Political violence

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POLITICAL VIOLENCE Team Dinesh kumar Sneha Ghosh Mohit Vaishnav Nikita Bansal Dantu Neeraj

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Transcript of Political violence

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POLITICAL VIOLENCE

TeamDinesh kumarSneha GhoshMohit VaishnavNikita BansalDantu Neeraj

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Political violence 

A common means used by People and

Governments around the world to achieve Political Goals.

“organized violent activity for political goals.”-UN High Commissioner for Refugees

(UNHCR)

POLITICAL VIOLENCEDEFINITION

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Claim :

“The right to use force “– in the name of:

Survival, self-defence

Order

Justice

Freedom

Possession of resources (land, water, people, etc.)?

Access to markets?

POLITICAL VIOLENCEDEFINITION

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Many groups and individuals believe that their political systems will never

respond to their political demands.

As a result, they believe that violence is not only justified but also

necessary in order to achieve their political objectives.

Many governments around the world believe they need to use violence in

order to intimidate their populace into acquiescence.

POLITICAL VIOLENCEIntroducing…

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Governments use force in order

to defend their country from outside invasion or other threats of force,

and

to coerce other governments or conquer territory.

Non-action on the part of the government can also be characterized as a

form of political violence.

POLITICAL VIOLENCEIntroducing…

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WAR Guerilla War

Human Rights ViolationWar Crimes

(International)Terrorism

State

Non-state

Civ

ilia

ns

Sta

te

POLITICAL VIOLENCEPictorial View

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Genocide is commonly defined as the deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of an ethnic, racial, religious, or national group"

The Holocaust is the historical example of genocide. It was the mass murder of approximately 6 million Jews during World War II by the Germans.

POLITICAL VIOLENCEIts Form: Genocide

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Human Rights Violation

Occur when actions by state (or non-state) actors abuse, ignore, or deny basic human rights (including civil, political, cultural, social, and economic rights).

Occur when any state or non-state actor breaches any part of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

POLITICAL VIOLENCEPOLITICAL VIOLENCEIts Form: Human Right Violation

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POLITICAL VIOLENCEIts Form: War

War is a state of organized, armed, and often prolonged conflict carried on between states, nations, or other parties typified by extreme aggression, social disruption, and usually high mortality.

War is an intentional and widespread armed conflict between political communities, and therefore is defined as a form of political violence

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POLITICAL VIOLENCEIts Form: War

World War II (1939-45)

Death toll of, estimated at 60 million plus, by far the deadliest.

Marked by the use of nuclear weapons in warfare.

It is estimated that 378,000 people died due to war each year between 1985 and 1994.

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POLITICAL VIOLENCEIts Form: Torture

Torture is the act of inflicting severe pain (whether physical or psychological) as a means of punishment, revenge, forcing information or confession, or simply as an act of cruelty.

Torture cases continue to arise such as the 2004 Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse committed by military police personnel of the United States Army. The acts of sodomy and homicide were committed in the prisons.

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POLITICAL VIOLENCEIts Form: Torture

Lynndie England holding a leash attached to a prisoner

Prisoner at the U.S.’ Abu Ghraib concentration camp is being subjected to

sleep deprivation torture

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POLITICAL VIOLENCEIts Form: Police Brutality

Police Brutality is a civil rights violation that occurs when a police officer acts with excessive force by using an amount of force with regards to a civilian that is more than necessary.

Police brutality and the use of excessive force are present throughout the world and in the United States alone, 4,861 incidences of police misconduct were reported during 2010

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POLITICAL VIOLENCEIts Form : Brutality by Armed Forces

Armed Forces are frequently accused of civilian casualties ( civilian or non-combatant persons killed, injured, or imprisoned)

Persistent complaints about raiding, checking, molestation and harassment of civilians by the army personnel.

“More than 500 members of India's armed forces are accused of human rights abuses”

-BBC News India (6 December 2012)

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POLITICAL VIOLENCEIn Nutshell

Political violence has significant short and long term effects on the society in terms of

physical and psychological trauma, financial losses, migration of families, and further division of society into identifiable communities which may prolong the conflict.

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Case Study 1: Gujarat Violence

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Took place on 27 February 2002 Series of incidents starting with the Godhra train

burning and the subsequent communal violence between Hindus and Muslims

Sabarmati Express train was attacked at Godhra by a Muslim mob

790 Muslims and 254 Hindus were ultimately killed and 223 more people were reported missing. 536 places of worship were damaged: 273 dargahs, 241 mosques, 19 temples, and 3 churches.

Gujarat Violence

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58 Hindus including 25 women and 15 children, Hindu pilgrims (Kar Sevaks) returning by the Sabarmathi express train from Ayodhya were burnt alive in a railway coach by a large Muslim mob.

The forensic report has contradicted the police version of Godhra incident.

"The inspection of the tracks and burn patterns on the exterior of the coach confirm that the

inflammable liquid did not come from outside,"

Godhra train burning

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The report was compiled by a government forensic laboratory and was prepared by forensic experts who re-enacted the attack

In their re-enaction using water, the experts found that only 10 to 15 per cent of the liquid thrown from outside a coach went inside while the rest spilled onto the tracks

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“How did the Modi government handle the riots?”

Fairly and effectively - 61%

In a parpartisan manner - 21%

Incompetently - 15%

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“WHAT CAUSED THE MARCH RIOTS?” Godhra incident- 64 % Muslim extremists- 18 % State sponsored riots – 7 % Miscreants on both sides -7 % Hindu extremist groups – 3 %

Godhra incident-

64 %

Muslim ex-tremists- 18 %

State spon-sored riots – 7

%

Miscreants on both sides -7

%

Hindu extremist groups – 3 %

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CASE STUDY 2: ARAB UPRISING

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ARAB UPRISING

The Arab Spring is a revolutionary wave of demonstrations, protests, and civil wars occurring in the Arab world that began on 18 December 2010.

Many Arab Spring demonstrations have been met with violent responses from authorities, as well as from pro-government militias and counter-demonstrators. These attacks have been answered with violence from protestors in some cases. A major slogan of the demonstrators in the Arab world has been Ash-shab yurid isqat an-nizam ("the people want to bring down the regime").

Death(s): 88,408 – 93,421+ (International estimate, ongoing;

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CAUSES

Authoritarianism Political corruption Human rights violations Inflation Kleptocracy Sectarianism Unemployment Self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi

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STATUS: ONGOING

Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Aliousted, and government overthrown. Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak ousted, and government overthrown. Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi killed after a civil war with foreign military

intervention, and government overthrown. Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh ousted, and hands power to a national

unity government. Syria experiences a full-scale civil war between the government and opposition

forces. Civil uprising against the government of Bahrain, despite government changes. Kuwait, Lebanon and Oman implementing government changes in response to

protests. Morocco, Jordan implementing constitutional reforms in response to protests. Ongoing protests in Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Mauritania and some other countries

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QUESTIONS

Is political violence ethically correct?

Bhagat singh, Rebels in syria?Holocaust, Gujarat riots?“Enhanced” Interrogation? Where do you draw the line?Should we look at alternatives?Can we answer these questions?

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WHERE DO WE DRAW THE LINE

Genocide War crimes Communal violence Torture Punishment Nationalist movements

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NORMATIVE THEORIES OF ETHICS

The Scenario Virtue Ethics (Aristotelianism)“one's actions are a mere reflection of one's

inner morality”“Focus is on being rather than doing” Fighting wars for good?? What about collateral damage?

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CONTD..

Deontological ethics“morality of an action based on the action's

adherence to a rule or rules” Specifically lets talk about kantian ethics“Nothing is intrinsically good without

qualification except Goodwill”Categorical Imperative-“Actions should become

universal laws” “Treat humanity not simply as a means but

as an end in itself”

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CONTD..

Act and rule Utilitarianism“Act utilitarianism maintains that an action is

right if it maximises utility; rule utilitarianism maintains that an action is right if it conforms to a rule that maximises utility”.

Opposite outcomes

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ALTERNATIVES

Peace and Non-violence Gandhian way? Egypt, Syria… Successful but time-consuming. Ultimate question is the means important or

the end result? Other practices :1. Pray for miracles…may be Jesus will help

you2. Witchcraft can help too…

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THANK YOU….QUESTIONS