Political Crisis and Dictatorship -Key Concepts-.
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Transcript of Political Crisis and Dictatorship -Key Concepts-.
Political Crisis and Political Crisis and DictatorshipDictatorship
-Key Concepts--Key Concepts-
I. The Spread of DictatorshipI. The Spread of Dictatorship
By 1938, only 10 out of By 1938, only 10 out of 27 European countries 27 European countries remained democraticremained democratic
For the most part, these For the most part, these were dictatorships in were dictatorships in the traditional sense of the traditional sense of the wordthe word
Three of these Three of these dictatorships made the dictatorships made the jump into totalitarianismjump into totalitarianism
II. What is Totalitarianism?II. What is Totalitarianism?
A Whole Set of ValuesA Whole Set of Values Individual ceases to have any role an Individual ceases to have any role an
rights whatsoeverrights whatsoever Total rejection of liberalism and Total rejection of liberalism and
liberal valuesliberal values By the 1930’s, liberalism seemed By the 1930’s, liberalism seemed
spent, a thing of the pastspent, a thing of the past
III. Features of Modern III. Features of Modern TotalitarianismTotalitarianism
Absolute Domination Absolute Domination over every area of lifeover every area of life
The worship and The worship and cultivation of violencecultivation of violence
--War is noble--War is noble
--The need for an --The need for an enemyenemy
The centrality of the The centrality of the Party and a LeaderParty and a Leader
----il Duceil Duce and and der Fuhrerder Fuhrer
III. Features of Modern III. Features of Modern Totalitarianism (cont)Totalitarianism (cont)
A mass movement, A mass movement, but especially but especially appealing to the lower appealing to the lower middle classmiddle class
Heavy reliance on Heavy reliance on propagandapropaganda
--leader image based --leader image based on sex appealon sex appeal
--Truth is what the --Truth is what the Party says it isParty says it is
IV. The Pervasiveness of IV. The Pervasiveness of FascismFascism
Presents itself as the only Presents itself as the only alternative to communismalternative to communism
Right-wing revolutionary Right-wing revolutionary conservatismconservatism
European-wide movementEuropean-wide movement—not restricted to Italy —not restricted to Italy and to Germanyand to Germany
Different forms of fascism Different forms of fascism throughout Europe—throughout Europe—influence of nationalisminfluence of nationalism
V. General Characteristics of V. General Characteristics of FascismFascism
An ideology, a An ideology, a program of action, and program of action, and a mood as wella mood as well
Seen as a way out of Seen as a way out of disillusionment and disillusionment and uncertaintyuncertainty
The primacy of actionThe primacy of action Powerful appeal to Powerful appeal to
youthyouth
--Hitler Youth--Hitler Youth
V. General Characteristics of V. General Characteristics of Fascism (cont)Fascism (cont)
Middle and lower-Middle and lower-middle class supportmiddle class support
Support from Support from traditional traditional conservative elite of conservative elite of EuropeEurope
Support from the Support from the rural population as rural population as wellwell
VI. The Ideology of FascismVI. The Ideology of Fascism
Action for action’s sakeAction for action’s sake
--Italian --Italian squadristisquadristi or or “Blackshirts”“Blackshirts”
--German SA or --German SA or “Brownshirts”“Brownshirts”
The Significance of The Significance of National CultureNational Culture
--The “Volk”--The “Volk” The Superiority of The Superiority of
National Culture and National Culture and RaceRace
VI. The Ideology of Fascism VI. The Ideology of Fascism (cont)(cont)
The Aryan MythThe Aryan Myth Male Leader Male Leader
WorshipWorship Conspiracy Theory Conspiracy Theory
of Historyof History A Religious-A Religious-
Psychological Psychological PhenomenonPhenomenon--Nuremberg Party --Nuremberg Party RalliesRallies
Nuremberg Party Rally, Nuremberg Party Rally, 19351935
Nuremberg Party Rally, Nuremberg Party Rally, 19381938
VII. The Life of Adolph HitlerVII. The Life of Adolph Hitler
His Early YearsHis Early Years The development The development
of his racial of his racial attitudesattitudes
His World War I His World War I experienceexperience
After the war, After the war, moves to Munich in moves to Munich in BavariaBavaria
VII. The Life of Adolph Hitler VII. The Life of Adolph Hitler (cont)(cont)
The Nazi Party: The Nazi Party: National Socialist National Socialist German Worker’s German Worker’s PartyParty
The Munich The Munich PutschPutsch (1923)(1923)
Mein KampfMein Kampf: “My : “My Struggle”Struggle”
VIII. Reasons for Hitler’s Rise VIII. Reasons for Hitler’s Rise to Powerto Power
The weaknesses of The weaknesses of the Weimar Republicthe Weimar Republic
Political resistance Political resistance to the Weimar to the Weimar governmentgovernment
Continuing Rise of Continuing Rise of Nationalism and Nationalism and Hatred for the Treaty Hatred for the Treaty of Versaillesof Versailles
VIII. Hitler’s Rise to Power VIII. Hitler’s Rise to Power (cont)(cont)
The Great Depression The Great Depression of the 1930’sof the 1930’s
Increase in Nazi Increase in Nazi Political PowerPolitical Power
Fear of CommunismFear of Communism--The Burning of the --The Burning of the ReichstagReichstag
The “Enabling Act” The “Enabling Act” (1933)(1933)
Hitler’s own skills and Hitler’s own skills and charismacharisma
IX.IX. The Actions of The Actions of the “Third Reich”the “Third Reich”
The Suspension of Civil The Suspension of Civil RightsRights
Nazi Party Purge (1934)Nazi Party Purge (1934)
--Night of the Long --Night of the Long Knives (June 30Knives (June 30thth))
Establishment of the SS Establishment of the SS and the Gestapoand the Gestapo
--Heinrich Himmler--Heinrich Himmler Creation of a Creation of a
centralized, unified centralized, unified statestate
SS Troops on Parade in SS Troops on Parade in PolandPoland
Hitler Reviews SS TroopsHitler Reviews SS Troops
SS Troops Guard Members of SS Troops Guard Members of Jewish Resistance in WarsawJewish Resistance in Warsaw
IX. “Third Reich” (cont)IX. “Third Reich” (cont)
A Program of Anti-A Program of Anti-SemitismSemitism
--Nuremberg Laws of --Nuremberg Laws of 19351935
--The “Final Solution”--The “Final Solution” Mobilization of a Mobilization of a
Wartime EconomyWartime Economy
-- “Lebensraum”: -- “Lebensraum”: “Living Space”“Living Space”
--Four-Year Plan (1936)--Four-Year Plan (1936)
IX. “Third Reich” (cont)IX. “Third Reich” (cont)
Alliance of Nazi Party Alliance of Nazi Party with Big Businesswith Big Business
Elimination of Elimination of UnemploymentUnemployment--Autobahn--Autobahn
Tremendous and Tremendous and Growing PopularityGrowing Popularity-- “Strength through -- “Strength through Joy” programJoy” program-- “People’s Car”: -- “People’s Car”: VolkswagenVolkswagen
Adolph Hitler and the Volkswagen: Adolph Hitler and the Volkswagen: “The Strength through Joy” Car“The Strength through Joy” Car
(1932 Drawing done in Munich Restaurant (1932 Drawing done in Munich Restaurant and passed on to head of Daimler-Benz)and passed on to head of Daimler-Benz)
X. Stalinist RussiaX. Stalinist Russia
Joseph Stalin the manJoseph Stalin the man Lenin’s view of StalinLenin’s view of Stalin ““Socialism in one Socialism in one
country”country” A Strategy for Rapid A Strategy for Rapid
IndustrializationIndustrialization Collectivization of Collectivization of
AgricultureAgriculture--The problem of the --The problem of the KulaksKulaks
Chaos in the Chaos in the countrysidecountryside
X. Stalinist Russia (cont)X. Stalinist Russia (cont)
Crop Failures in 1932-Crop Failures in 1932-19331933
Collectivization: A Collectivization: A Revolution from AboveRevolution from Above
KolkhozKolkhoz : The : The Collectivized FarmCollectivized Farm
Surplus industrial laborSurplus industrial labor The First Five-Year PlanThe First Five-Year Plan Impact of Five-Year Impact of Five-Year
PlansPlans Whole new industrial Whole new industrial
cities sprang up behind cities sprang up behind the Ural Mountainsthe Ural Mountains
XI. Stalin’s Terror and Political XI. Stalin’s Terror and Political Purges (1934)Purges (1934)
The purpose of the The purpose of the terror and purgesterror and purges
““Socialist Realism” in Socialist Realism” in artart
Assassination of Sergei Assassination of Sergei Kirov (1934)Kirov (1934)
Moscow Show TrialsMoscow Show Trials Purge of the Red ArmyPurge of the Red Army Atmosphere of Paranoia Atmosphere of Paranoia
and Suspicionand Suspicion Impact on Soviet Impact on Soviet
leadership for leadership for generationsgenerations
XI. Fascist ItalyXI. Fascist Italy
Sense of Betrayal after Sense of Betrayal after World War IWorld War I
Economic Problems and Economic Problems and Social UnrestSocial Unrest
Governmental ParalysisGovernmental Paralysis Mussolini’s Rise to Mussolini’s Rise to
PowerPower Consolidation of a Consolidation of a
DictatorshipDictatorship ““Il Duce” and the Il Duce” and the
Doctrine of the StateDoctrine of the State Increasing International Increasing International
PrestigePrestige