GAURAV KUMAR PANDITM.Sc.(II) Plant Biology &

BiotechnologySCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCE

UNIVERSITY OF HYDERABADgauravbiologist@uohyd.ac.in

March 13 , 2017

POLLUTION & HUMAN HEALTH

POLLUTIONPresence of dangerous unnatural ingredeints causing

imbalance in the ecosystems and health hazards to human beings and animals is called pollution.

Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution.

A pollutant is a waste material that pollutes air, water or soil. Three factors determine the severity of a pollutant: its chemical nature, the concentration and the persistence.

NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION

Reference : http://paulmirocha.com/projects/water-pollution/#.WMW8dYGGO00

POINT SOURCE POLLUTION

Reference : Google Images

Ref: http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/air-pollution/effects-of-air-pollutants-on-human-health/19785/

Distribution

Storage

Biotransfromation

Entry of pollutant Elimination

Processing of pollutant in human body

ROUTES OF ENTRY

Air

Soil

Water

Inhalation

Dermal Absorption

Ingestion

Skin contact

Routes of Entry : Skin contactMany organic compounds and are readily absorbed through the skin Solvents Pesticides Organo-metal compounds

Routes of Entry : Ingestion

Ingestion can occur due to: Foodstuff contamination Food from polluted water and soil source Drinking contaminated water

Reference : http://waterliberty.com/news/2014/10/water-pollution-facts-for-children-and-parents/

Distribution & Storage

Fat Bones Blood Liver and kidney Other organs / tissues

Storage

Transport by bloodSubstances released from storage

Biotransformation

Phase I reactions• Oxidation• Reduction• hydrolysis

Phase II reactions• Conjugation• Synthesis

Metabolites Elimination

Occurs mainly in the liver , Also in lungs, kidney & intestine

POLLUTION & PROCESSING OF AIR POLLUTION

Reference : http://www.in.gov/idem/airquality/2640.htm

THE EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH

Local : At site of contact Systemic : Following distribution

chronic sub-chronic sub-acute acute Ti

mes

cale

DirectIndirect

SOME IMPORTANT POLLUTANT & THEIR EFFECT Sulphur Dioxide Soluble acid gas Upper respiratory tract

irritation Increased effect on people with pre-existing respiratory disease

1.VOCs - Direct effects : Depends on compound 2.VOCs - Indirect effects Photochemical ozone formation Ozone depletion Climate change

Ozone Produced by photochemical

reactions Deep lung irritant

Ozone - Acute effects Reduced lung function Aggravates asthma Damages lining of respiratory

passages Ozone - Chronic effects Permanent reduction in lung

function?

WHO IS AT RISK? : SUSCEPTIBILITY

The most susceptible groups include Elderly, Children, People with pre-existing disease Different doses required to produce same effect

Variation in susceptibility between individuals

Inter-species variation

PARTICULATE MATTER : PM2.5 & PM10Measurements of PM10 and PM2.5, i.e. particles with

aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 or 2.5 microns respectively, serve as indicators of air quality.

Particulate matter in the air can penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the body systematically, affecting the cardiovascular and other major organ systems.

Chronic exposure to particulate matter leads to increased risks of pre-mature mortality from heart attack, stroke, respiratory infections, and lung cancer.

Reference : http://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/global/source_apport/en/

• “Higher levels of PM(10) and NO(2), which are typically markers of traffic related pollution, seem to be associated with transiently increased risk of myocardial infarction 1-6 hours after exposure,..”

• A total of 79 288 myocardial infarctions with time of event available were recorded in The Myocardial Ischaemia National Audit Project (MINAP) within the 15 conurbations during 2003–6

Reference: Bhaskaran K et al, BMJ.2011 Sep 20;343:d5531. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d5531

PARTICULATE MATTER & MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

SOME SERIOUS POLLUTION INCIDENT1. Mercury - The Minamata Incident : Minamata Bay, Japan,

1950s Chisso Corporation

2. Camelford Incident 1988, Camelford, Cornwall : Aluminium sulphate contamination of water supply

Short term effects Nausea Vomiting Mouth ulcers Skin rashes

Longer term effects Memory lossEffects on cerebal function

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)

Asthma

Emphysema

Reference : https://electrohomeoclinic.jimdo.com/about-asthama/

News about Air Pollution & Health effect

Global Health Observatory (GHO) data

Presence of unnatural ingredeints causing imbalance in the ecosystems and health hazards to human beings and animals is called pollution.

Pollution is mainly found in air, water, soil, food and sound.Pollution of air is the major cause human health problems

such as respiratory problems, lung / throat, cancer etc.As the pollution grows with the civilization and growing

population, the control of pollution is more challenging.

The National Environment Policy of 1997 acts as a framework for environmental decision making in Tanzania.

In 1998 Environment Improvement Trust (EIT) start working for environment & forest protection in India

CONCLUSION

REFERENCEBhaskaran K et al, BMJ.2011 Sep 20;343:d5531. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d5531World Health OrganisationWikipedia : Pollution , Environmental protectionHttp://paulmirocha.com/projects/water-pollution/

#.WMW8dYGGO00http://www.in.gov/idem/airquality/2640.htm http://waterliberty.com/news/2014/10/water-pollution-facts-for-

children-and-parentshttp://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/air-pollution/effects-of-air-

pollutants-on-human-health/19785

THANKSBE CAUTIOUS FROM TODAY

While the government has spent a lot of money on POLLUTION CONTROL

As responsible citizens, we have the responsibility to help reduce pollution.