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Parliament of India.

Politics in India (Hindi:भा�रती�य र�जनी�तिती) takes place within the framework of a constitution. India is a federal

parliamentary democratic republic in which the President of India is head of state and the Prime Minister of

India is the head of government. Nominally, executive power is exercised by the president and is

independent of the legislature. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of

the Parliament of India, theLok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. Federal and state elections generally take

place within a multi-party system, although this is not enshrined in law. The judiciary is independent of the

executive and the legislature, the highest national court being the Supreme Court of India. India is the

world's largest democracy in terms of citizenry.

India is as a nation has been labelled as a "sovereign socialist secular democratic republic" which is

"egalitarian secular ". Like the United States, India has had a federal form of government since it adopted its

constitution. However, the central government in India has greater power in relation to its states, and its

central government is patterned after the British parliamentary system. The central government has the

power to dismiss state governments under specific constitutional clauses or in case no majority party or

coalition is able to form a government. The central government can also impose direct federal rule known

as president's rule (or central rule). Locally, the Panchayati Rajsystem has several administrative functions

and authorities.

For most of the years since independence, the federal government has been led by the Indian National

Congress (INC).[1] The two largest political parties have been the INC and the Bharatiya Janata

Party (BJP). Although the two parties have dominated Indian politics, regional parties also exist. From 1950

to 1990, barring two brief periods, the INC enjoyed a parliamentary majority. The INC was out of power

between 1977 and 1980, when the Janata Party won the election due to public discontent with

the promulgation of emergency by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1975. In 1989, a Janata Dal-led National

Front coalition, in alliance with the Left Front coalition, won the elections but managed to stay in power for

only two years.[2]

As the 1991 elections gave no political party a majority, the INC formed a minority government under Prime

Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao and was able to complete its five-year term.[3] The years 1996–1998 were a

period of turmoil in the federal government with several short-lived alliances holding sway. The BJP formed

a government briefly in 1996, followed by the United Front coalition that excluded both the BJP and the

INC. In 1998, the BJP formed the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) with several other parties and

became the first non-Congress government to complete a full five-year term.[4] In the 2004 elections, the

INC won the largest number of Lok Sabha seats and formed a government with a coalition called

the United Progressive Alliance (UPA), supported by various parties.[5] In the 2009 Lok Sabha elections, the

INC won with a majority of more than 200 seats and formed the government by creating a coalition with

other parties which were willing to form alliance with it.

Indian democracy has been suspended once.[6] Nevertheless, Indian politics is often described[by whom?] as

chaotic. More than a fifth of parliament members face some criminal charges and around 40 of them are

accused with serious criminal charges.[6]

Contents

  [hide] 

1 Political parties and long elections

2 Local governance

3 Role of political parties

4 Political issues

o 4.1 Social issues

o 4.2 Economic issues

o 4.3 Law and order

5 See also

6 References

7 Further reading

8 External links

Political parties and long elections[edit]

For other political parties see List of political parties in India. An overview on elections and election results

is included in Elections in India.

Main article: Indian general election, 2009

e • d Summary of the 2009 April/May Lok Sabha election results of IndiaSources: [1] [2]  [3] [4] [5]

Alliances Party Seats won

ChangePopular

VoteVote % Swing

United Progressive AllianceSeats: 262Seat Change: +80Popular Vote: 153,482,356Popular Vote %: 37.22%Swing: +3.96%

Indian National Congress 206 +61 119,110,776 28.55% +2.02%

All India Trinamool Congress 19 +17 13,355,986 3.20% +1.13%

Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 18 +2 7,625,397 1.83% +0.02%

Nationalist Congress Party 9 — 8,521,349 2.04% +0.24%

National Conference 3 +1 498,374 0.55% +0.42%

Jharkhand Mukti Morcha 2 −3 1,665,173 0.40% -0.07%

Indian Union Muslim League 2 +1 877,503 0.21% +0.01%

Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi 1 +1 735,847 0.18% +0.18%

Kerala Congress (Mani) 1 +1 404,962 0.10% +0.05%

All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen

1 — 308,061 0.07% -0.04%

Republican Party of India (Athvale) — −1 378,928 0.09% —

National Democratic AllianceSeats: 159Seat Change: −17Popular Vote: 102,689,312Popular Vote %: 24.63%Swing: -4.88%

Bharatiya Janata Party 116 −22 78,435,538 18.80% -3.36%

Janata Dal (United) 20 +12 6,331,079 1.52% -0.83%

Shiv Sena 11 −1 6,454,850 1.55% -0.26%

Rashtriya Lok Dal 5 +2 1,821,054 0.44% -0.19%

Shiromani Akali Dal 4 −4 4,004,789 0.96% +0.06%

Telangana Rashtra Samithi 2 −3 2,582,326 0.62% -0.01%

Asom Gana Parishad 1 −1 1,773,103 0.43% -0.10%

Indian National Lok Dal — — 1,286,573 0.31% -0.19%

Third FrontSeats: 79

Communist Party of India (Marxist) 16 −27 22,219,111 5.33% -0.33%

Seat Change: −30Popular Vote: 88,174,229Popular Vote %: 21.15%Swing: -1.06%

Communist Party of India 4 −6 5,951,888 1.43% +0.02%

Revolutionary Socialist Party 2 -1 1,573,650 0.37% -0.06%

All India Forward Bloc 2 -1 1,345,803 0.32% -0.03%

Bahujan Samaj Party 21 +2 25,728,889 6.17% +0.84%

Biju Janata Dal 14 +3 6,612,552 1.59% +0.29%

All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

9 +9 6,953,591 1.67% -0.52%

Telugu Desam Party 6 +1 10,481,348 2.51% -0.53%

Janata Dal (Secular) 3 −1 3,434,082 0.82% -0.65%

Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

1 −3 1,112,908 0.27% -0.16%

Haryana Janhit Congress 1 +1 816,395 0.20% +0.20%

Pattali Makkal Katchi — −6 1,944,619 0.47% -0.09%

Fourth FrontSeats: 27Seat Change: -37Popular Vote: 21,456,117Popular Vote %: 5.14%Swing: -2.30%

Samajwadi Party 23 −13 14,284,638 3.42% -0.90%

Rashtriya Janata Dal 4 −20 5,279,059 1.27% -1.14%

Lok Janshakti Party — −4 1,892,420 0.45% -0.26%

Other Parties and Independents

Assam United Democratic Front 1 +1 2,184,556 0.52% +0.52%

Seats: 16Seat Change: +9Popular Vote: 27,146,939Popular Vote %: 6.51%Swing: +2.04%

Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)

1 +1 963,274 0.23% +0.23%

Nagaland People's Front 1 — 832,224 0.20% +0.02%

Bodoland People's Front 1 +1 656,430 0.16% +0.16%

Swabhimani Paksha 1 +1 481,025 0.12% +0.12%

Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi 1 +1 223,234 0.05% +0.05%

Sikkim Democratic Front 1 — 159,351 0.04% —

Independents 9 +4 21,646,845 5.19% +0.94%

Total 364 Political Parties 543 — 417,156,494 —

Notes

* Gave unconditional external support to the UPA-led government after the election

Note: Seat change for an alliance and popular vote swing is calculated

as the sum of the individual seat changes and vote % respectively for

its constituent parties as given here.

Note: Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) joined the NDA after voting

took place in Andhra Pradesh, but before the votes were counted and

results were in. Due to this change, some list TRS under their former

alliance, the Third Front, rather than NDA, under pre-poll alliances.

Local governance[edit]

Main article: Panchayati Raj

On April 24, 1993, the Constitutional (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992 came into force to provide constitutional

status to the Panchayati Raj institutions. This Act was extended to Panchayats in the tribal areas of eight

States, namely Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa

and Rajasthan from 24 December 1996.

The Act aims to provide 3-tier system of Panchayati Raj for all States having population of over 2 million, to

hold Panchayat elections regularly every 5 years, to provide reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes,

Scheduled Tribes and Women, to appoint State Finance Commission to make recommendations as

regards the financial powers of the Panchayats and to constitute District Planning Committee to prepare

draft development plan for the district.

Role of political parties[edit]

Part of the Politics series

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For other political parties see List of political parties in India. An overview on elections and election results

is included in Elections in India.

As with any other democracy, political parties represent different sections among the Indian society and

regions, and their core values play a major role in the politics of India. Both the executive branch and the

legislative branch of the government are run by the representatives of the political parties who have been

elected through the elections. Through the electoral process, the people of India choose which

representative and which political party should run the government. Through the elections any party may

gain simple majority in the lower house. Coalitions are formed by the political parties, in case no single

party gains a simple majority in the lower house. Unless a party or a coalition have a majority in the lower

house, a government cannot be formed by that party or the coalition.

Indian state governments led by various political parties as of March 2009.

India has a multi-party system, where there are a number of national as well as regional parties. A regional

party may gain a majority and rule a particular state. If a party is represented in more than 4 states, it would

be labelled a national party. Out of the 66 years of India's independence, India has been ruled by the Indian

National Congress (INC) for 53 of those years.

The party enjoyed a parliamentary majority save for two brief periods during the 1970s and late 1980s. This

rule was interrupted between 1977 to 1980, when the Janata Party coalition won the election owing to

public discontent with the controversial state of emergency declared by the then Prime Minister Indira

Gandhi. The Janata Dal won elections in 1989, but its government managed to hold on to power for only

two years.

Between 1996 and 1998, there was a period of political flux with the government being formed first by the

nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) followed by a left-leaning United Front coalition. In 1998, the BJP

formed the National Democratic Alliance with smaller regional parties, and became the first non-INC and

coalition government to complete a full five-year term. The 2004 Indian elections saw the INC winning the

largest number of seats to form a government leading the United Progressive Alliance, and supported by

left-parties and those opposed to the BJP.

On 22 May 2004, Manmohan Singh was appointed the Prime Minister of India following the victory of

the INC & the left front in the 2004 Lok Sabha election. The UPA now rules India without the support of the

left front. Previously, Atal Bihari Vajpayee had taken office in October 1999 after a general election in which

a BJP-led coalition of 13 parties called the National Democratic Alliance emerged with a majority.

Formation of coalition governments reflects the transition in Indian politics away from the national parties

toward smaller, more narrowly based regional parties. Some regional parties, especially in South India, are

deeply aligned to the ideologies of the region unlike the national parties and thus the relationship between

the central government and the state government in various states has not always been free of rancor.

Disparity between the ideologies of the political parties ruling the centre and the state leads to severely

skewed allocation of resources between the states.

Political issues[edit]

Main article: Socio-economic issues in India

See also: Corruption in India

Social issues[edit]

The lack of homogeneity in the Indian population causes division between different sections of the people

based on religion, region, language, caste andrace. This has led to the rise of political parties with agendas

catering to one or a mix of these groups.

Some parties openly profess their focus on a particular group; for example, the Dravida Munnetra

Kazhagam's and the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam's focus on the Dravidianpopulation, and

the Shiv Sena's pro-Marathi agenda. Some other parties claim to be universal in nature, but tend to draw

support from particular sections of the population. For example, theRashtriya Janata Dal (translated as

National People's Party) has a vote bank among the Yadav and Muslim population of Bihar and the All

India Trinamool Congress does not have any significant support outside West Bengal.

The Bharatiya Janata Party, the party with the second largest number of MPs in the 15th Lok Sabha, has

a Hindu nationalist reputation. Such support from particular sections of the population affects the agenda

and policies of such parties, and call into question their claims of being universal representatives.

The Congress may be viewed as the most secular party with a national agenda. Many political parties are

involved in caste-, religion- or language-based politics.

The narrow focus and votebank politics of most parties, even in the central government and central

legislature, sidelines national issues such as economic welfare and national security. Moreover, internal

security is also threatened as incidences of political parties instigating and leading violence between two

opposing groups of people is a frequent occurrence.

Economic issues[edit]

Economic issues like poverty, unemployment, development are main issues that influence politics. Garibi

hatao (eradicate poverty) has been a slogan of the Indian National Congress for a long time. The well

known Bharatiya Janata Party encourages a free market economy. The Communist Party of India

(Marxist) vehemently supports left-wing politics like land-for-all, right to work and strongly opposes neo-

liberal policies such as globalization, capitalism and privatization.

Law and order[edit]

Terrorism, Naxalism, religious violence and caste-related violence are important issues that affect the

political environment of the Indian nation. Stringent anti-terror legislation such as TADA,POTA and MCOCA

have received much political attention, both in favour and opposed.

Law and order issues, such as action against organised crime are issues which do not affect the outcomes

of elections. On the other hand, there is a criminal–politician nexus. Many elected legislators have criminal

cases against them. In July 2008, the Washington Times[unreliable source?] reported that nearly a fourth of the

540 Indian Parliament members faced criminal charges, "including human trafficking, immigration

rackets, embezzlement, rape and even murder".[7]

See also[edit]

Government of India

Law of India

Indian political scandals

References[edit]

1. Jump up^ "Country Profile: India" (PDF). Library of

Congress - Federal Research Division. December 2004. Retrieved

2007-06-24. Unknown parameter |text_color= ignored

(help);Unknown parameter |background_color= ignored (help);

2. Jump up^ Bhambhri, Chandra Prakash (1992). Politics in India 1991–

92. Shipra Publications. pp. 118, 143. ISBN 978-81-85402-17-8.

3. Jump up^ "Narasimha Rao passes away". Chennai, India: The Hindu.

24 December 2004. Retrieved 2008-11-02.

4. Jump up^ Patrick Dunleavy, Rekha Diwakar, Christopher

Dunleavy. "The effective space of party competition" (PDF). London

School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved 2007-10-01.

5. Jump up^ Hermann, Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of

India. Routledge. p. 384.ISBN 978-0-415-32919-4.

6. ^ Jump up to:a b A special report on India: The democracy tax is rising:

Indian politics is becoming ever more labyrinthine 11 December

2008 The Economist

7. Jump up^ Wax, Emily (24 July 2008). "With Indian Politics, the Bad

Gets Worse". The Washington Post. Retrieved 22 May 2010.

Further reading[edit]

Chowdhuri, Satyabrata Rai . Leftism in India, 1917-1947. Palgrave, U.K.,

2007.

Shively, W. Phillips. Power and Choice: An Introduction to Political Science

—Chapter 14 Example: Parliamentary Government in India. McGraw Hill

Higher Education, 2008. ISBN 978-0-07-340391-5

Mitra, Subrata K. and Singh, V.B.. Democracy and Social Change in India:

A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the National Electorate. New Delhi: Sage

Publications, 1999. ISBN 81-7036-809-X (India HB) ISBN 0-7619-9344-

4 (U.S. HB).

Tawa Lama-Rewal, Stéphanie. "Studying Elections in India: Scientific and

Political Debates". South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal, 3, 2009.

External links[edit]

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Outline of the Indian Government

Official party websites:

Official Indian National Congress Web Site

Official Bharatiya Janata Party Web Site

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