SEMINAR ON INTERNATIONAL POLITICS

AND GOVERNANCEPRESENTED BY: JOVE G. REVOCAL

SOCIETIES, NATIONS AND STATES

BACKGROUND

PEOPLE AND SOCIETY

FRANCEPopulation: 66, 259,012

Population growth rate : 0.45 %

Urbanization : urban Population : 85.80%

rate of urbanization : 1.80%

Literacy: 99%Male : 99.00%Female : 99.00%

RUSSIAPopulation: 142,470,272

Population growth rate : -0.03%

Urbanization : urban Population : 73.80%

rate of urbanization : 0.13%

Literacy: 99.70%Male : 99.70%Female : 99.60%

INDIAPopulation: 1, 236,344,631

Population growth rate : 1.25%

Urbanization : urban Population : 31.30%

rate of urbanization : 2.47%

Literacy: 62.80%Male : 75.20%Female : 50.80%

PHILLIPINESPopulation: 107, 668, 231 (July 2014 est.) 13th

Population growth rate : 1.81 % (67th)

Urbanization : urban Population : 48.80 %

rate of urbanization : 2.16 %

Literacy: 95.40%Male : 95.00%Female : 95.40%

GEOGRAPHY & TERRITORY

FRANCEMetropolitan France, Territories: French Guiana, Guadaloupe, Martinuque, MayotteArea:

Total : 643,801 sq. km

Land : 640,427 sq. km

Water : 3,374 sq.km

RUSSIANorth Asia bordering the Arctic Ocean, extending from Europe to the North Pacific OceanArea:

Total : 17, 098,242 sq. km

Land : 16,377,742 sq. km

Water : 720, 500 sq.km

INDIASouthern Asia bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal between Burma and PakistanArea:

Total : 3,287,263 sq. km

Land : 2,973,193 sq. km

Water : 314,070 sq.km

PHILLIPINESSoutheastern Asia, archipelago between the Philippine Sea and the South China SeaArea:

Total : 300, 000 sq. km

Land : 298,170 sq. km

Water : 1,830 sq.km

ECONOMIC, CULTURAL AND IDENTITY STRUCTURES

ECONOMIC CLASS

FRANCESocial groups – Capitalists, workers, and peasants

Despite occupational and political differences and recent increases in wealth concentrations related to globalization, wealth disparities in today’s France are among the lowest in the world. Since the end of World War II, many elites have come to value prestige and status over financial gains

RUSSIAIn 1970’s & early 1980s, there was an upper class: the Communist Party Elite. In 1990s, oligarchic capitalism happened, individuals came to dominate segments of the economy and shape political development. In early 2000s, small middle class emerged, primarily concentrated in larger cities and composed of younger citizens.

INDIAIndia’s class structure shifted from planned toward liberal economies. Inequality has increased since liberalization. At the very top is a small group of business people, key politicians and bureaucrats. Significant growth of the Indian economy has produced an enlarge middle class, estimated at over 300 million. Much of the population falls into the lower classes. Poorest in India are living below the poverty line (about 22 cents per day)

PHILIPPINESGrowing middle class and many living below the poverty line

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

FRANCEEconomically developed country

(developed/industrialized country)

French capitalism uses the power of the state to promote certain sectors, protect vulnerable business and cushion others from economic failure

GDP: $2.275 trillion (10th)

RUSSIAEconomically developed country

(Rich country)

Economic success is due to the high global price of oil.

GDP: $2.553 trillion (7th)

INDIALess Developed country (Developing country)

It is believed that an “economic take off” is well underway in India.

GDP : $4.99 trillion (4th)

PHILLIPINESLess Developed country (Developing country)

GDP: 454.9 billion (32nd)

POLITICAL CULTURE

FRANCEFrench political culture was long divided by the competing legacies of the revolution. Supporters of the Republican approach emphasizes social relationships, religion and country’s history. The fifth Republic attempts to consolidate the social advances while appropriating the symbols of authority, status and order.

RUSSIAPolitical culture has the tendency to connect system legitimacy to economic and military performance. The Russian people have a long tradition of emphasizing “ the collective over the individual”

INDIAAccepts the underlying hierarchical system that places great value in power & status. Appreciates the utility of personal connections more than institutional rules. Accepts notion of “unity in diversity”.

PHILLIPINESTraditional political system

Political Dynasty

POLITICAL IDEOLOGY

FRANCEEmphasizes modernization, solidarity, and the social mission of the state through the provision of pensions, health care, housing and unemployment benefits

RUSSIABoth the Marxist ideology and the ideological free-for-all have given way to Vladimir Putin’s more pragmatic vision of doing whatever is necessary to create an internationally respected and economically prosperous Russia.

INDIAThe ideologies that have arisen in the Indian polity have often seemed incongruent with aspects of its fragmented political culture. Disputes between major political parties do not center on grand economic ideologies. Some pursue state-led development and some parties view on the role of the state in the economy but with a communal orientation embodied in an ideology.

PHILLIPINESTuwid na Daan

IDENTITY STRUCTURE : NATIONAL IDENTITY

FRANCEThe French Republic is based on the concept of universalism, which recognizes each person as an equal individual interacting with the state free from the intervention of other social structure. Differences – whether they are believed to be biological, cultural or religious – have no political significance. As a result identity-based movement raise the question of LOYALTY.

RUSSIACLASS DIVISION – there is a visible rich class. Class division have become increasingly important since the collapse of Communist system.

RELIGION – Orthodox Christianity, Muslim

Ethnic National identity (Ethnic Russians) forms 80 percent of Russia’s population

INDIAThe national identity was built in a notion of “ unity in diversity”. India’s caste, religious, ethnic and regional “memberships have help shape the country’s politics.

PHILLIPINESReligion – Catholisism

Diversed ethnic groups

POLITICAL STRUCTURES

POLITICAL STRUCTURE: SYSTEM, REGIME AND GOVERNMENT

FRANCERegime Type: The Fifth Republic combines aspects of majoritarian and concensus democratic systems (Liberal Democracy). Significant power is in the President’s hand

RUSSIARussia had a brief experience with democracy in the 1990s, but moved steadily towards authoritarianism under the former president and current prime minister, Vladimir Putin.

INDIARegime Type : Parliamentary Democracy.

India’s political system is regularly labeled “the world’s largest democracy”. Indian political system place great power in the hands of the prime minister.

PHILLIPINESRegime Type : Republic

CONSTITUTION

FRANCEThe current French constitution was the vision of General de Gaulle and provides for a strong president. De Gaulle’s Constitution was approved in October 1958.

RUSSIAIn 2003, Rusian voters approved a new constitution and selected members of a new lower house of parliament, the Duma. The new constitution eliminated the position of vice president but included a dual executive system with a prime minister as well as a powerful president.

INDIAA constituent assembly adopted the Indian constitution in 1950. Two features of the Indian constitution are worthy of notes. First, it provides for the centralization of power. Second, the detailed nature of the constitution has meant that legislators have had to amend it frequently to accomplish their goal.

PHILLIPINESLatest ratified February 2, 1987

LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT

FRANCEFrance is a traditional unitary system, where the government has shown little desire to increase the power of local governments. Within the unitary framework, France is diveded into 26 regions. These regions are broken into 100 departments. Within the department are 342 districts and a total more than 36, 000 localities.

RUSSIARussia remains a federal system, though one in which the central government continues to consolidate power at the expense of the regional government. It has 83 regions with various standing

INDIAIndia is a federal system in which the central government yields significant power. It has 28 federal units below the level of the federal government, each with its own legislature.. It has three levels of governemnt: (1) two houses of parliament-house of the people and council of the state; (2) Federal territorial unit (the principal legislative bidy); (3) the forms and power of the local government

PHILLIPINESAdministrative Division : 80 provinces, 39 chartered cities. There is devolution of power from the central government to local government units.

Executive: PARLIAMENTARY, PRESIDENTIAL, SEMIPRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM

FRANCESemi-presidential political system

It has a prime minister and a president with substantial political powers

RUSSIASemi-presidential political system

It has a prime minister and a president with substantial political powers

INDIAParliamentary

It has a prime minister and a separate head of state (president) with little real power over day-day politics

PHILLIPINESPresidential political system

LEGISLATURES AND EXECUTIVES

FRANCEThe French Parliament is weaker than most national legislature. Divided between the directly elected National assembly and a Senate selected by an electoral college, parliament is charge with approval of the budget and the passage of laws that can be initiated in either house or by the government.

RUSSIABicameral –

(1)Lower House: Duma

(2)Upper House: Federation Council

INDIABicameral –

(1)Lower House: Lok Sabha

(2)Upper House: Rajya Sabha

PHILLIPINESBicameral –

(1)Lower House: House of Representatives

(2)Upper House: Senate

JUDICIARIES

FRANCEThe judiciary is not fused with other branches, but it clearly is the weaker and more subordinate branch. French courts were designed this way in the Fifth Republic to avoid judicial meddling and ensure the people’s sovereignty through their elected representatives.

RUSSIAThe judicial branch has little autonomy from the legislative branch, and even more, the executive branch. The judiciary has been hindered by a desperate shortage of judges and lawyers.

INDIAUsing its power of judicial review, it has been a check on Indian legislators. India’s judiciary is structured hierarchically: Supreme court, high court, civil & criminal court.

PHILLIPINESHighest Court: Supreme court, justices are appointed by the president on the reccomendation of the judicial & bar council

Subordinate court: court of appeals, Sandiganbayan

BUREAUCRACIES

FRANCEFrance has the largest and arguably most powerful civil service in Europe. The growth of French bureaucracy continued even after most other European countries began to reduce the number of its public employees.

RUSSIAThe number of bureaucrats swelled rather than contracted during Putin’s tenure in office, as he used positions in the bureaucracy to reward those who displayed political loyalty.

INDIAThe bureaucracy has sustained governance when political instability has arisen and contributed to popular frustration with government by its slowness to act and its susceptibility to the influences of power and money.

PHILLIPINESPadrino system,

ELITES, MASSES, AND POLITICAL DECISION

MAKING

POLITICAL PARTICIPATION

FRANCELarge scale demonstrations organized by farmers and students. France is no stranger to unconventional participation. Survey results indicate that the French public thinks about and discusses politics more than many other general populations. The French vote at a rate relatively high.

RUSSIAScholars studying mass political participation in Russia believed that the country had the potential to develop a pattern of participation “familiar in the established democracies but alien under the old Soviet system”. But surveys in the late 2990s indicated that participation in conventional political activities was lower in Russia than in any of the other 12 post-communist countries examined.

INDIABoth unconventional and violent and the conventional and nonviolent approaches to mass political participation are found in India.

PHILLIPINESConventional Approaches to voice out ideas, opposition to some political undertakings

POLITICAL PARTIES AND ELECTORAL SYSTEM

FRANCEFrance has had three periods during the fifth Republic that a single party controlled majority of the seats in the National assembly.

RUSSIABy the middle of 2007, United Russia was poised to become the central party of Russia’s emerging one-party dominant system. There are 78 political parties registered with Russia’s Ministry of Justice

INDIAIndia has 6 national party

PHILLIPINESLaban ng demokratikong Pilipino, Lakas-CMD, Liberal Party, Nacionalista Party, PDP Laban, etc.

END OF PRESENTATION

THANK YOU