Political formations in the 18th century
Transcript of Political formations in the 18th century
Political Formations in the 18th Century
11
By
Akbar Ali
Table of Content
• Later Mughals• Independent Kingdom
– Awadh ,Bengal, Hyderabad, The Rajputs , Sikhs
• The Marathas– Shivaji Bhonsle, War, Administration ,
• Peshwas– Balaji vishwanath, Baji Rao I, Third Battle of Panipat
Later Mughals
• Decline of Mughals
• Last famous Mughal Ruler?
• 1707 Aurangzeb died
• Bahadur Shah
• Farruksiyar – was a ruler only in name.• Nadirshah , Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded Mughal Empire
Independent Kingdom
• Many regional kingdoms arose– Awadh– Bengal– Hyderabad
Awadh
• Mughal Ruler , Muhammad Shah appointed Sadat Khan the governor of Awadh.
• Sadat Khan was very strong, he suppressed the rebellions
• Luknow - Capital• He held combined office for
– Political Head ( Subdar)– Military head ( Faujdar)– Diwan ( Revenue)
Bengal
• Murhid Ali Khan –Was governor – Mughal• Later he began to rule independently• Capital – Murshidabad• Administrations
– Encouraged Agriculture– Industry, trade, – Loans were given to poor farmers– Later English captured this prosperous region .
Hyderabad
• Chin Qilich Khan was governor
• Known as “Nizamul Mulk Asaf Jah”
• Admin – – Appointed mansabdars
The Rajputs
• During the period of Aurangzeb , they revolted• Most enlightened Rajput ruler was Swami Raja
Jai Singh– Capital – Jaipur– Important for Science, Astronomy
Punjab under Sikhs
• Fought against Mughals• Sikhs became very strong under the leadership
of Guru Gobinda Singh• He Organised the Sikhs into a military group
called Khalsa
Guru Gobind Singh’s Suggestions to the people
• Kesha – hair –– It is the symbol of spirituality
• Kangha – Comb– Symbol of cleanliness
• Kara- Bracelet – Acts as a reminder to stop a person from wrong things– Etc..
Mysore
• Adayar kingdom• Haider Ali & Tippu Sulthan
– Rocket used in war
• They modernised their Army• Established arsenal at Dindigul• Constructed many roads• They fought against English
The Marathas
• Shivaji– Powerful leader– Family– Father – Shivaji Bonsle – Jija Bai – Mother– Dadaji Kondadev - Teacher
Shivaji & his War
• Guerrilla warfare• Fought against
– Bijapur– Aurangzeb
• 1674 He crowned himself as a king• Title - Chatrapati
Administration
• Ashtapradhan – Council of ministers• Peshwa – Head of council• Senapati – Commander of Army• Nyayadhish – Justice• Majumdar- Finance• Pant Sachiv – G. Secratry• Sumanta – Foreign Affaires • Mantri – Head of intelligence• Dandadhyaksha – Religious matters
Revenue
• Collected Tax• Two Types
– Chauth– Sardeshmukhi
• Chauth – ¼ of the total land revenue• Sardehsmukhi – Additional 10/1 of the land revenue.
The Peshawas
• It was position to equivalent of a modern Prime Minister
• They also ruled Maratha after Shivaji
• Important Leader – Balaji Vishwanath
• Fought against to Mughals
Important Rulers
• Baji Rao I
• Balaji Baji Rao
Successor of Balaji VishwanathConqured Malwa, Gujarath &Bundelkhand
Changed Capital from Satara to Poona
Third Battle of Panipat - 1761
• Between Maratha & Ahammad Shah Abdali
• Later Marathas failed
• Ahamad Shah returned to Afgan
• It helped English East India
Company