Anicich, V. G.: 1976, Astrophys. J. 208, 237. 89. Irvine, W. M. et al.: 1984, Icarus 60, 215. 90. Irvine, W. M.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry, D. Reidel Publ. Co.,
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MOLECULAR STUDY OF POLYATOMIC MOLECULES, 1 263
Table I (continued)
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126. Pauls, T. A., Wilson, T. L., Bieging, J. H., and Martin, R. N.: 1983, Astron. Astrophys. 124, 23. 127. Penzias, A. A.: 1979, Astrophys. J. 228, 430. 128. Phillips, T. G., Blake, G. A., Keene, J., Woods, R. C., and Churehwell, E.: 1985,Astrophys. J. 294, L45. 129. Rickard, L. J., Turner, B. E., and Palmer, P.: 1977, Astrophys. J. 218, L51. 130. Rickard, L. J. and Palmer, P.: 1981, Astrophys. J. 243, 765. 131. Ridgway, S. T., Carbon, D. F., and Hall, D. N. B.: 1978, Astrophys. J. 225, 138. 132. Schwartz, P. R. and Barrett, A. H.: 1970, in G. W. Lockwood and H. M. Dyck (eds.), Kitt Peak National
Obs. Contr., No. 554. 133. Sharp, C. M.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry, D. Reidel Publ. Co.,
Dordrecht, Holland, p. 407. 134. Shaw, J. H., Sutherland, G. B. B. M., and Wormell, T. W.: 1948, Phys. Rev. 74, 978. 135. Sinha, K.: 1978, 'Molecules in Solar Atmosphere', Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Gorakhpur, Gorakhpur,
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449. 142. Spinrad, H. and Newburn, R. L., Jr.: 1965, in Kitt Peak National Obs. Contr., No. 83. 143. Stark, A. A. and Wolff, R. S.: 1979, Astrophys. J. 229, 118. 144. Starr, W. L.: 1976, J. Geophys. Res. 81, 3363. 145. Straughan, B. P. and Walker, S.: 1976, Spectroscopy, Chapman and Hall, Vol. 3, p. 208. 146. Swings, P., McKellar, A., and Minkowski, R.: 1943, Astrophys. J. 98, 142. 147. Swings, P. nd Haser, L.: 1956, Atlas of Representative Cometary Spectra, AFCRC Technical Report
56-267. 148. Swings, P. and Hasser, U: 1978, in J. A. M. McDonnell (ed.), Cosmic Dust, Wiley-Interscience
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Dordrecht, Holland, p. 409. 157. Tucker, K. D., Kutner, M. L., and Thaddeus, P.: 1974, Astrophys. J. 193, Ll15. 158. Turner, B. E.: 1974, Astrophys. J. 193, L83. 159. Turner, B. E.: 1985,in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astroehemistry, D. Reidel Publ. Co.,
Dordrecht, Holland, p. 205. 160. Ukita, N. and Morris, M.: 1983, Astron. Astrophys. 121, 15. 161. Vardya, M. S.: 1966, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soe. 134, 347. 162. Vardya, M. S.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astroehemistry, D. Reidel Publ. Co.,
Dordrecht, Holland, p. 395. 163. Vardya, M. S.: 1987, Bull. Astron. Soc. India 15, 29. 164. Viala, Y. P. and Walmsley, C. M.: 1976, Astron. Astrophys. 50, 1.
264
Table 1 (continued)
MARKANDEY SINGH AND J. P. CHATURVEDI
165. Vrtilek, J. M., Gottlieb, C. A., Langer, W. D., Thaddeus, P., and Wilson, R. W.: 1985, Astrophys. J. 296, L35.
166. Vrtilek, J. M., Gottlieb, C. A., Langer, W. D., Thaddeus, P., and Wilson, R. W.: 1989, Astrophys. J. (in press).
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168. Watson, W. D.: 1973, Astrophys. J. 183, L17. 169. Watson, W. D.: 1973, Astrophys..1. 188, L35. 170. Weaver, H. A. and Mumma, M. J.: 1984, Astrophys. 3. 276, 782. 171. Wehinger, P. A., Wyckoff, S., Herbig, G. H., Herzberg, G., and Lew, H.: 1974,Astrophys. J. 190, L43. 172. Whipple, F. L: 1950, Astrophys. J. 111, 375. 173. Whipple, F. L.: 1951, Astrophys. J. 113, 464. 174. Whipple, F. L.: 1978, in J. A. M. McDonnell (ed.), Cosmic Dust, Wiley-Interscience Publication, New
York, pp. 31 and 54. 175. Wilson, T. L., Serabyn, E., Henkel, C., and Walmsley, M.: 1989, Astron. Astrophys. (in press). 176. W6hl, H.: 1969, Solar Phys. 9, 349. 177. Wolf, O. R. and Deming, L. S.: 1936, Terr, Mag. 41,299. 178. Wolf, O. R. and Deming, L. S.: 1937, Terr. Mag. 42, 195. 179. Woods, R. C.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry, D. Reidel PubL Co.,
Dordrecht, Holland, p. 77. 180. Wootten, A.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry, D. Reidel Publ. Co.,
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184. Zuckerman, B. and Dyck, H. M.: 1989b, Astrophys. o r. (submitted).
TABLE II
Molecules, molecular ion, and radicals containing four atoms of astrophysical interest
1. CH;
(i) Parameter: MW = 15.036
(ii) Identification : (30, 76) Interstellar medium, interstellar clouds, TMC-1. (37, 75) Molecular clouds, diffuse interstellar clouds. (56) Cometary atmospheres.
2. CH3
(i) Parameter: MW = 15.036
(ii) Identification: (5) Jupiter's spectrum (221800-2200 A). (40) Stars (C-rich). (56) Cometary atmospheres. (67) TMC-I. (73) Jupiter, Saturn (atmospheres). (76) Interstellar clouds.
MOLECULAR STUDY OF POLYATOMIC MOLECULES, I 265
Table H (continued)
3. NH 3
(i) Parameter: MW = 17.033
(ii) Identification : (14, 21) R, 21.3 cm in 1961 and in 1968 by Hat Greek 20 ft by telescope by Berkeley group (isotopic
species, i.e., NH2D and 15NH2). (12) The (1, 1) band in 100 dark clouds. (24, 25, 27, 38, 88, 101, 102) Comets, Halley comet (222.5-12#). (1, 3, 20, 22, 33, 46, 47, 55, 62, 63, 73, 77, 82, 88, 90, 91, 107) Saturn, Venus, Jupiter, Jovian
(atmosphere). (4) Inversion line (3, 3) in comet 1983d (radio observations), comet IRAS-Araki-Alcock (1983 VII). (92) Jupiter's spectrum (25 # regions). (6) Kleinmann-Low nebula. (7) R, comet. (8) Supernova remnant. (9, 13, 31, 32, 78, 79, 80) v band at 210.5 gm (carbon-rich sources, IRC+ 10216). (44, 60, 70, 81, 106) 'Spike' of KL region of OMC-1. (54) Line (212-1oa) in TMC-1. (56, 58) Cometary, planetary (atmosphere). (59, 65, 75) The (1, 1) band (interstellar clouds, dark clouds, TMC-I). (68, 69) IC 341, NGC 253. (71, 75) Interstellar medium, DR21. (74) Stars (O-rich supergiant). (45, 52, 57) Interstellar medium, molecular clouds.
4. NH2D
(i) Parameter: MW = 18.043
(ii) Identification: (99) Ori (KL). (14, 21) R, 21.3 cm in 1961 and 1968 by Hat Greek 20 ft telescope by Berkeley group.
5. H30 +
(i) Parameter: MW = 19.025
(ii) Identification: (37) Molecular clouds. (56) Cometary atmospheres. (76) Interstellar clouds. (108) Radio astronomical objects.
6. C2H 2
(i) Parameter: MW = 26.040
(ii) Identification: (5) Jupiter's spectrum (221800-2200 ~). (55, 73) Jupiter, Saturn (atmosphere). (16) TMC-1. (39, 40, 48) Stars (C-rich). (24) Comet (222.5-5 #). (56) Cometary atmospheres. (76) Interstellar clouds. (79, 80) IRC+ 10216. (83) Circumstellar cloud around the IRC+ 10.216 ~
266
Table H (continued)
MARKANDEY S1NGH AND J. P. CHATURVEDI
(85) Carbon-rich atmospheres. (88, 97) Stars (R, N, and carbon type). (89) Stellar atmospheres. (98) Stars (C-rich).
7. HCNH +
(i) Parameter: MW = 28.037
(ii) Identification : (111) Sgr B2. (110) Interstellar clouds. (108) Radio astronomical objects.
8. H2NC +
(i) Parameter: MW = 28.037
(ii) Identification: (30) Interstellar medium, TMC-1.
9. H2CN +
(i) Parameter: MW = 28.037
(ii) Identification: (56) Cometary atmospheres. (80) IRC+ 10216.
10. H2CO +
(i) Parameter: MW = 30.029
(ii) Identification: (56) Cometary atmospheres.
11. HaCO
(i) Parameter: MW = 30.029
(ii) Identification: (14, 21) R, 22.1 crn in 1969 by NRI 85 ft telescope by Berkeley/NRI group,
21.0 em by Hat Greek 20 ft telescope by Berkeley group, 24.0 mm by NRAO 36 ff telescope by UMd group, 22.1 mm by NRAO 36 ff telescope by NASA/BTI group, 22.06 mm and 22.0 mm by NARO 36 ff telescope by NASA/BTI group, 26.2 cm in 1969 (isotopic species H213CO, H2C180, HDCO).
(2, 45, 52) Interstellar clouds, interstellar medium, molecular clouds. (23, 24) Comet (222.5-5/~). (34) Line emission at 4.8 GHz (NGC 7538). (35) Dust cloud, L 134. (38) Comet Halley (222.5-12 #). (41, 42, 43, 103) M82, LMC, NGC 5128, NGC 253, NGC 4945. (50) Supernova remnant. (56) Cometary atmospheres. (59) Dark clouds. (66, 84) Diffuse interstellar medium, dark interstellar clouds along the plane of Gould's belt. (61) Orion A, TMC-I, L t83.
MOLECULAR STUDY OF POLYATOMIC MOLECULES, I 267
Table H (continued)
(64) Dense molecular clouds, OMC-I, OMC-2 (mass 7 x 103 Mo). (89) Stellar atmospheres. (100) Atmospheric spectrum (200-300 GHz), stratospheric spectrum. (104) 4.8 GHz line (NGC 2024, W3). (105) Isotope (H 213CO) toward the W33 and outside of galactic center observed at 4.593 GHz.
12. HCDO
(i) Parameter: MW = 31.039
(ii) Identification: (109) Interstellar clouds. (14, 21) R, 22.1 cm and 26.2 cm in 1969 by NRI 85 ft telescope by Berkeley/NRI group,
21.0 cm in 1969 by Hat Greek 20 ft telescope by Berkeley group, 24.0 mm in 1969 by NRAO 36 ft telescope by UMd group, 22.1 mm in 1969 by NRAO 36 ft telescope by NASA/BT1 group, 22.06 mm and 22.0 mm in 1969 by NRAO 36 ft telescope by NASA/BTI group.
13. PH 3
(i) Parameter: MW = 34.001
(ii) Identification : (49, 55) Jupiter (atmosphere).
14. H202
(i) Parameter: MW = 34.018
(ii) Identification : (100) Atmospheric spectrum (200-300 GHz), stratospheric spectrum.
15. C3H
(i) Parameter: MW = 37.044
(ii) Identification: (21) R. (28, 96) Interstellar medium, interstellar clouds. (60, 79, 80, 93, 94) IRC+ 10216. (98) Stars (C-rich). (59, 67, 93, 94) Dark interstellar clouds, TMC-1, L 134N, L 183.
16. HCEN
(i) Parameter: MW = 39.041
(ii) Identification : (59) Trans. 5(4)-4(3) in interstellar clouds.
17. CHCO +
(i) Parameter: MW = 41.033
(ii) Identification" (56) Cometary atmospheres.
18. HNCO
(i) Parameter: MW = 43.030
268
Table H (continued)
MARKANDEY SINGH AND J. P. CHATURVEDI
(ii) Identification: (14, 21) R, 21.4 cm and 23.4 mm in 1971 by NRAO 36 ft telescope by UVa/NRAO group. (59) Dark clouds.
19. HCNO
(i) Parameter: MW = 43.030
(ii) Identification : (95) Carbon stars.
20. HOCN
(i) Parameter: MW = 43.030
(ii) Identification: (21) R.
21. HOCO +
(i) Parameter: MW = 45.022
(ii) Identification: (28) Interstellar medium. (108) Radio astronomical objects.
22. H C O f
(i) Parameter: MW = 45.022
(ii) Identification: (15) Space.
23. COzH §
(i) Parameter: MW = 45.022
(ii) Identification: (56) Cometary atmospheres.
24. H2CS
(i) Parameter: MW = 46.096
(ii) Identification: (14, 21) R, 29.5 cm in 1971 and in 1972 by Berkes 210 ft telescope by CSTRO group. (59) Dark clouds. (86) Sgr B2.
25. C3N
(i) Parameter: MW = 50.045
(ii) Identification : (10, 11) Supernova remnant. (21) R. (40) Stars (C-rich). (53) The (9-8) and (10-9) transitions at 89 055 and 98 949 MHz in molecular cloud and in interstellar
space. (54, 67, 79, 80) IRC+ 10216, dark clouds, TMC-1. (59) Dark clouds.
MOLECULAR STUDY OF POLYATOMIC MOLECULES~ I 269
Table H (continued)
26. C30
(i) Parameter: MW = 52.037
(ii) Identification: (18, 19, 72) TMC-1, L 134N. (19) Hot giant molecular clouds. (28) Interstellar medium. (54) Space, interstellar clouds. (59) L 134N, L 183.
27. C2N 2
(i) Parameter: M W = 52.042
(ii) Identification : (26) Comet 1983e. (73) Saturn (atmosphere).
28. HNCS
(i) Parameter: MW = 59.097
(ii) Identification: (21) R.
29. 04
(i) Parameter: MW = 64.004
(ii) Identification : (36, 87) Earth (atmosphere), Sun (V). (88) Earth (upper atmosphere).
30. SiO 3
(i) Parameter: MW = 76.093
(ii) Identification: (29) Orion Nebula (210 # region).
31. Si2C 2
(i) Parameter: MW = 80.204
(ii) Identification: (98) Stars (C-rich).
32. ? (X-Ogen)
(i) Parameter: MW = -
(ii) Identification: (21) 23.4 mm in 1970 by NRAO 36 ft telescope by NRAO/UVa group.
References to Table H 1. Adel, A. and Slipher, V. M.: 1935, Phys. Rev. 47, 787. 2. Aiello, S, and Rosolia, A.: 1984, Nuovo Cimento 7C, 840. 3. Aksenov, A. N., Atai, A. A., and Abragimov, N. B.: 1976, Investigation of the Atmospheres of Giant Planets,
Alma-Ata, p. 180.
270
Table H (continued)
MARKANDEY SINGH AND J. P. CHATURVEDI
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(eds.), Asteroids Comets Meteors, Proc. of a Meeting Held at the Astron. Obs. of the Uppsala Univ., June 20-29, p. 291.
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Tokyo.
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Table H (continued)
41. Gardner, F. F. and Whiteoak, J. B.: 1974, Nature 247, 526. 42. Gardner, F. F. and Whiteoak, J. B.: 1976a, Proc. Astron. Soc. Australia 3, 63. 43. Gardner, F. F. and Whiteoak, J. B.: 1976b, Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 175, 9. 44. Genzel, R., Downes, D., Ho, P, T. P., and Bieging, J.: 1982, Astrophys. J. 259, L103. 45. Ghosh, K. K., Saleem, S. S., and Kutty, K. N.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.),
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Contr., No. 460, p. 932. 47. Giver, L. P., Boese, R. W., and Miller, J. H.: 1969, in G. W. Lockwood and H. M. Dyck (eds.), KittPeak
National Obs. Contr., No. 460, p. 941. 48. Glassgold, A. E.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.),Astrochemistry, D. Reidel Publ. Co.,
Dordreeht, Holland, p. 379. 49. Goldman, A., Cook, G. R., and Bonomo, F. S.: 1980, J. Quant. Spectr. Rad. Trans. 24, 2ll . 50. Goss, W. M., Kalberla, P. M. W., and Dickel, H. R.: 1984, Astron. Astrophys. 139, 317. 51. Graham, D. A., Emerson, D. T., Weiler, K. W., Wielebinski, R., and de Jager, G.: 1978,Astron, Astrophys.
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and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland, p. 431. 57. Huntress, W. T., Jr. and Anicich, V. G.: 1976, Astrophys. J. 208, 237. 58. Ibragimov, K. Yu. and S orokina, L. P.: 1976, Investigation of the Atmospheres of Giant Planets, Alma-Ata,
p. 55. 59. Irvine, W. M.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry, D. Reidel Publ. Co.,
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211. 62. Klein, M. J., Olsen, E. T., and Gulkis, S.: 1976, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 8, 475. 63. Kuiper, G. P.: 1949, The Atmospheres of the Earth and Planets, University of Chicago Press, Chicago,
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Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland, p. 305. 66. Leger, A. and d'Hendecourt, L.: in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry, D. Reidel
Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland, p. 557. 67. Macleod, J. M., Avery, L. W., and Broten, N. W.: 1984, Astrophys. J. 282, L89. 68. Martin, R. N. and Ho, P. T. P.: 1979, Astron. Astrophys. 74, L7. 69. Martin, R. N., Ho, P. T. P., and Ruf, K.: 1982, Nature 296, 632. 70. Masson, C. R., Berg, G. L., Claussen, M. J., Heiligman, G. M., Leighton, R. B., Lo, K. Y., Moffet, A. T.,
Phillips, T. G., Sargent, A. l., Scott, S. L., Wannier, P. G., and Woody, D. P.: 1984, Astrophys. J. 283, L37.
71. Matsakis, D. N., Brandshaft, D., Cheuny, A. C., Chui, M. F., Yngvesson, K. S., Gardiasmenos, A. G., Shanley, J. F., and Ho, P. T. P.: 1976, Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 8, 551.
72. Matthews, H. E., Irvine, W. M., Friberg, P., Brown, R. D., and Godfrey, P. D.: 1984, Nature 310, 125. 73. McElroy, M. B.: 1969, in R. Jastrow and G. J. F. MacDonald (eds.), J. Atmospheric Sci. 26, 808 (Kitt
Peak National Obs. Contr., No. 435). 74. McLaren, R. A. and Betz, A. L.: 1980, Astrophys. J. 240, Ll59.
272
Table H (continued)
MARKANDEY S1NGH AND J. P. CHATURVEDI
75. Mitchell, G. F.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry, D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland, p. 275.
76. Mitchell, G. F. and Watt, G. D.: 1985, Astron. Astrophys. 151, 121. 77. Nanmov, A. P., Zinicheva, N. B., and Muratov, N. N.: 1976, Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Radiofiz. 19,
5. 78. Olofsson, H.: 1985, in P. A. Shaver and K. Kjar (eds.), Proc. of the ESO-IRAM-Onsala Workshop on
(Sub)-Millimeter Astronomy, ESO. 79. Omont, A.: 1985, in M. Morris and B. Zuckerman (eds.), Mass-Loss from Red Giants, D. Reidel Publ.
Co., Dordrecht, Holland. 80. Omont, A.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry, D. Reidel Publ. Co.,
Dordrecht, Holland, p. 357. 81. Panls, T. A., Wilson, T. L., Bieging, J. H., and Martin, R. N.: 1983, Astron. Astrophys. 124, 23. 82. Prasad, S. S. and Capone, L. A.: 1976, J. Geophys. Res. 81, 5596. 83. Ridgway, S. T., Hall, N. B., Kleinmann, S. G., Weinberger, D. A., and Wojslaw, R. S.: 1976, Nature
264, 345. 84. Sandqvist, A., Londblad, P. O., and Lindroos, K. P.: 1976, Stars and Galaxies from ObservationalPoint
of View, p. 520. 85. Sharp, C. M.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry, D. Reidel Publ. Co.,
Dordrecht, Holland, p. 407. 86. Sinclair, M. W., Fourikis, N., Ribes, J. C., Robinson, B. J., Brown, R. D., and Godfrey, P. D.: 1973,
Australian J. Phys. 26, 85. 87. Sinha, K.: 1978, 'Molecules in Solar Atmosphere', Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Gorakhpur, Gorakhpur,
India. 88. Stranghan, B. P. and Walker, S.: 1976, Spectroscopy, Vol. 3, Chapman and Hall, New York, p. 208. 89. Tarafdar, S. P.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry, D. Reidel Publ. Co.,
Dordrecht, Holland, p. 559. 90. Taylor, F. W.: 1973, J. Quant. Spectr. Rad. Trans. 13, 1181. 91. Taylor, F. W. and Jones III, A. D.: 1975, Icarus 29, 299. 92. Taylor, F. W. and Calcutt, S. B.: 1984, J. Quant. Spectr. Rad. Trans. 32, 465. 93. Thaddeus, P., Vrtilek, J. M., and Gottlieb, C. A.: 1985b, Astrophys. J. 299 (in press). 94. Thaddeus, P., Gottlieb, C. A., Hjalmarson, A., Johansson, L. E. B., Irvine, W. M., Friberg, P., and
Linke, R. A.: 1985, Astrophys. 9". 294, L49. 95. Thompson, R. I.: 1970, in G. W. Lockwood and H. M. Dyck (eds.), Kitt Peak National Obs. Contr.,
No. 554. 96. Townes, C. H.: 1975, 20Ome Colloq. Inst. Astrophys. LiOge, p. 453, with a discussion, p. 475. 97. Tsuji, T.: 1981, J. Astrophys. Astron. 2, 95. 98. Tsuji, T.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry, D. Reidel Publ. Co.,
Dordrecht, Holland, p. 409. 99. Turner, B. E.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry, D. Reidel Publ. Co.,
Dordrecht, Holland, p. 205. 100. Waters, J. W., Hardy, J. C., Jarnot, R. F., Pickett, H. M., and Zimmermann, P.: 1984, J. Quant. Spectr.
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Dordrecht, Holland, p. 77. 109. Wootten, A.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry, D. Reidel Publ. Co.,
Dordrecht, Holland, p. 311. 110. Ziurys, L. M. and Turner, B. E.: 1985, in M. S. Vardya and S. P. Tarafdar (eds.), Astrochemistry, D.
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MOLECULAR STUDY OF POLYATOMIC MOLECULES, I 273
TABLE III
Molecules, molecular ions, and radicals containing five atoms of astrophysical interest
1. CH4 +
(i) Parameter: MW 16.044
(ii) Identification : (27) Cometary atmospheres.
2. CH 4
(i) Parameter: MW = 16.044
(ii) Identification: (11,24) 20 absorption lines of v 3 in IRC+ 10216. (7, 43) TMC-I. (l, 25, 32, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 46) Earth, Jupiter, Neptune (atmosphere). (16, 21) Interstellar medium, interstellar clouds. (18, 27, 58, 59) Comets (222.5-12 #), cometary atmospheres. (19, 54) Stars (O-rich, C-rich). (51) Stellar atmospheres. (48) Jovian atmospheres. (45) Planetary atmospheres. (34, 47) Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Earth, comet, Titan at ).4410 1~, ).4590 .~, ).4860 ~, ).5090 ~,
).5430/k, ).5760 ~, and ).5970 ~.
3. CH3D
(i) Parameter: MW = 17.054
(ii) Identification: (25, 38) Jupiter, Saturn (atmosphere). (52) Jupiter's spectrum (25/~ region).
4. NH2
(i) Parameter: MW ~ 18.041
(ii) Identification: (27) Cometary atmospheres.
5. C2H3 +
(i) Parameter: MW = 27.048
(ii) Identification: (27) Cometary atmospheres. (44) IRC + 10216.
6. C2H 3
(i) Parameter: MW = 27.048
(ii) Identification: (27) Cometary atmospheres.
7. CH2NH
(i) Parameter: MW - 29.045
(ii) Identification: (10) R, ).5.7 cm in 1972 from Parkes 120 ft telecope by CSIRO group. (20) Sgr B2.
274
Table 1II (continued)
MARKANDEY SINGH AND J. P. CHATURVEDI
8. CH2OH +
(i) Parameter: MW = 31.037
(ii) Identification: (27) Cometary atmosphere.
9. Sill 4
(i) Parameter: MW = 32.122
(ii) Identification: (23, 43, 44) Envelop of the IRC+ 10216. (38) Jupiter, Saturn (atmosphere).
10. C~H2
(i) Parameter: MW = 38.052
(ii) Identification : (33, 55) Sgr B2. (16, 17, 28) Interstellar medium, TMC-1, L 134N. (28) L 134N, L 183. (31) Space (isotopic species 13CC2H2 and C213CH2). (43, 44, 61) IRC+ 10216. (50, 56) Line (11o-lol) (L 134N, space). (36, 37, 53) Line (lo~-11o) at 18343 MHz in 25 varied objects (TMC-1, Sgr B2, Ori (KL), IRC 10216,
interstellar space, interstellar clouds, toward the molecular clouds, H I1 region, galactic interstellar medium), line (22o-21~) in (L 134N, TMC-1), line (11o-lol) in (B 335), line (211-2o2) in (TMC-1), line (212-1o1) in (L 134N).
11. C3HD
(i) Parameter: MW = 39.062
(ii) Identification : (4) The (1~o~ lo~ ) line in TMC-1 at 19418.7 MHz.
12. H2C20
(i) Parameter: MW = 42.041
(ii) Identification: (to) R. (28) Dark clouds.
13. NH2CN
(i) Parameter: MW = 42.046
(ii) Identification: (10) R.
14. HCOOH
(i) Parameter: MW = 46.030
MOLECULAR STUDY OF POLYATOM1C MOLECULES, I 275
Table 111 (continued)
(ii) Identification : (6, 10) R, 218.0 cm and 218.3 cm in 1970 by NRAO 140 ft by UMd/Harvard group. (12, 13) Comet (222.5-5 #). (27) Cometary atmospheres.
15. C4H
(i) Parameter: MW = 49.056
(ii) Identification: (3, 5) Supernova remnant. (8) Hot giant molecular clouds. (10) R. (22) Molecular clouds, interstellar space. (23, 28) Cold clouds, clark clouds, interstellar clouds. (23, 35, 43, 44) IRC + 10216, dark clouds, TMC-1.
16. HC3N
(i) Parameter: MW = 51.053
(ii) Identification: (10) R, 23.3 em in 1970 by N A R O 140 ft telescope by NARO group (isotopic species H~3CCCN,
HCX3CCN, HCCI3CN, and DCCN). (7, 35, 49) TMC-1. (8, 28) Hot giant molecular clouds, dark clouds. (14, 15, 26) Comet 1983e. (29, 30, 43, 44, 60) IRC + 10216, two bipolar nebula (GL 618, GL 2688).
17. DC3N
(i) Parameter: MW = 52.063
(ii) Identification: (10) R, 23.3 cm in 1970 by NARO 140 ft telescope by NARO group.
18. Mg(OH)2
(i) Parameter: MW = 58.338
(ii) Identification: (54) Stars (O-rich).
19. HNO 3
(i) Parameter: MW = 63.020
(ii) Identification: (9, 57) Stratospheric spectrum (20-84 cm 1),
20. C302
(i) Parameter: MW = 68.038
(ii) Identification: (2) Venus.
21. GeH4
(i) Parameter: MW = 76.632
276
Table III (continued)
MARKANDEY S1NGH AND J. P. CHATURVEDI
(ii) Identification: (25) Jupiter (atmosphere). (52) Jupiter's spectrum (25 # regions).
22. Fe(OH)2
(i) Parameter: MW = 89.868
(ii) Identification: (54) Stars (O-rich).
References to Table III 1. Adel, A. and Slipher, V. M.: 1935, Phys. Rev. 47, 787. 2. Anderson, R. C., Pipes, J. G., Broadfoot, A. L., and Wallace, L.: 1969, in R. Tastrow and G. J. F.
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19. Fujita, Y.: 1970, Interpretation of Spectra and Atmospheric Structure in Cool Stars, Univ. of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.
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MOLECULAR STUDY OF POLYATOMIC MOLECULES, I 277
Table III (continued)
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2. Discussion
Tab le I shows tha t the p o l y a t o m i c molecu les , m o l e c u l a r ions, and rad ica ls con ta in ing
va r ious cons t i t uen t e lements are H -- 34, O = 32, C = 31, N = 14, D = 7, S = 6, T i = 2,
N a = 1, M g = 1, S i = 1, F = 1, C I = 1.
278 MARKANDEY SINGH AND J. P. CHATURVEDI
Table II shows that the polyatomic molecules, molecular ions, and radicals containing various constituent elements are H = 44, C = 35, O = 24, N = 13, Si = 3, S = 2, D = 2, P = I .
Similarly, Table III shows that the polyatomic molecules, molecular ions, and radicals containing various constituent elements are H = 51, C = 32, O = 13, N = 7, D = 3, M g = 1, S i= 1, F e = 1, G e = 1.
We have included the isotopic element D in the Tables I, II, and III. Thus the molecules containing these elements are of astrophysical interest.
The relative abundances of the elements H, O, C, N are appreciable to form a molecule.
Since the 5 new unidentified molecules containing three atoms, 23 new unidentified molecules containing four atoms, and 47 new unidentified molecules containing five atoms may be expected to be present in astronomical objects (Table IV).
TABLE IV
Polyatomic molecules of astrophysical interest
3-atoms
4-atoms
5-atoms
H3, N2H, N2C, N3, OCN
H4, 17130, C4, HO3, CO 3, NO 3, HN3, CN3, N30, Y4, H2CN, H2NO, N2H2, C2OH, CO2H, N2CH, N2OH, HNO 2, C202, CaNO, N2CO, NCO z, N202
Hs, H40, H4N, C 5, C40, C4N, HO4, CO4, 05, NO 4, HN4, CN4, N40, Ns, H3CO, H302, H3NO, H3N2, H2C2 N, HaCNO, H203, H2NO2, H2N20, H2N3, C4H, C3OH, C2HO2, C2NOH, C2NH 2, HCO 3, N2OCH, NOzCH, N3CH, HO2N 2, HN30, C3NO, C3N2, C203, C2ON2, C2NO2, CzN 3, CN202, CNO 3, CN30, N203, NO 4, N302
Many of the isomers, isotopic species, and ions of polyatomics (Table IV) may be exist but we have not included here.
Space experiments and laboratory astrophysics in the near future will probably reveal the presence of these.
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to Prof. Nitish K. Sanyal, Head of the Department of Physics for providing necessary facilities in the department. This work is supported by C.S.I.R., New Delhi.