POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas...

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POLS4985 Nation-building

Transcript of POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas...

Page 1: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

POLS4985Nation-building

Page 2: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Who am I?

Dr. Gregory C. DixonSpecialty – International RelationsAreas of interest / research:

International InstitutionsConflict ManagementGlobalization and Global Governance

Page 3: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Office Hours and Contact

Office: Pafford 125Office Hours:

Before class (aprox 11:30 – class)After class (as needed)and by appointment

Email: [email protected]

Page 4: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Online Content

http://www.westga.edu/~gdixonUnder “current courses” pick POLS4506

CourseDenAll course informationElectronic Submission of Assignments

Page 5: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Learning OutcomesAnalyze the role of nation-building in the contemporary international system Assess the types of nation-building efforts undertaken by both the international community and by individual nationsAssess the minimum resource requirements for a providing the conditions for successful nation-buildingAppraise the challenges to nation-buildingAppraise conditions for success in nation-building effortsAssess the potential for nation building as part of an effort to reduce conflict in the world of the 21st century.

Page 6: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Assignments

Commentary Papers (4) 25% each

Page 7: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Commentary Papers

10 questionsYou must answer 4 questionsYou may answer 5 and drop the lowest score

Answers should be 3 - 4 single spaced pages

Page 8: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Grading

90% and up = A80 – 89% = B70 – 79% = C60 – 69% = D59% and below = F

No curves or mathematical adjustments will be applied to the grades

Page 9: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Assumption of Adulthood

All students are assumed to be adultsYou are expected to familiarize yourself with the requirements of the course You are expected to meet the requirements of the courseIt is expected that you will do the required reading for the course. It is expected that you will complete all required assignments.

Page 10: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Class Participation

Daily discussionDiscussion will be based on the discussion questions

Page 11: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Late or Missed Assignments

Late assignments will suffer a penalty of one letter grade for each business day lateThe commentary papers are take-home, so extensions will be extremely rareAbsolutely no extensions will be given for the final commentary paper due date

Page 12: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Special Needs

Students with special needs as identified by the University will be accommodated in accordance with University policy

Page 13: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Attendance

Attendance will not be taken and is not required as part of the course grade Attendance is vitalMissing lectures may significantly reduce their chances of passing the courseIt is the responsibility of the student to get the notes from that day of class from another student in the class

Page 14: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Acts of the Gods

On very rare occasions truly terrible things happenIf such an event happens, don't wait until the last day of the class to deal with it

Page 15: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Email Communication & Privacy

Nothing related to grades, exams, or any other course information specific to a student will be discussed via regular email - period Grades and related information will only be discussed via one of these methods:

In person during office hours or after classVia the CourseDen email system

Page 16: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Classroom Decorum

Please arrive on timePlease turn off any device that makes noise Please do not read the newspaper, sleep, etc. during the class timeMutual respect and politeness is required in the classroom at all timesViolations of appropriate classroom decorum will result in penalties

Page 17: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Academic HonestyAll students are required to be aware of the University rules regarding academic honesty. Cheating, fabrication, and/or plagiarism of any kind will not be tolerated. Any student caught committing any violation of the Honor Code on any assignment will receive an F in the course and will be reported to the University for further action as per University policy The professor reserves the right to seek the harshest possible penalty for any and all violations regardless of the value of the individual assignment

Page 18: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Academic Honesty

If you are unsure as to what constitutes academic dishonesty, please consult the University of West Georgia Student HandbookIgnorance of the Code will not be accepted as an excuse for violations of itMany things which are perfectly acceptable in high school are considered cheating in collegeIf you have a question about cheating, ask, don’t just assume that you are ok

Page 19: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Nationbuilding

Basic Concepts and Frameworks

Page 20: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

What is Nation-Building?

The basic subject of the course sounds simpleNation + Building

Building the basic infrastructure of a functioning state

Page 21: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Problems of Definition

There are lots of terms usedNation-buildingState-buildingStability OperationsEtc.

We will not split hairs in this course

Page 22: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Potential Nation-Building Cases

Cases where NB is a policy optionPost-conflictPost-disaster (natural or man-made)Failed statesFragile states

Each case offers challenges

Page 23: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Who Nation-Builds?

Nation StatesIGO’sNGO’sMNC’sCoalitions of some or all of the above

Page 24: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

NB Is Not New

Pharonic Egypt used NB 5,000+ years agoThe US has engaged in NB efforts since the late 1800’s

Page 25: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

NB Is Not Mysterious

The basics are widely knownWe will cover them in this classThe world community knows how to engage in successful NB efforts

Page 26: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

The Structure of the Course

Start conceptualParis and Sisk

Broaden the modelGhani and Lockhart

From theory to applicationDobbins, et al.

Page 27: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Challenges

Applying specific logic broadlyCan we apply ideas across models?How do the theories fit our cases?

Moving from theory to practiceIdeas are fun, but you need to make them work if they are to matter

Page 28: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

There Is No Rabbit

At the end of the class, there will be no resolution of your questionsYou will know more about the subjectYou will probably have more questions than when you startedBut it will be fun anyway…

Page 29: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

What’s A Nation & Why Are We Building One?

The Nation-State in the 21st Century

Page 30: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

The Nation-State

Combination of two conceptsNation• A group of people with a shared identity

State• A geographic space ruled by a central

governing authority

Page 31: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Nation-State Characteristics

Geographically fixed locationRecognized governmentSovereigntyMonopoly on the use of force within boundariesPopulation is made up of people with a “national identity”

Page 32: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Sovereignty

No outside authority can force a state to actA foundation of international law

Enshrined in the UN Charter

Page 33: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Reality Check

Most states loosely fit the definitionMany nation-states do not fully fit the description

Identity conflict is a leading cause of civil warSecessionist movements are commonSome nations lack effective government

Page 34: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Building A Nation-State

NB seeks to construct functioning nation-states Functioning does not equal perfect

Page 35: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Central Problems

How can an outside power build a truly sovereign state?And why would they?

Page 36: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

A Second Reality Check

The world is complicatedThere are many actors in the NB processThese actors interact with one anotherTheir interactions affect the outcomeNot everyone likes order

Page 37: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Herding Cats

Intervenors are not unitaryPolicy makersPolicy implementersPolitical supporters in the homelandVarious interest groups

Page 38: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Herding Cats

States targeted for NB are not unitaryAll actors seek advantage

Local elites use the intervenor to their advantageIntervenor ignorance makes it worseNot all actors want effective government• Conflict can be beneficial• Sides may prefer conflict to peace

Page 39: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Spoiler Alert

Spoilers may seek to foil NB effortsGroups want a better dealGroups fear marginalization in new orderGroups fear prosecution or worse in new orderPower may be lost in a new system

Page 40: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

The Problem

Building a nation-state requires support from many actorsSome will never accept the new order

Page 41: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Good Enough Solutions

You will never get perfectionIt’s the real worldYour perfection is not everyone’s perfection

You need to settle for “good enough”

Good enough governance to keep people content to support the new order

Page 42: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

What Is Good Enough?

Physical securityFoodBasic stability / predictabilityRule of lawThe right economic directionHope

Page 43: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Getting to Good Enough

Local leadersLocal institutionsLocal participationLocal economic development

All of which will be built by outsiders

Page 44: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Nobody Likes An Outsider

The problem of external intervenors

Page 45: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

The “Other” Problem

Humans separate “in” and “out” groupsWe do not easily trust those who are from the out groupThis is a factor of biology

Page 46: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

NB Requires Outside Intervention

The intervenor will always be an outsiderThis will generate tension and make the job harder

Page 47: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Difficulty Factor

The degree of difficulty for the intervenor varies

Nature of intervention effortHistoric contextCultural contextVarious other identity factors

Page 48: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Uncontrollable Elements

HistoryIdentityGeography

Page 49: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Controllable Elements

ResourcesCommunicationPreparation

Page 50: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Control What Can Be Controlled

Effective preparation can mitigate the problems of being an outsiderTransparency can make a significant impact

Page 51: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Local Knowledge

Successful NB efforts requires local knowledge

Knowing the contextSpeaking the languageKnowing who matters

Local knowledge can be developed or rented

Renting has risks

Page 52: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Gaining Support

There is a window of 12 – 18 months to build goodwillEffective early action helps overcome the outsider problemCompetence goes a long wayRespecting local issues goes a long way

Page 53: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Local Talent

Find and recruit local talent“the native face” problemIntercultural problems must be overcomeBalance of external plan and local inputIncorporation of key groups

Page 54: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Transition

Planned transfer from outsider to localsThis is very hard to manageHard to balance

Outsider imposes a system that must become entrenchedLocals must be given enough power to promote acceptanceLocals may not like the new system

Page 55: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Balance

You cannot eliminate the outsider problemYou can reduce its impact with good planningThe trick is to balance a wide range of elements in a very complex process

Page 56: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Safety First

Establish security or go home

Page 57: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Security

Basic safety from harm is a necessary foundationNB must provide security in order to be successfulThis is the foundation on which the rest of the NB actions are built

Page 58: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Components of Security

Peacekeeping / Peace enforcementLaw enforcement / civil orderCreation or reform of local security institutions

Training of militaryTraining of law enforcementProvision of basic security during training

Page 59: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Peacekeeping

The sides in a conflict have made peaceNB effort is in support of this peaceMost or all sides have ceased fightingThis makes it easier to accomplish

Can reform rather than create institutionsFewer troops are needed

Page 60: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Peace Enforcement

You are imposing peace in the NB effortMost or all sides are still fightingSecurity is harder to achieve

NB must create the local forcesNB must create security institutionsThis requires many more soldiers

Page 61: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Timing

Security cannot waitIt must be established immediately in order to be effectiveDelay give opponents time to organizeDelay undermines credibility

Page 62: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Force Size and Composition

You need enough people or you will failIf you do not have the personnel you cannot provide the services

Page 63: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Numbers

Soldiers per 1,000 inhabitants:Peacetime, stable state: .5Peacekeeping: 2Peace enforcement: 13

Afghanistan: 24,000,000 people in 2001

312,000 minimum force for peace enforcement

Page 64: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

The Footprint Problem

You need enough troops to do the jobA strong presence of outsider troops can lead to resentmentNB efforts must have enough troops, but they must tread carefully

Page 65: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Force Composition

Soldiers EngineersTrainers (military, police, judiciary, etc.)Bureaucrats / administratorsCommunity relations personnel

Page 66: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Duration Problem

Local forces need to be trained rapidlyIneffective local forces feed problemsThe longer the transition to local policing takes, the more likely resistance will grow

Page 67: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

The Security Problem

Costs are high, so military forces are likely to be under-resourcedThis potentially undermines missions before they startMost militaries are not intended to be police forces

Page 68: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

It’s the Economy, Stupid

The political economy of NB

Page 69: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Markets

The market always functionsExchange takes placePeople make moneyPeople lose money

Markets adaptConditions create incentives for action or inaction

Page 70: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Complex Influence of Markets

Economic conditions in the NB target stateEconomic conditions in the intervenorGlobal market conditionsEach of these is constantly changing

Page 71: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Target State

Pre-NB economic foundationsNatural resourcesWorkforce compositionSize of populationGeographic locationReason NB is necessary

This provides the starting point

Page 72: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

The Intervenor

Size of economyDiversity of economyWorkforce compositionDistance from NB targetEconomic interest in NB target

Page 73: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Global Economy

NB target place in global economyFoundationPotential

Intervenor place in global economyOverall market conditions

Page 74: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

The Status Quo Ante

Conditions when NB starts matterState of economic infrastructureSize and scope of informal economyIntegration of armed groups into economic activityEconomic history / tradition

Page 75: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Immediate Problems

Jobs, Jobs, JobsEconomic stabilityEconomic growthEconomic development

Page 76: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

The Peril of Great Expectations

Time to get economy working is greater than the golden windowMarkets must shift to the new realityThis takes timeTransition costs are high

Someone must pay them

Page 77: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Dependence

Short-term support by intervenor can easily lead to dependenceNB requires massive intervention through central planningCentral planning is not good at economic growthThe balance is hard to strike

Page 78: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Basic Conditions for Success

Civil orderRule of lawFinancial / banking systemReasonable security of infrastructure

Road, rail, and water transportElectricity

Page 79: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

The Perverse Incentive Problem

Failed states are profitable for the fewThese few often have trouble in the transition

Skill set is wrong for stable economySocial conditioning may also be wrong

These groups have an economic incentive to undermine NB efforts

Page 80: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Development Challenge

Outside actors have a poor success rate in economic developmentNB requires the hope of economic progress to succeedNB efforts can also lead to dependenceMistakes will shift the market in unwanted directions

Page 81: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

What Works?

No simple solutionsDepends on the conditions in each caseAll NB efforts must craft economic plans based on the specific conditions of the target

Page 82: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Designing Institutions

Who, what, where, when, and how

Page 83: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

What Is Mean By Institutions?

The basic structure of the new governmentElectoral rules and basic delineation of core functions (executive, legislative, etc.)Organization of bureaucratic responsibility

Page 84: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Why Democracy?

We like democracyThe people will have a significant say in governmentDemocracies are less war-proneDemocracies have better economic growth over timeWe assume everyone wants to be like the West if only given the chance

Page 85: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Designing A Constitution

Lots of kinds of democracies to choose fromThe constitution should fit two key elements:

The nature of the state it will governThe goals of the intervenor

Page 86: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Majoritarian or Consensus?

Majoritarian: Whoever has 50% + 1 wins

DecisiveFocusedRisks majority tyrannyNo incentive for small groups to support it

Page 87: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Majoritarian or Consensus?

Consensus: very large coalitions needed to rule

InclusiveTend to respect minority rightsSlow to actCan be frustrating to watch in action

Page 88: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Presidential or Parliamentary?

PresidentialSeparation of powersFocus popular attention on one personPotential for divided government

ParliamentaryUnity of executive and legislative powersFocus is on party leaders

Page 89: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Electoral Systems

PluralityMost votes winsMay or may not need 50% + 1Fixed terms

Page 90: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Electoral Systems

Proportional RepresentationParties get seats based on votesCoalitions are often needed to ruleTerm of office can end with “no confidence” vote

Page 91: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Centrality vs. Federalism

CentralityFocus of governing is in central governmentNational government dominates

FederalismRegions have varying degree of flexibility in governingBalance between central and local power

Page 92: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

No Easy Solution

All these elements and more are combined to make a constitutionThese elements set how a country is ruledAll have consequencesAll require a choice by the intervenor

Page 93: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

The Dependency Problem

Leaving without things falling apart afterwards

Page 94: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

The Nation-builder’s Curse

You have to remake a state that can stand on its ownThen you must leave it alone

Its like being a parent, only worse

Page 95: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

The Dependence Problem

The NB effort builds a nation that depends on the intervenor to workThe intervenor leaves and the state failsIn the worst case, the intervenor can’t leave without rapid return to fightingDependence is very hard to avoid

Page 96: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

The Basic Problem

Intervenor must do a lot early onThis distorts local conditions

Locals must gradually take controlHow?When?What if they fail at first?Who decides what failure is?

Page 97: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Assessing the Dependence Risk

How much do you have to build?Solid past institutions makes it easier• Better foundation on which to build• Trained locals to turn to• Institutions can be reformed

Weak past institutions makes it harder• You must build from scratch• You must train technocrats

Page 98: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

The Skill Deficit

Running a country is hardYou need the right skills

ManagerialEngineeringEtc.

These can be hard to find

Page 99: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Brain Drain Problem

The best and brightest have the easiest time leaving

Globalization means they can find work elsewhereSafety and security may make them reluctant to return

This will apply even after NB efforts are underway

Page 100: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Material Dependence

Infrastructure development is expensiveRequires a tax base and effective collection mechanism

Both are likely to be missing when NB startsBoth take time to put in place

Local resources may or may not be readily available

Page 101: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Material Dependence

Intervenor will foot the bill early onMay require many years of bankrolling the effort

Infrastructure is expensiveSome projects are long-term

Page 102: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Organizational Dependence

Intervenor will control the countrySecurityGovernancePotentially even through control of the legal system

This can lead to the institutionalization of dependence

Page 103: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Freedom to Fail (Again)

Ultimately power must transition to the local peopleThis means the power to make real decisions, and suffer consequencesThe potential is there for a return to failure

Page 104: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Perverse Incentives

Local elites may profit from intervenor’s governanceThey may not want power to return to the localsThey have an incentive to prevent the transition

Page 105: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Dependence is Tricky

Managing the dependence problem is hard to doThe intervenor must balance many different elements at onceThe intervenor must be willing to risk exit

Page 106: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Its Not All About Conflict

The problem of state failure

Page 107: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Fragility and Failure

Many states do not fit the normal nation-state model

The rule of law is weakThe writ of government does not runInstitutions do not provide “good enough” governance

Page 108: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

The Turbulence Problem

Globalization binds us together in a global systemEvents far away send ripples out that can affect usThere are millions of these events every dayThe result is a “turbulence” in the international system

Page 109: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Turbulence and the State

States must deal with pressure from two levels:

DomesticSystemic

The pressure from both directions is constantSome states break under the pressure

Page 110: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

State Fragility

States whose institutions are under stressStates that are losing the ability to function

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Source: http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm

Page 112: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

State Failure

The state ceases to functionCivil warCollapse

Page 113: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Who Cares?

We do – state failure affects usFragile states generate more turbulenceFailed states generate lots of turbulence

Page 114: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Strong domestic institutions reduce conflict

Absorb and resolve domestic conflictsGenerate coherent policy outcomes

Strong domestic institutions prevent international conflict

Page 115: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Fragile institutions cannot manage domestic conflictsA spillover effect emerges

Domestic conflict bubbles outInternational system feels the impact

Page 116: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Failed institutions permit all manner of problems to cross bordersCreate significant disruptions in the international systemDefy easy solutions

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Rational Self-Interest

State failure has a wide impactEffective nation-building can reduce this impace

Page 118: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

What Makes A Failed State?

Defining state capacity and governance in the 21st Century

Page 119: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Understanding Governance

Governance = the ability of the state to manage its internal affairsThis is a key role of state institutionsBut this can be defined many ways

Economic growthRule of lawEtc.

Page 120: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

The “Sovereignty Gap”

We assume states are sovereign in many ways

International lawDiplomacy

Roughly 1 in 6 states is not“extreme” or “high” fragility

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The “Sovereignty Gap”

Our language and assumptions do not reflect reality

Page 122: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Post WWII Paradigm

There is a global governance architecture to tackle the sovereignty gap

Decolonization was going to create thisUS planned for it in post WWII planningIMF, IBRD, UN, GATT

Page 123: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Structural Functionalism

Theory of DevelopmentBuild the right institutional structure and all will be wellUniversal incentives existInstitutions will drive these

At their core, all states are the same

One size fits all

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State-Building in Decolonization

Help states set up institutionsProvide development assistanceThe rest takes care of itself

This has a mixed record of success

Page 125: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Post-Cold War Changes

Shift away from the development models of the 1950’sShift to more “holistic” approach

Multifaceted programsEmphasis on implementation, not just institutionsRecognition of failure of one size fits all

Page 126: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

NB In Context

NB fits this broader effortThe idea is to construct the institutions of the state in a more general sense

Page 127: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Building Governance

We agree governance is necessaryThe details are subject to debate

No agreed “best” system of governanceNo single “best” system is possible

This is an ongoing debate

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What To Build?

Not all agree on the extend of NB efforts

MinimalistMaximalist

What are the essential functions of the state?

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The Global Governance Dimension

International capacity for NB

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Basic Challenges for GG

SovereigntyCooperationCoordinationResource AllocationInformationCapacity Building

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Global Governance Architecture

The mechanisms to provide governance beyond the nation state

Formal: IGO’s, treaties, etc.Informal: NGO’s, cultural ties, etc.

Page 132: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

IGO’s

Solve a coordination problemFixed institutions for making collective decisionsFacilitate collective action

Solve a cooperation problemInformation sharingEducation

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Global

Cover the whole worldLarge membershipMore resourcesMore calls on resources

UN, IMF, World Bank, WTO, etc.

Page 134: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Regional

Local knowledgeBuild local consensusGreater legitimacyFewer resourcesCredibilityAU, ECOWAS, SADC, ASEAN, MERCOSUR, etc.

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NGO’s

All shapes and sizesSpecializedCredibilityBagage

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Sovereignty

States yield sovereignty via IGO’sBinding commitmentsEnforcement mechanisms

International Law allows violations of sovereignty

GenocideViolation of preemptory norms

Page 137: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Cooperation

GG provides channels of communication

Reduce uncertaintyBuild working relationshipsDevelop shared interest in “the system”

Norm diffusionGG extends norms and permits a shared language

Simplify cooperation

Page 138: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Coordination

Channels of operationSOP’sAgreed upon rulesBurden sharing

LegitimacyResponsibility

Page 139: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Resource Allocation

Varies widely depending on GG constellationShare burden across statesProvide a structure of cost sharingGenerate revenues from non-participantsCoordinate flows to NGO’s

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Information

Best PracticesShared experienceReduced learning curvePromote broader understanding of key issues

Identification of issuesShare information on past cases

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Capacity Building

Training of forcesTraining of administratorsTraining of policy staffPromote skill development in local, regional, and international areasNGO, IGO, state responses

Page 142: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

GG in Practice

It’s a messThe system works spottily as it standsThings are improving, but slowly

Page 143: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

What Works?

The requirements for NB today

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Post WWII Context

Over 100 peacekeeping / stabilization missionsDozens of NB missions6 decades of international development effortsExtensive study of domestic institutionsExtensive efforts by IGO’s and NGO’s

Page 145: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

NB Is Not A Mystery

The loose parameters of success are knownThe problem has come with implementation

Page 146: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Problem Example

No nation has more experience with post conflict NB in Muslim states than the USBy the measure of the original goals Iraq and Afghanistan have been failures

Page 147: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Lessons From Conflict Studies

The Frozen Conflict ProblemThe Barney Fife ProblemThe Hurting Stalemate“Ripeness”

Page 148: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Frozen Conflicts

NB intervention does not end a conflictThe conflict ceases due to the presence of the intervenorNB efforts fail to deal with underlying tensionsConflict will resume when intervenor leaves

Page 149: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

The Barney Fife Problem

Intervenor mean wellBut are not competentCreate unnecessary tensionLack direction in their efforts

The intervenor means well, but can’t follow through

Page 150: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Hurting Stalemates

Allowing a conflict to drag on may make NB efforts easierHurting stalemates demonstrate that neither side can winSides are more willing to accept outside help in resolving the issuePromote peacekeeping-type NB

Page 151: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Ripeness

“Ripeness” is the concept of optimal moments

Most or all parties see a benefit to and end to conflictInternational attention is highDomestic circumstances in intervenor favors planning and resource allocation

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Complexity

Many things contribute to NB successMuch of the effort is about controlling what can be controlled

Planning for “known unknowns”Bracing for “unknown unknowns”

Recognizing that the danger is from the storm within

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Knowing is Half the Battle

We know what is necessaryWe know that the resources are sometimes there to do itWe know that the hard part is political willNow, how do we make it work?

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Establishing Physical Security

Boots on the ground

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Basic Security

Short window to establish orderForces needed vary, but are usually military

In unusual cases, police and paramilitary forces may work

Keep order on a day to day basis for the general population

Page 156: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Boots on the Ground

To provide security you need a physical presence

Personnel that can be seenRapid response to disruptions

Sufficient number are keyLack of numbers forces inconsistent actionYou cannot keep order without manpower

Page 157: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Planning

Basic parametersGeographic constraintsLogistic constraintsNature of mission

Force compositionNumbersTypesEquipment

Page 158: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Combat Phases

Suppression of military forces in the initial stagesMay include traditional combat or asymmetric combatMay or may not have a clear endRequires military unitsMay not be required in all cases

Page 159: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Public Security

Immediate establishment of basic protections of the general populationDeterrence of violations of order

Requires a physical presence

Ounce of prevention = pound of cure

Early success eases later phases

Difficulty depends on conditions

Page 160: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

DDR

DisarmamentDemobilization

Can be tricky depending on other conditions

ReintegrationKey to long-term success

Page 161: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Intelligence Gathering

Information must be gathered on the real conditions on the ground

Requires an honest assessmentMay require abandoning older plans

Requires development of a local network

Page 162: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Civic Engagement

Engage the local population in decision makingIdentification of key local playersIntegration of military and reconstruction efforts

Page 163: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Security Institution Building

Reform or construction of basic security institutionsIn most cases, this is a complex processExtent depends on the nature of the NB effortIs part of an integrated institution-building effort (courts, admin, etc.)

Page 164: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Necessary but not Sufficient

Basic security is required for success, but it does not guarantee itFailure to provide security generally leads to failure

Page 165: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Establishing Broad Security

Police forces, predictability, and the rule of law

Page 166: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Long-Term Security

Military forces are a short-term solutionLong-term requires development of indigenous sources of securityPolice, legal system, effective governance institutionsThis is a significant challenge for NB efforts

Page 167: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Interdependence

Security institution efforts are part of the larger institution-building effortProgress in other areas is necessary for securityProgress in security is necessary for other areas

Page 168: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Public Security

Intervenor provides early onUsually with military forcesSupplemented by intervenor police, paramilitary forces, or PMC’s

Transition to indigenous forces requires reform or creation of institutionsTransition will take time

Page 169: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Challenges

VettingTrainingEquipmentInstitutional Development / ReformTies to broader legal systemTies to broader institutions

Page 170: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Vetting

Sorting through the existing institutions and personnelEstablishing vetting standards

Who cannot join the new forces?Who will lead them?• Local• National

Page 171: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Training

Establishing training standardsRequires link to legal institutionsRequires building of training infrastructure

Often initially done by expatriatesNeed to train indigenous trainersNeed to train indigenous leaders

Page 172: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Equipment

What sort of equipment?Type of gearSufficient gear for the job

Who pays?Infrastructure

PhysicalInstitutional

Page 173: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Institutional Development

Reform or Deconstruct?Reform – change the existing institutionsDeconstruct – wipe out existing institutions

Focus on missionCivil order and public safety

Link between institutions – interagency cooperation

Page 174: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Ties to Legal System

Public order requires a judicial system

Rule of lawEquality before the lawSufficient infrastructure

Police reform and legal reform must be managed in parallel

Page 175: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Ties to Broader System

Public order is part of larger systemSuccess adds credibility to larger reformsFailure feeds resistance and raises likelihood of failureThe institutional efforts are mutually dependent

Page 176: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Long-Term, Holistic View

Development of institutions takes timeDevelopment of indigenous institutions requires a long-term commitmentPublic order cannot be separated from other effortsPatience is virtuous, but can also breed dependence

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Governance

Who is in charge? and do they have a plan?

Page 178: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Teaching Them To Fish

Economic development and the foundation for the future

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Assessing Cases

Sierra Leone and Afghanistan

Page 180: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Sierra Leone

Page 181: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Numbers

Population: about 6 million78,000 troops required for peace enforcement18,000 for peacekeeping

GeographyGood trading locationExtractive industries dominate

Page 182: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Nutshell Version

Post-colonial state with standard problemsState fragility emerged in the late 1980’sDomestic efforts to reverse decline failed

Page 183: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Private Peace-building Efforts

MNC’s in mining industry hire PSC’s for basis securityGovernment hires PSC’s to train its army and civil militiasMNC’s support PSC involvement

Page 184: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Failure of Private Efforts

Coordination problem leads to failureParties pursue narrow interest

Mining MNC’s want basic security, but like rents derived from governmentGovernment sought revenues for patronageLocal leaders sought local advantagePSC’s focused on contract obligations

Page 185: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

1996 Peace Accords

All foreign forces to leaveRebels and government to negotiate a power-sharing arrangementNigerian support (via ECOWAS) for governmentAccords never implemented due to 1997 coup

Page 186: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

From Fragility to Failure

Civil war tears the state apartCoups and counter coups change those in charge

Army colludes with rebelsCivil militias form alternate military structure

ECOWAS intervenes (ECOMOG)

Page 187: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

ECOMOG

ECOWAS forces deployed to restore order

Largely fail in initial effortsStalemate emergesForces were substantial (20,000) but poorly equipped

Page 188: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

A Bloody Mess

Civil war stalemates with sides holding different areasMineral wealth used to fund rebelsLiberia supports rebelsCoup government allied with rebelsECOWAS supports recognized government, but not coup leaders

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Lome Accord

All sides agree to dealEnd to fightingPower sharing in new governmentEnforcement by UN peacekeepers (UNAMSIL)

13,000 troops at peak

Page 190: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

British Intervention

Lome fails utterlyUNAMSIL personnel captured and killed by RUFBritish send expeditionary force to evacuate EU citizens (about 1,000 troops)

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From Evacuation to NB

British commander decides decisive action could end conflictLobbies UK government to allow expansion of missionBlair agrees to limited expansion of UK role

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Ending the Conflict

UK forces take on training and support role

Dismantle old army Build a completely new force with British trainingBegin aggressive action against RUF

Decisive action when challengedTook the war “into the bush”

Page 193: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

End Result

Peace restored in Sierra LeoneRetrained army is a national forceState-building efforts continueUN forces have withdrawn as of 2005

Page 194: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Afghanistan

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Numbers

Population 30 million390,000 for peace enforcement90,000 for peacekeeping

GeographyLandlocked, weak infrastructureFew resources, but great potential for extractive industry

Page 196: POLS4985 Nation-building. Who am I? Dr. Gregory C. Dixon Specialty – International Relations Areas of interest / research: International Institutions.

Civil War

1973 coup begins long civil war1978 Communist coup1979 Soviet invasion1989 Soviet withdrawal1996 Taliban take Kabul2002 US intervention ousts Taliban, establishes interim government

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NB Force

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2010 Troop Levels

94,000 US troops35,000 allied troops (total)

Total force of 129,000