Political Review
219
[G.R. No. 153888. July 9, 2003] ISLAMIC DAWAH COUNCIL OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC., herein represented by PROF. ABDULRAFIH H. SAYEDY, petitioner, vs. OFFICE OF THE EXECUTIVE SECRETARY of the Office of the President of the Philippines, herein represented by HON. ALBERTO G. ROMULO, Executive Secretary, and the OFFICE ON MUSLIM AFFAIRS, herein represented by its Executive Director, HABIB MUJAHAB HASHIM, respondents. D E C I S I O N CORONA, J.: Before us is a petition for prohibition filed by petitioner Islamic Dawah Council of the Philippines, Inc. (IDCP) praying for the declaration of nullity of Executive Order (EO) 46, s. 2001 and the prohibition of herein respondents Office of the Executive Secretary and Office of Muslim Affairs (OMA) from implementing the subject EO. Petitioner IDCP, a corporation that operates under Department of Social Welfare and Development License No. SB-01-085, is a non-governmental organization that extends voluntary services to the Filipino people, especially to Muslim communities. It claims to be a federation of national Islamic organizations and an active member of international organizations such as the Regional Islamic Dawah Council of Southeast Asia and the Pacific (RISEAP)[1] and The World Assembly of Muslim Youth. The RISEAP accredited petitioner to issue halal[2] certifications in the Philippines. Thus, among the functions petitioner carries out is to conduct seminars, orient manufacturers on halal food and issue halal certifications to qualified products and manufacturers. Petitioner alleges that, on account of the actual need to certify food products as halal and also due to halal food producers request, petitioner formulated in 1995 internal rules and procedures based on the Quran[3] and the Sunnah[4] for the analysis of food, inspection thereof and issuance of halal certifications. In that same year, petitioner began to issue, for a fee, certifications to qualified products and food manufacturers. Petitioner even adopted for use on its halal certificates a distinct sign or logo registered in the Philippine Patent Office under Patent No. 4-2000-03664. On October 26, 2001, respondent Office of the Executive Secretary issued EO 46[5] creating the Philippine Halal Certification Scheme and designating respondent OMA to oversee its implementation. Under the EO, respondent OMA has the exclusive authority to issue halal certificates and perform other related regulatory activities. On May 8, 2002, a news article entitled OMA Warns NGOs Issuing Illegal Halal Certification was published in the Manila Bulletin, a newspaper of general circulation. In said article, OMA warned Muslim consumers to buy only products with its official halal certification since those without said certification had not been subjected to careful analysis and therefore could contain pork or its derivatives. Respondent OMA also sent letters to food manufacturers asking them to secure the halal certification only from OMA lest they violate EO 46 and RA 4109.[6] As a result, petitioner lost revenues after food manufacturers stopped securing certifications from it. Hence, this petition for prohibition. Petitioner contends that the subject EO violates the constitutional provision on the separation of Church and State.[7] It is unconstitutional for the government to formulate policies and guidelines on the halal certification scheme because said scheme is a function only religious organizations, entity or scholars can lawfully and validly perform for the Muslims. According to petitioner, a food product becomes halal only after the performance of Islamic religious ritual and prayer. Thus, only practicing Muslims are qualified to slaughter animals for food. A government agency like herein respondent OMA cannot therefore perform a religious function like
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[G.R. No. 153888. July 9, 2003]ISLAMIC DAWAH COUNCIL OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC., herein represented by PROF. ADULRAFIHH. SA!ED!, petiti"ner, #s. OFFICE OF THE E$ECUTI%E SECRETAR! "& the O'(e "& the President"& the Phi)ippines, herein represented by HON. ALERTO *. ROMULO, E+e(,ti#e Se(ret-ry, -ndthe OFFICE ON MUSLIM AFFAIRS, herein represented by its E+e(,ti#e Dire(t"r, HAI MU.AHAHASHIM, resp"ndents.D E C I S I O NCORONA, J.:Befoe u! "! # $e%"%"o& fo $o'"("%"o& )le* (y $e%"%"o&e I!l#+", D#-#' Cou&,"l of %'e .'"l"$$"&e!, I&,. /IDC.0$#y"&1fo%'e*e,l##%"o&of &ull"%yofE2e,u%"3eO*e/EO045, !. 2001#&*%'e$o'"("%"o&of'ee"&e!$o&*e&%! O6,e of %'e E2e,u%"3e Se,e%#y #&* O6,e of 7u!l"+ A8#"! /O7A0 fo+ "+$le+e&%"&1 %'e!u(9e,% EO..e%"%"o&e IDC., # ,o$o#%"o& %'#% o$e#%e! u&*e De$#%+e&% of So,"#l :elf#e #&* De3elo$+e&% ;",e&!eNo. SB"l"$"&o! ,#& (e e8e,%"3ely $o%e,%e* (y #!!"1&"&1 %o O7A %'e e2,lu!"3e $o-e %o "!!ue'#l#l ,e%"),#%"o&!. ?'e $o%e,%"o& #&* $o+o%"o& of %'e 7u!l"+ >"l"$"&o! "1'% %o 'e#l%' #e #le#*y $o3"*e*fo "& e2"!%"&1 l#-! #&* +"&"!%ee* %o (y 1o3e&+e&% #1e&,"e! ,'#1e* -"%' e&!u"&1 %'#% foo* $o*u,%!ele#!e* "& %'e +#Ee% #e )% fo 'u+#& ,o&!u+$%"o&, $o$ely l#(ele* #&* !#fe. D&l"Ee EO 45, %'e!e l#-!*o &o% e&,o#,' o& %'e el"1"ou! fee*o+ of 7u!l"+!.Se,%"o& 48/40 of %'e A*+"&"!%#%"3e Co*e of 198F 1"3e! %o %'e N#%"ol 7e#% I&!$e,%"o& Co++"!!"o& /N7IC0of %'eDe$#%+e&% of A1",ul%ue/DOA0%'e$o-e%o"&!$e,% !l#u1'%ee*#&"+#l!"&%e&*e*fo'u+#&,o&!u+$%"o& %o e&!ue %'e !#fe%y of %'e +e#% ele#!e* "& %'e +#Ee%. A&o%'e l#-, RA F394, o%'e-"!eE&o-& #! ?'e Co&!u+e A,% of 1992, 1"3e! %o ,e%#"& 1o3e&+e&% *e$#%+e&%! %'e *u%y %o $o%e,% %'e"&%ee!%! of %'e ,o&!u+e, $o+o%e '"! 1e&e#l -elf#e #&* %o e!%#(l"!' !%#&*#*! of ,o&*u,% fo (u!"&e!!#&* "&*u!%y.[12] ?o %'"! e&*, # foo* $o*u,%, (efoe "%! *"!%"(u%"o& %o %'e +#Ee%, "! eAu"e* %o !e,ue %'e.'"l"$$"&e S%#&*#* Ce%"),#%"o& 7#E #f%e %'e ,o&,e&e* *e$#%+e&% "&!$e,%! #&* ,e%")e! "%! ,o+$l"#&,e-"%' Au#l"%y #&* !#fe%y !%#&*#*!.[13]O&e!u,'1o3e&+e&% #1e&,y*e!"1%e*(yRAF394"!%'eBue#uof >oo*#&*Du1!/B>D0 of %'eDe$#%+e&% of Ce#l%' /DOC0. D&*e A%",le 22 of !#"* l#-, B>D '#! %'e *u%y %o $o+ul1#%e #&* e&fo,eule! #&* e1ul#%"o&! )2"&1 #&* e!%#(l"!'"&1 # e#!o(le *e)&"%"o& #&* !%#&*#* of "*e&%"%y, # !%#&*#* ofAu#l"%y #&* # !%#&*#* of )ll of ,o&%#"&e! fo foo*. ?'e B>D #l!o e&!ue! %'#% foo* $o*u,%! ele#!e* "& %'e+#Ee% #e &o% #*ul%e#%e*.[14]>u%'e+oe, u&*e A%",le 48 of RA F394, %'e De$#%+e&% of ?#*e #&* I&*u!%y /D?I0 "! %#!Ee* %o $o%e,%%'e ,o&!u+e #1#"&!% *e,e$%"3e, u&f#" #&* u&,o&!,"o(le !#le! #,%! o $#,%",e! #! *e)&e* "& A%",le 50.[15] D?I #l!o e&fo,e! ,o+$ul!oy l#(el"&1 #&* f#" $#,E#1"&1 %o e(le %'e ,o&!u+e %o o(%#"& #,,u#%e"&fo+#%"o& #! %o %'e %ue, Au#l"%y #&* Au#&%"%y of %'e ,o&%e&%! of ,o&!u+e $o*u,%! #&* %o f#,"l"%#%e '"!,o+$#"!o& of %'e 3#lue of !u,' $o*u,%!.[15]:"%' %'e!e e1ul#%oy (o*"e! 1"3e& *e%#"le* fu&,%"o&! o& 'o- %o !,ee& #&* ,'e,E %'e Au#l"%y #&* !#fe%y offoo* $o*u,%!, %'e $e,e"3e* *#&1e #1#"&!% %'e 'e#l%' of 7u!l"+ #&* &o&ul1e&,"o S. >#,%o#&, J., %'e& Se,e%#y of %'e De$#%+e&% of E&3"o&+e&% #&* N#%u#l Re!ou,e! /DENR0.C"!!u(!%"%u%"o& "& %'"!$e%"%"o&(y %'e &e- Se,e%#y,%'eCo&o#(le A&1el C.Al,#l#,-#!!u(!eAue&%lyo*ee* u$o& $o$e +o%"o& (y %'e $e%"%"o&e!. 1 ?'e ,o+$l#"&% 2 -#! 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"! # $ol"%",#l Aue!%"o& -'",' $o$ely $e%#"&! %o %'e le1"!l#%"3e o e2e,u%"3e (#&,'e!of Go3e&+e&%. I&%'e" 12July1990O$$o!"%"o&%o%'e7o%"o&, %'e$e%"%"o&e!+#"&%#"&%'#% /10 %'e,o+$l#"&% !'o-! # ,le# #&* u&+"!%#E#(le ,#u!e of #,%"o&, /20 %'e +o%"o& "! *"l#%oy #&* /30 %'e #,%"o&$e!e&%! # 9u!%","#(le Aue!%"o& #! "% "&3ol3e! %'e *efe&*#&%K! #(u!e of *"!,e%"o&.O& 18 July 1991, e!$o&*e&% Ju*1e "!!ue* #& o*e 1#&%"&1 %'e #foe+e&%"o&e* +o%"o& %o *"!+"!!. F I& %'e!#"* o*e, &o% o&ly -#! %'e *efe&*#&%K! ,l#"+ L %'#% %'e ,o+$l#"&% !%#%e! &o ,#u!e of #,%"o& #1#"&!% '"+#&* %'#% "% #"!e! # $ol"%",#l Aue!%"o& L !u!%#"&e*, %'e e!$o&*e&% Ju*1e fu%'e ule* %'#% %'e 1#&%"&1 of%'e el"ef $#ye* fo -oul* e!ul% "& %'e "+$#"+e&% of ,o&%#,%! -'",' "! $o'"("%e* (y %'e fu&*#+e&%#l l#-of %'e l#&*..l#"&%"8! %'u! )le* %'e "&!%#&% !$e,"#l ,"3"l #,%"o& fo ,e%"o#" u&*e Rule 55 of %'e Re3"!e* Rule! of Cou%#&* #!E %'"! Cou% %o e!,"&* #&* !e% #!"*e %'e *"!+"!!#l o*e o& %'e 1ou&* %'#% %'e e!$o&*e&% Ju*1e1#3ely #(u!e* '"! *"!,e%"o& "& *"!+"!!"&1 %'e #,%"o&. A1#"&, %'e $#e&%! of %'e $l#"&%"8!o %o *o o%'e-"!e -oul* #+ou&% %o I"+$#"+e&% of ,o&%#,%!I #('oe* /!",0 (y %'efu&*#+e&%#l l#-. 11:e*o&o% #1ee-"%'%'e%"#l ,ou%K! ,o&,lu!"o&! %'#% %'e$l#"&%"8! f#"le*%o#lle1e-"%'!u6,"e&%*e)&"%e&e!! # !$e,"), le1#l "1'% "&3ol3e* o # !$e,"), le1#l -o&1 ,o++"%%e*, #&* %'#% %'e ,o+$l#"&% "!e$le%e -"%' 3#1ue #!!u+$%"o&! #&* ,o&,lu!"o&! (#!e* o& u&3e")e* *#%#. A e#*"&1 of %'e ,o+$l#"&% "%!elf(el"e! %'e!e ,o&,lu!"o&!.?'e ,o+$l#"&%fo,u!e!o&o&e!$e,"), fu&*#+e&%#l le1#l "1'%L%'e"1'%%o#(#l#&,e*#&*'e#l%'fule,olo1y-'",', fo %'e)!% %"+e"&ou %"o&K!,o&!%"%u%"ol '"!%oy, "!!ole+&ly"&,o$o#%e*"&%'efu&*#+e&%#l l#-. Se,%"o& 15, A%",le II of %'e 198F Co&!%"%u%"o& e2$l","%ly $o3"*e!:Se,. 15. ?'eS%#%e !'#ll $o%e,% #&* #*3#&,e %'e "1'% of %'e $eo$le %o # (#l#&,e* #&* 'e#l%'ful e,olo1y "& #,,o* -"%'%'e 'y%'+ #&* '#+o&y of %ue.?'"! "1'% u&"%e! -"%' %'e "1'% %o 'e#l%' -'",' "! $o3"*e* fo "& %'e $e,e*"&1 !e,%"o& of %'e !#+e #%",le:Se,. 15. ?'eS%#%e !'#ll $o%e,% #&* $o+o%e %'e "1'% %o 'e#l%' of %'e $eo$le #&* "&!%"ll 'e#l%' ,o&!,"ou!&e!! #+o&1%'e+.:'"le %'e "1'% %o # (#l#&,e* #&* 'e#l%'ful e,olo1y "! %o (e fou&* u&*e %'e De,l##%"o& of ."&,"$le! #&*S%#%e .ol","e! #&* &o% u&*e %'e B"ll of R"1'%!, "% *oe! &o% follo- %'#% "% "! le!! "+$o%#&% %'#& #&y of %'e ,"3"l#&* $ol"%",#l "1'%! e&u+e#%e* "& %'e l#%%e. Su,' # "1'% (elo&1! %o # *"8ee&% ,#%e1oy of "1'%! #l%o1e%'efo "% ,o&,e&! &o%'"&1 le!! %'#& !elf"l"$"&o!.I Se,%"o& 3 %'eeof +#Ee! %'e follo-"&1 !%#%e+e&% of $ol",y:Se,. 3. De,l##%"o& of .ol",y. L I% "! 'ee(y *e,l#e* %'e $ol",y of %'e S%#%e %o e&!ue %'e !u!%#"(le u!e,*e3elo$+e&%, +#e+e&%, e&e-#l, #&*,o&!e3#%"o&of %'e,ou&%yK!foe!%, +"&e#l, l#&*, o8 AC?ION, %o (e#*eAu#%e e&ou1' %o !'o-, $"+# f#,"e, %'e ,l#"+e* 3"ol#%"o& of %'e" "1'%!. O& %'e (#!"! %'eeof, %'ey +#y%'u! (e 1#&%e*, -'olly o $#%ly, %'e el"ef! $#ye* fo. I% (e#! !%e!!"&1, 'o-e3e, %'#% "&!of# #! %'e,#&,ell#%"o&of %'e?;A!"! ,o&,e&e*, %'ee"! %'e &ee*%o"+$le#*,#! $#%y*efe&*#&%!, %'e 1#&%ee!%'eeof fo %'ey #e "&*"!$e&!#(le $#%"e!.?'e foe1o"&1 ,o&!"*ee*, C"3"l C#!e No. 90ouCu&*e* N"&e%you /4,4940 f#+"l"e!.Bu% %'e $e%"%"o&e!, #e Aue!%"o&"&1 %'e 3#l"*"%y of ..D. No. 1859. ?'ey #lle1e %'#% %'e !#+e "! I&ull #&*3o"*I fo (e"&1 I,o&%#y %o +o#l!, $u(l", $ol",y #&* $u(l", o*e,I +o&o$ol"!%", #&* %e&*! %o-#* I,o&ye,o&o+yI, #&* "! 3"ol#%"3e of %'e eAu#l $o%e,%"o& ,l#u!e #&* lo,#l #u%o&o+y #! -ell #! fo u&&"&1 ,ou&%e%o %'e !%#%e $ol","e! e&u&,"#%e* "& Se,%"o&! 11 /.e!ol D"1&"%y #&* Cu+#& R"1'%!0, 12 />#+"ly0 #&* 13/Role of @ou%'0 of A%",le II, Se,%"o& 1 /So,"#l Ju!%",e0 of A%",le GIII #&* Se,%"o& 2 /E*u,#%"olJ#lue!0 ofA%",le GIJ of %'e 198F Co&!%"%u%"o&.?'"!,'#lle&1e%o..D. No. 1859*e!e3e!#!e#,'"&1#&*%'oou1'!,u%"&y#&*%'e+o!% *el"(e#%e,o&!"*e#%"o& (y %'e Cou%, "&3ol3"&1 #! "% *oe! %'e e2e,"!e of -'#% '#! (ee& *e!,"(e* #! I%'e '"1'e!% #&*+o!% *el",#%e fu&,%"o& -'",' (elo&1! %o %'e 9u*","#l *e$#%+e&% of %'e 1o3e&+e&%.I /S%#%e 3. 7#&uel, 20N.C. 144M ;o=#&o 3. 7#%"&e=, 145 SCRA 3230.A! :e e&%e u$o& %'e %#!E of $#!!"&1 o& %'e 3#l"*"%y of #& #,% of # ,o#&,'"!e Col*e: No %#2 of #&y E"&* o fo+, "&,o+e o o%'e-"!e #! -ell #!fee!, ,'#1e! o le3"e! of -'#%e3e %ue, -'e%'e N#%"ol o ;o,#l, !'#ll (e #!!e!!e* #&* ,olle,%e* u&*e%'"! f#&,'"!e fo+ %'e Co$o#%"o&M &o !'#ll #&y fo+ o %#2 o ,'#1e #%%#,' "& #&y -#y %o %'e e#&"&1! of%'e Co$o#%"o&, e2,e$% # f#&,'"!e %#2 of )3e /5O0 $e,e&% of %'e 1o!! e3e&ue! o e#&"&1! *e"3e* (y%'e Co$o#%"o& fo+ "%! o$e#%"o&! u&*e %'"! f#&,'"!e. Su,' %#2 !'#ll (e *ue #&* $#y#(le Au#%ely %o %'eN#%"olGo3e&+e&% #&* !'#ll (e "& l"eu of #llE"&*! of %#2e!, le3"e!, fee! o #!!e!!+e&%! of #&y E"&*,%ue o *e!,"$%"o&, le3"e*, e!%#(l"!'e* o ,olle,%e* (y #&y +u&","$#l, $o3"&,"#l o %"ol 1o3e&+e&%#u%'o"%y /Se,%"o& 13 [2]0.?'e" ,o&%e&%"o& !%#%e* 'ee"(o3e "! -"%'ou% +e"% fo %'e follo-"&1 e#!o&!:/#0 ?'eC"%y of 7#&"l#, (e"&1 # +ee 7u&","$#l ,o$o#%"o& '#! &o "&'ee&% "1'% %o "+$o!e %#2e! /I,#* 3. C"%y ofB#1u"o, 83 .'"l. 8F0M C"%y of Ilo"lo 3. J"ll#&ue3#, 105 .'"l. 33FM S#&%o! 3. 7u&","$#l"%y of C#loo,#&, F SCRA5430. ?'u!, I%'e C'#%e o !%#%u%e +u!% $l#"&ly !'o- #& "&%e&% %o ,o&fe %'#% $o-e o %'e +u&","$#l"%y,#&&o% #!!u+e "%I /7e*" 3. C"%y of B#1u"o, 12 SCRA 520. I%! I$o-e %o %#2I %'eefoe +u!% #l-#y! y"el* %o# le1"!l#%"3e #,%-'",' "! !u$e"o '#3"&1 (ee& $#!!e* u$o& (y %'e !%#%e "%!elf -'",' '#! %'e I"&'ee&%$o-e %o %#2I /Be!, %'e Re3"!e* [19F3] .'"l"$$"&e Co&!%"%u%"o&, Jol. 1, 1983 e*. $. 4450./(0 ?'eC'#%e of %'eC"%yof 7#&"l#"!!u(9e,% %o,o&%ol (yCo&1e!!. I% !'oul*(e!%e!!e*%'#% I+u&","$#l,o$o#%"o&! #e +ee ,e#%ue! of Co&1e!!I /D&!o& 3. ;#,!o&, G.R. No. F909, J#&u#y 18, 195F0 -'",' '#!%'e $o-e %o I,e#%e #&* #(ol"!' +u&","$#l ,o$o#%"o&!I *ue %o "%! I1e&e#l le1"!l#%"3e $o-e!I /A!u&,"o& 3.@"#&%e!, 28 .'"l. 5FM 7e*#&"llo 3. O#&*"#, 5 SCRA 5410. Co&1e!!, %'eefoe, '#! %'e $o-e of ,o&%ol o3e;o,#l 1o3e&+e&%! /Ce(o& 3. Reye!, G.R. No. 9124, July 2, 19500. A&* "f Co&1e!! ,#& 1#&% %'e C"%y of7#&"l# %'e $o-e %o %#2 ,e%#"& +#%%e!, "% ,#& #l!o $o3"*e fo e2e+$%"o&! o e3e& %#Ee (#,E %'e $o-e./,0 ?'eC"%y of 7#&"l#K! $o-e %o "+$o!e l",e&!e fee! o& 1#+(l"&1, '#! lo&1 (ee& e3oEe*. A! e#ly #! 19F5, %'e$o-e of lo,#l1o3e&+e&%! %o e1ul#%e 1#+(l"&1 %'u %'e 1#&% ofIf#&,'"!e,l",e&!e!o $e+"%!I -#!-"%'*#-& (y ..D. No. FF1 #&* -#! 3e!%e* e2,lu!"3ely o& %'e N#%"ol Go3e&+e&%, %'u!:Se,. 1. A&y$o3"!"o& of l#-%o %'e ,o&%#y &o%-"%'!%#&*"&1, %'e #u%'o"%y of ,'#%ee* ,"%"e! #&* o%'e lo,#l1o3e&+e&%! %o "!!ue l",e&!e, $e+"% o o%'e fo+ of f#&,'"!e %o o$e#%e, +#"&%#"& #&* e!%#(l"!' 'o!e#&* *o1 #,e %#,E!, 9#"#+"ly0 #&* 13 /Roleof @ou%'0 of A%",le IIM Se,%"o& 13 /So,"#l Ju!%",e0 of A%",le GIII #&* Se,%"o& 2 /E*u,#%"ol J#lue!0 of A%",leGIJ of %'e 198F Co&!%"%u%"o&, !u6,e "% %o !%#%e #l!o %'#% %'e!e #e +eely !%#%e+e&%! of $"&,"$le! #&*,$ol","e!. A! !u,', %'ey #e (#!",#lly &o% !elfo %'e !#+e,o&!eAue&,e! ,oul* '#3e (ee& $e,e*e* (y #& o3e*o!e of foo*, *"&E, e2e,"!e, -oE, #&* e3e& !e2.:CERE>ORE, %'e $e%"%"o& "! DIS7ISSED fo l#,E of +e"%.SO ORDERED.>e&, C.J., N#3#!#, Gu%"ee=, J., Cu=, >el","#&o, G#&,#y,o, B"*"&, S#+"e&%o, G"UoODR CDNDRED >I>?@ 7I;;ION .ESOS /.450,000,000.000.222[I]% !e3e! &o $#,%",#l$u$o!e %o #llo- %'o!e ,#&*"*#%e! %o ,o&%"&ue "f %'ey ,#&&o% -#1e # *e,e&%,#+$#"1& e&ou1' %o $o9e,% %'e $o!$e,% of -"&&"&1, &o +#%%e 'o- !l"+.12?'e $e$##%"o& of (#llo%! "! (u% o&e #!$e,% %'#% -oul* (e #8e,%e* (y #llo-#&,e of I&u"!#&,e ,#&*"*#%e!I%o u& "& %'e ele,%"o&!. Ou ele,%"o& l#-! $o3"*e 3#"ou! e&%"%le+e&%! fo ,#&*"*#%e! fo $u(l", o6,e, !u,'#!-#%,'e!"&e3ey$oll"&1$l#,e,13-#%,'e!"&%'e(o#*of ,#&3#!!e!,14o e3e&%'ee,e"$% ofele,%o#l ,o&%"(u%"o&!.15 7oeo3e, %'ee #e ele,%"o& ule! #&* e1ul#%"o&! %'e fo+ul#%"o&! of -'",' #e*e$e&*e&% o& %'e &u+(e of ,#&*"*#%e! "& # 1"3e& ele,%"o&.G"3e& %'e!e ,o&!"*e#%"o&!, %'e "1&o+"&"ou! %ue of # &u"!#&,e ,#&*"*#,y (e,o+e! e3e& +oe 1#ll"&1.?'e o1#&"=#%"o& of #& ele,%"o& -"%' (o )*e ,#&*"*#%e! !%#&*"&1 "! o&eou! e&ou1'. ?o #** "&%o %'e +"2,#&*"*#%e! -"%' &o !e"ou! "&%e&%"o&! o ,#$#("l"%"e! %o u& # 3"#(le ,#+$#"1& -oul* #,%u#lly "+$#" %'eele,%o#l $o,e!!. ?'"! "! &o% %o +e&%"o& %'e ,#&*"*#,"e! -'",' #e $#l$#(ly "*",ulou! !o #! %o ,o&!%"%u%e #o&e ?CE >OREGOING, CO7E;EC C#!e No. S.. /7.0 No. 04
