POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890s America: Past and Present Chapter 20.
-
Upload
blanche-stevenson -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
1
Transcript of POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890s America: Past and Present Chapter 20.
![Page 1: POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890s America: Past and Present Chapter 20.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cd95503460f949a3160/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890s
America: Past and Present
Chapter 20
![Page 2: POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890s America: Past and Present Chapter 20.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cd95503460f949a3160/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Politics of Stalemate
Politics a major fascination of late nineteenth century
White males make up bulk of electorate– Women may vote in national elections only
in Wyoming, Utah, Idaho, Colorado– Black men denied vote by poll tax, literacy
tests
![Page 3: POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890s America: Past and Present Chapter 20.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cd95503460f949a3160/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Party Deadlock
Post-Civil War Democratic party divides electorate almost evenly with Republicans
One-party control of both Congress, White House rare
Federal influence wanes, state control rises
![Page 4: POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890s America: Past and Present Chapter 20.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cd95503460f949a3160/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Experiments in the States
State government commissions investigate, regulate railroads, factories
Munn v. Illinois (1877) upholds constitutionality of state investigations
Wabash case (1886) prompts establishment of Interstate Commerce Commission
![Page 5: POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890s America: Past and Present Chapter 20.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cd95503460f949a3160/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Reestablishing Presidential Power
Presidency hits nadir under Johnson Later presidents reassert executive power
– Hayes ends military Reconstruction– Garfield asserts leadership of his party– Arthur strengthens navy, civil service reform– Cleveland uses veto to curtail federal activities
![Page 6: POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890s America: Past and Present Chapter 20.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cd95503460f949a3160/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Republicans in Power: the Billion-Dollar Congress 1888--Republicans control both White
House and Capitol Hill 1890--Adoption of Reed rules permits
enactment of “billion dollar” program
![Page 7: POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890s America: Past and Present Chapter 20.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cd95503460f949a3160/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Tariffs, Trusts and Silver
1890--McKinley Tariff raises duties to historic high
1890--Sherman Anti-Trust Act regulates big business
1890--Sherman Silver Purchase Act backs paper money with silver
By 1893--1 million Union pensions granted
![Page 8: POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890s America: Past and Present Chapter 20.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cd95503460f949a3160/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The 1890 Elections
Republicans also assert activist government policies on state level– Sunday closing laws– prohibition– mandatory English in public schools
1890--alienated voting blocks turn out Republican legislators
![Page 9: POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890s America: Past and Present Chapter 20.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cd95503460f949a3160/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The Rise of the Populist Movement
Discontented farmers of West and South provide base of support
The National Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union the result
![Page 10: POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890s America: Past and Present Chapter 20.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cd95503460f949a3160/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The Farm Problem
Worldwide agricultural economy causes great fluctuations in supply and demand
Farmers’ complaints– lower prices for crops (actual prosperity rising) – rising railroad rates (rates actually declining)– onerous mortgages (loans permit improvement)
Conditions of farmers vary by region General feeling of depression, resentment
![Page 11: POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890s America: Past and Present Chapter 20.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cd95503460f949a3160/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Selected Commodity Prices
![Page 12: POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890s America: Past and Present Chapter 20.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cd95503460f949a3160/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The Fast-Growing Farmers' Alliance
1875—Southern Alliance begins 1889—Southern Alliance absorbs
Northwestern Alliance Alliance Captures local Democratic
parties in South After 1890 Runs its own candidates in
North and West
![Page 13: POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890s America: Past and Present Chapter 20.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cd95503460f949a3160/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Ocala Demands, 1890
System of government warehouses to hold crops for higher prices
Free coinage of silver Low tariffs Federal income tax Direct election of Senators Regulation of railroads
![Page 14: POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890s America: Past and Present Chapter 20.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cd95503460f949a3160/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The People's Party
Southern Alliance splits from Democrats to form Populist party
Southern Populists recruit African-Americans, give them influential positions
1892--Populist presidential candidate James Weaver draws over one million votes
Alliance wanes after 1892 elections
![Page 15: POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890s America: Past and Present Chapter 20.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cd95503460f949a3160/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The Crisis of the Depression
Democrats sweep elections of 1890, 1892
Control both the White House and Congress during Panic of 1893
![Page 16: POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890s America: Past and Present Chapter 20.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cd95503460f949a3160/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The Panic of 1893
February 1893--failure of major railroad sparks panic on New York Stock Exchange
Investors sell stock to purchase gold Depleted Treasury shakes confidence May, 1893--market hits record low, business
failures displace 2 million workers 1894--corn crop fails
![Page 17: POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890s America: Past and Present Chapter 20.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cd95503460f949a3160/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Coxey's Army and the Pullman Strike
1894--Jacob Coxey leads “Coxey’s Army” to Washington to demand relief
Pullman strikes by Eugene Debs’ American Railway Union close Western railroads
President Cleveland suppresses strikes with federal troops
![Page 18: POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890s America: Past and Present Chapter 20.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cd95503460f949a3160/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The Miners of the Midwest
United Mine Workers strike 1894 “Old miners”--English and Irish workers,
owners of small family mines “New miners”--1880s immigrants Strike pits new miners against old
![Page 19: POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890s America: Past and Present Chapter 20.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cd95503460f949a3160/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
A Beleaguered President
Cleveland repeals Sherman Silver Purchase Act to remedy Panic of 1893
Repeal fails to stop depression Repeal makes silver a political issue Democrats renege on promise of lower
tariff
![Page 20: POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890s America: Past and Present Chapter 20.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cd95503460f949a3160/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Breaking the Party Deadlock
Election of 1894 reduces Democrats to a sectional southern organization
Republicans sweep congressional elections
Republicans become majority elsewhere
![Page 21: POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890s America: Past and Present Chapter 20.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cd95503460f949a3160/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Changing Attitudes
Depression of 1893 forces recognition of structural causes of unemployment
Americans accept the need for government intervention to help the poor and jobless
![Page 22: POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890s America: Past and Present Chapter 20.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cd95503460f949a3160/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
“Everybody Works but Father”
Women and children paid lower wages, displace men during depression
Employers retain women and children after depression to hold down costs
![Page 23: POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890s America: Past and Present Chapter 20.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cd95503460f949a3160/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Changing Themes in Literature Depression encourages “realist” school Mark Twain’s characters speak in dialect William Dean Howells, Stephen Crane portray
grim life of the poor Frank Norris attacks power of big business Theodore Dreiser presents humans as
helpless before vast social, economic forces
![Page 24: POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890s America: Past and Present Chapter 20.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cd95503460f949a3160/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The Presidential Election of 1896
Free coinage of silver the main issue– Boost the money supply– Seen as solution to depression
Silver symbolizes America, common people
![Page 25: POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890s America: Past and Present Chapter 20.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cd95503460f949a3160/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The Mystique of Silver
“Free and independent coinage of silver”– Set ratio of silver to gold at 16:1– U.S. mints coin all silver offered to them– U.S. coins silver regardless of other nations’
policies Silverites believe amount in circulation
determines level of economic activity A moral crusade for the common people
![Page 26: POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890s America: Past and Present Chapter 20.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cd95503460f949a3160/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Republicans and Gold
Candidate: William McKinley Silverite Republicans defeated on
convention floor Promises gold standard to restore
prosperity
![Page 27: POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890s America: Past and Present Chapter 20.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cd95503460f949a3160/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The Democrats and Silver
Candidate: William Jennings Bryan Free silver promised in "Cross of Gold"
speech Democrats enthusiastic
![Page 28: POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890s America: Past and Present Chapter 20.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cd95503460f949a3160/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Campaign and Election
Populist party endorses Bryan Bryan offers return to rural, religious
U.S. McKinley defends urban, industrial
society Election is a clear victory for McKinley,
utter rout of Populist party
![Page 29: POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890s America: Past and Present Chapter 20.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cd95503460f949a3160/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The McKinley Administration
McKinley takes office at depression’s end An activist president Dingley Tariff raises rates to record highs 1900--U.S. placed on gold standard 1900--McKinley wins landslide reelection
against William Jennings Bryan
![Page 30: POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS IN THE 1890s America: Past and Present Chapter 20.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cd95503460f949a3160/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
A New Century and a New President
September, 1901--McKinley assassinated
Theodore Roosevelt becomes president