Polnat11 mh.abb

POLITICS OF NATIONALISM11. THE POLITICS OF NATIONALISM

POLITICS OF NATIONALISM

11. THE POLITICS OF NATIONALISM


OUTLINE

Main topics:•Explaining Nationalisms (2)•State options•Elimination•Exclusion•Assimilation• Incorporation


GROWTH OF NATIONALISMETHNIC v. CIVIC NATIONS?

• Commonly referred to as the “Kohn dichotomy” after Hans Kohn (1944)

• In fact, nineteenth-century roots

• Has strong normative connotations (not just German v. French, “eastern” v. “western”, exclusive v. inclusive, but “bad” v. “good”)

• Better seen as referring to ideal types


GROWTH OF NATIONALISMETHNIC v. CIVIC NATIONS?

• “Ethnic” nation: Herder, Fichte; nation an entity in which membership is inherited, e.g. blood, language

• “Civic” nation: Rousseau, Renan; nation an entity in which membership is voluntary, “daily plebiscite”

• Can we separate the two that clearly? Could we have elements of each type in all national ideologies? Are there regional variations?


CIVIC VS ETHNIC NATIONALISM


GROWTH OF NATIONALISMNATIONALIST MOBILISATION

• Phase A: Local elite control is firm; rest of population quiescent (ancien régime)

• Phase B: Counter-elites emerge; propose political programme favouring masses; separate party, or parties; possible cultural revival movement (transitional systems)

• Phase C: Emergence of mass parties / movements (modern state structures)


VICTORY OF NATIONALISMDETERMINANTS OF POLITICAL OUTCOME

• Commitment and resources of nationalists (e.g. regional activists)

• Commitment and resources of opponents (e.g. imperial state; normally much greater)

• International context (e.g.:(1) international power balance(2) ideological “viruses”)


Nationalism Demands and Statehood


VICTORY OF NATIONALISMCONTINUING CHALLENGES?

• Sometimes, continuing conflict with (new) minorities

• Common drive for cultural integration, sometimes leading to authoritarian nationalism, e.g. in fascist form

• To be explained by theories of communal insecurity, elite manipulation?


Nationalism and the State

How does the modern nation state respond to challenges from

minority nations?1.How much are a state’s minority

management strategies based on individual rights?

2.How open are a state’s minority management strategies for the recognition of group rights?


STATE OPTIONS

TYPOLOGY OF STRATEGIESINSTITUTIONAL ACKNOWLEDGE-MENT OF GROUPSlow high

PROTECTION

OF INDI- low

VIDUAL

RIGHTS high 3.ASSIMILATION

1. ELIMINATION

2. EXCLUSION

4.INCORPORATION


ELIMINATION OF MINORITIES

Approaches:• Genocide

–systematic murder of some or all of population

–undermining of capacity for life• Removal of population

–expulsion–“repatriation”–“exchange”


ELIMINATION OF MINORITIESGenocide: examples

•Indigenous peoples in Americas–killing of native peoples (N & S America, etc.)

•Armenians in Turkey–killing of more than 1m., 1915-16

•Jews in Germany–killing of c. 6m, 1941-45

•Others (many examples)



Population removal: expulsion•Direct or indirect pressure to leave



c. 3 m. Germans expelled, 1945-46

POLAND, 1945



Population removal: other strategies•“Repatriation” (removal on initiative of external power)–Baltic Germans, 1939

•“Exchange” (removal by agreement between powers)–c. 1m. Greeks to Turkey, ½ m. Turks to Greece, 1923


EXCLUSION OF MINORITIES

APPROACHDIMENSION

GROUP AUTONOMY

TERRITORIALMANAGEMENT

CULTURE

POLITICS(AT CENTRE)

One culture privileged over others

Ethnic hegemony (one group rules; possible minority rule)

High, but uneven (separate devt.; groups have different rights)Extensive territorial devolution on an unequal basis (bantustans)



Example: traditional states(e.g. British colonies—USA, Canada, Australia in past)•English language and christianity given precedence•Political rights confined to white settlers•Indigenous peoples allowed some self-administration, e.g. in reservations



Example: South Africa under apartheid:•Conflict between Dutch and English languages; christianity given precedence•Political rights confined to European settlers; “apartheid” system•Separate parliamentary bodies for Indians and Coloureds•Planned removal of Africans to “homelands” (“bantustans”)


Exclusion of ‘minorities’: South Africa


ASSIMILATION OF MINORITIES

APPROACHDIMENSION

GROUP AUTONOMY

TERRITORIALMANAGEMENT

CULTURE

POLITICS(AT CENTRE)

Only one culture is recognised; others marginalised

De facto rule by majority ethnic group or coalition

No group autonomy; all individuals equal before the law

Centralised state administered on a prefectoral basis


ASSIMILATION OF MINORITIESExample: Post-revolutionary France• French as only acceptable language in

public sphere, education etc.• Emphasis on popular sovereignty based

on equality; majoritarian democracy• Refusal to offer institutional recognition

to culturally distinct groups• Administrative system based on

centrally managed districts of equal sizeOther examples: Poland, Romania, Turkey


ASSIMILATION OF MINORITIES

Example: USA• English as sole official language• Majoritarian democracy as basis of

political system• Low level of autonomy for culturally

distinct groups• Symmetrical federal system based on

culturally homogeneous unitsOther examples: other “melting pot” societies

Polnat11 mh.abb

News & Politics

Transcript of Polnat11 mh.abb