POLYAMIDE

Presented By:

Dilshad Bajwa

Ayesha Hameed

Polyamide

Artificial PA

Aliphatic PA

Nylon

Aromatic PA

Kevlar / Nomax

Natural PA

Silk / Wool

Nylon => Developed in the 1930’s at

DuPont by Wallace Carothers and

his team of researchers,

Kevlar => In the early 1960s, DuPont

was interested in developing

“super fibers” due to the prior valuable

invention of nylon,

In 1965, research scientist

Stephanie Kwolek from DuPont

discovered “kevlar”

Nomex=> material developed in the

early 1960s by DuPont and first marketed

in 1967,

What are polyamides?

A polyamide is a polymerfamily that contains recurringamide groups of: R-CO-NH-R’as integral parts of the mainpolymer compound.

They are formed either by the polymerization of an amino acid or the condensation of a polyamine with a carboxylic acid in which the structural units are linked by amide group bonding them together.

Nylon is formed by the condensation reaction oftwo components:

Diamine (a compound containing two amino[NH2] groups—e.g., hexamethylenediamine)

Dicarboxylic acid (containing two carboxyl[CO−OH] groups—e.g., adipic acid),

Or may be formed by the self-condensation of anamino acid or an amino-acid derivative.

Nylon 6Carpolactam

Nylon 6,4

1,4 diaminobutane

Adipic acid

Nylon 6,6

Hexamethylenediamine

Adipic acid

Nylon 6,10

Hexamethylenediamine

Sebacic acid

Nylon 6,12

Hexamethylenediamine

Dodecenadioicacid

Kevlar is formed by condensation reaction of twocomponents:Para-phenylene diamineTerephthaloyl (PPD-T) chloride,

An inherently flame-resistant, high-temperature fiber

It is sold in both fiber and sheet forms and is used as a fabric

wherever resistance from heat and flame is required,

Nomex is formed by condensation reaction of twocomponents:

Para-phenylene diamine

Terephthaloyl (PPD-T) chloride,

Solid nylon can be manufactured by:

Extrusion

Injection molding

Casting

» Extrusion

» Spinning

Wet spinning

Dry spinning

Melt spinning

Gel spinning

Polyamides are prepared by poly-condensation between dicarboxylic acids and diamines. They have the general structure as follows:

where R is —CH2— or

Polyamides

The aliphatic polyamides are generally known as NYLONS. There are different types of nylons

Nylon

.

Nylon-6:6This is one way of making nylon 6,6 in the laboratory

In a nylon plant, it's usually made by reacting adipic acid with hexamethylene diamine:

(polyhexamethylene adiamide)

Nylon 6 is only made from one kind of monomer called caprolactam. It's made by a ring opening polymerization and self condensation polymerization.Slef Condensationion Polymerization:

Nylon 6

Ring opening Polymerisation

Nylon- 6,10

It is prepared by the condensation reaction between Hexamethylene diamine and Sebacic acid.

Nylon 6,12

Nylons are the polyamide products from the polycondensation

of diamines with dicarboxylic acids. Dodecanedioic Acid

(DDDA) is used as the diacid monomer in Nylon 6,12 adhesives,

resins and filaments.

resilience

It is prepared by the condensation polymerization

Kevlar

.

poly-para-phenyleneterephthalamide

The structure of Kevlar

NOMEX

.poly- meta-phenylene isophthalamide)

Variation of luster: nylon has

the ability to be very lustrous,

semi lustrous or dull,

Durability and high elongation,

Excellent abrasion resistance,

High resistance to insects, fungi,

molds and many chemicals,

Melts instead of burning,

Good specific strength,

Absorbs more water,

» High strength to weight ratio.

» Low ductility.

» High modulus of rigidity (structural rigidity).

» Low electrical conductivity.

» High chemical resistance.

» Low Thermal Shrinkage

» High toughness (work-to-break).

» Excellent dimensional stability.

» Low machinability.

» Flame retardant, self-extinguishing

Heat and Flame Resistant

High Ultraviolet Resistance

High Chemical Resistance

Low Thermal Shrinkage

Formable for Molded Parts

Low Elongation to Break

TEXTILES

Nylon insulation on electric wires are used due to its solvent ,wear and abrasion resistance.

Nylon Bike Made Using Satellite Technology is as Strong as Steel!

Nylon Pipe Fitting Tube Nylon Pipes

Industrial Applications

safety airbags

Seat belts

HOUSEHOLD APPLICATIONS

Ropes made from polyamides are used by rock and ice climbers.

KevlarKevlar is a very strong material - about five times as strong as steel,

Kevlar used extensively in the manufacture of panels and wings for fighter jets..

•Kevlar® 49 and –High-modulus type used primarily in fiber optic cable, ropes, cables, and composites for marine applications.

Kevlar® 100

Nylon sutureS are used in soft tissue of cardiovascular and neurological procedures.