Polish Defence Yearbook 2012

Polish Defence Yearbook 2012 – Industry, Arm

ed Forces and Security Services

Volume VII 2012 (3)ISSN 1896-2386

Polish DefenceYearbook 2012Industry, Armed Forces and Security Services

Bumar sp. z o.o. Al. Jana Pawła II Nr 11 00-828 WarszawaTel.: +48 22 311 25 Fax: +48 22 311 26 42

THE MODERN MILITARY TECHNOLOGIES... LAND WARFARE / MILITARY AVIATION / NAVAL WARFARE / DEFENCE ANALYSYS

WEAPON SYSTEMS / INDUSTRY NEWS / SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES...

OVER 20 yEaRs

Polish Defence Yearbook 2012

Polish Defence Industry

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Table of contents

Polish Defence Yearbook 2012The information included in this edition have been updated on

July 31, 2012

ISSN 1896-2386

Editor-in-Chief Andrzej Ulanowski [email protected]

Editorial Staff Cezary Szoszkiewicz Norbert Bączyk, Andrzej Kiński, Michał Sitarski,

Maciej Stanecki, Krzysztof Zalewski

Editorial Address Magnum X Publishing House Ltd.Grochowska 306/310

03-840 WARSZAWAPOLAND

phone: +48 22 810 33 30 +48 22 870 21 99 +48 22 810 74 98fax: +48 22 810 90 79e-mail [email protected]

Layout Editor Robert Kluczyński

Marketing and Advertising Andrzej Ulanowski, Maciej Stanecki

phone: +48 22 870 21 99 +48 22 810 33 30 e-mail [email protected]

[email protected]

Copyright © 2012 by Magnum X Publishing House Ltd.

Warszawa 2012

Publisher Magnum X Publishing House Ltd.Grochowska 306/310

03-840 WARSZAWAPOLAND

Authors of Illustrations Piotr Abraszek, Norbert Bączyk, Michał Fiszer, Andrzej Kiński, Krystian Powalski, Miłosz Rusiecki,

Katarzyna Szoszkiewicz, Jarosław Wiśniewski, Archive

Polish Defence Yearbook 2012 .................................................................................................................. 6Poland – People, Country and Politics ................................................................................................. 7Polish Defense Industry: Quo Vadis? ..................................................................................................... 12Magnum-X: Polish Leader in Military and Defence Press Market ........................................ 16Polish Defense Industry in Search of Identity ................................................................................ 18Armed Forces Technological Modernization — Experiences and Expectations ....... 28European Defense Octopus ......................................................................................................................... 40Not only Armed Forces ................................................................................................................................... 46Evolution of the offset under influence of the Directive 2009/81/EC and the Strategy for European Defence Technological and Industrial Base ............ 52Leading Aerospace Companies Investing in Poland ................................................................. 56

BUMAR Group ........................................................................................................................... 59BUMAR sp. z o.o. .................................................................................................................... 60Interview with Krzysztof Krystowski, CEO of the Bumar Group .......................... 62Bumar I Ammunition ........................................................................................................... 65Bumar I Soldier ...................................................................................................................... 67Bumar I Electronics ............................................................................................................... 69Bumar I Land .......................................................................................................................... 71

PROFILES OF COMPANIES ................................................................................................. 73Auto-Hit for the Army (Auto-Hit Sp. z o.o.) .................................................................. 75CTM – Innovation for Security (R&D Marine Technoloy Centre) ......................... 76ETRONIKA – eyes on target (ETRONIKA Sp. z o.o.) .................................................... 77Jakusz ........................................................................................................................................ 78“Flying” Institute (Air Force Institute of Technology) ............................................... 79MSPO World Class Exhibition ........................................................................................... 81Military Institute of Armament Technology (Wojskowy Instytut Techniczny Uzbrojenia) ............................................................... 83WZM Siemianowice ............................................................................................................. 85Pimco Sp. z o.o. ...................................................................................................................... 86Chamber of Arms (Polish Chamber of National Defence Manufacturers) .......... 87Piap ............................................................................................................................................ 88Polish Leader in Radio Communication (RADMOR SA) .......................................... 89World Class Electronics and Communications Supplier for Present & Future Combat Systems (WB Electronics) ......................................... 91Versatile Networkcentric Data Communication Platform JASMINE (TELDAT) ......... 94Electronics Equipment from Zielonka (Wojskowe Zakałady Elektroniczne SA) ..... 97Missile Technology Upgrade Centre (Wojskowe Zakłady Uzbrojenia S.A.) .......... 98

LIST OF COMPANIES (in alphabetical order) ..................................................... 99

Magazines published by

Polish Defence Yearbook 2012 is available on CD too.

Mobile gun system – version of Anders Multirole Tracked Platform with CMI Defence CT-CV turret. Photo OBRUM

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DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER MINISTER OF ECONOMY

NEW CHALLENGES FOR THE POLISH DEFENSE INDUSTRY

The. policy. of. the. defense. industry. development. is. one. of..the. key. branches. of. the. economy.. This. sector. continues.long. term. tradition. of. weapons. manufacturing. in. Poland.

and.can.be.named.as.one.of.the.main.pillars.of.the.Polish.Na-tional.Security.

Domestic. industry. remains. an. im-portant.provider.of.equipment.for.the.Polish.Armed.Forces..Moreover,.Polish.research. and. developments. centers.are. developing. new. technologies. in.the.field.of.defense..The.main.goal.of.the. Polish. Minister. of. Economy. is. to.support. the. innovative. and. competi-tive. Polish. Defense. Industry. world-wide,. which. allows. its. full. participa-tion.in.international.cooperation,.both.in. research. and. development. and.productive.dimension..It.is.a.question.of.the.condition.of.modern.economy,.and. the. most. important,. saving. of.work.places.

The. effectivity. of. the. Polish. Defense. Industry. depends. on.various.factors,.such.as.efficient.administration,.which.is.aimed.at.taking.care.of.the.Polish.entrepreneurs.interests,.creating.new.devices. to. support. the. production. process,. creating. new. law.regulations,. promoting. the. export,. economic. diplomacy,. and.investment.activities..

Referring.to.the.above.statement,.the.Offset,.which.is.consid-ered.as.an. important.and.efficient. instrument.of. the.direct.sup-port.of.the.Polish.industry.in.terms.of.achieving.new.technological.capabilities,.and.remains.as.the.strongpoint..Direct.Offset,.despite.the.strict.EU.law,.is.still.going.to.be.used.to.improve.potential.and.defense.capabilities.of.the.EU.member.states..The.Offset.has.tre-mendous.influence.on.the.European Defense Technological and In-dustrial Base..Solidified.industrial.cooperation.in.terms.of.the.Offset,.has.a.positive.impact.on.the.networking.process.between.Polish.defense.companies.and.foreign.defense.industry.representatives,.foccused.creating.Development.Centers.

It.needs.to.be.underlined.that.development.of.the.Defense.Industry.Policy.is.determined.by.the.cooperation.between.Min-istry. of. Economy. and. Ministry. of. Defence..This. cooperation. is.indispensable.because.of.the.necessity.to.define.the.fundamen-tal.national.security. interest.priorities.based.on.Art..346.of.the.

Treaty.on. the.Functioning.of. the.European.Union.and. related.to. the. exemption. of. the. military. equipment. and. weapons. to.the.limitations.of.the.directive.2009/81/WE..In.terms.of.this.type.of.transactions.it.will.be.allowed.to.use.the.Offset.agreements,.which.is.going.to.be.justified.as.the.fundamental.national.secu-

rity. interest..Thus,. the.Polish.Defense.Industry.is.going.to.have.a.chance.to.develop.competitiveness.and.leveling.some. technological. deficiencies,. in.order.to.remove.all. the. limitations. in.terms. of. integration. with. European.Defense.Market.

Minister. of. Economy. has. a. sig-nificant. intent. to. develop. market.and. industrial. cooperation. with. the.European.Defense.Agency..EDA.is.the.most.important.subject.in.the.field.of.making. decisions. aimed. at. develop-ing. EU. defense. capabilities.. The. role.of.the.EDA.is.constantly.rising,.we.can.observe.the.effects.of.the.defense.re-

search,.the.development.support,.the.planning,.coordination.of.the.EU.member.states.weapons.and.equipment.orders..

In.terms.of.bilateral.cooperation.between.defense.industries,.the.United.States.of.America.remains.as.the.strategic.partner.in.terms.of.security.and.defense.investments.

Polish.commitment.to.the.Visegrad.Group.(group.V4),.which.is.the.platform.of.cooperation.between.Czechs,.Slovakian,.Hun-garians.in.the.Central.Eastern.Europe.is.very.important..Poland.is.inspiring.the.activities.of.cooperation.between.defense.indus-tries.also.by.opening.relations.with.Bulgaria.and.Romania.

Summerize,. we. need. to. underline. that. the. main. target. of.the.Defense.Industry.development.policy.is.to.improve.its.com-petitiveness.and.innovativeness.to.the.level,.which.guarantees.implementation,.launching.new.technological.areas,.intensified.research,.and.development.initiatives,.necessary.for.our.domes-tic.defense.entrepreneurs.to.reach.significant.position.not.only.in.Europe,.but.also.worldwide.

WALDEMAR PAWLAKDeputy Prime Minister,

Minister of Economy

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You.are.holding.in.your.hands.the.”Polish.De-fence. Yearbook. 2012”. –. a. publication. that.gives. insight. into. the. current. capabilities. of.

the. Polish. defence. industry,. which. consistently.builds.up.its.potential.in.order.to.fully.satisfy.the.modernisation.needs.of.the.Polish.Armed.Forces.

Poland’s. significant. involvement. in. opera-tions.conducted.by.NATO.and.the.EU.addition-ally. stimulates. integration.of. the.Polish.Armed.Forces. with. both. NATO. forces. and. within. the.framework. of. European. Union. Battlegroups..This. supports. the. technical. modernisation. of.our.army..Activities.carried.out.as.part.of.military.missions,.humanitarian.actions.and.other.operations.abroad.pro-vide.particular.conditions. to. test.equipment.and. logistics.proce-dures..Experience.and.knowledge.gathered.in.the.course.of.these.activities.help.define.the.directions.of.development.and.moderni-sation.of.the.Polish.Armed.Forces,.challenging.Polish.entrepreneurs.to.seek.new.solutions.in.the.realm.of.defence.and.state.security..

Technical. modernisation. of. the. Polish. Armed. Forces. is. based.on. the. Operational. Programmes. and. Armament. Programmes.launched. in.2009..Fourteen.programmes.are.being.currently. re-alised. (five.main.and.nine.specialist.ones).. In. the.spring.of.2012.the.Operational.Needs.Review.was.completed.by.the.Polish.Gen-eral. Staff.. As. an. outcome. of. this. work. a. package. of. Operational.Requirements.was.prepared,.which. form.the.basis. for.preparing.a.new.Polish.Armed.Forces’.development.programme.for.the.years.2013-2022.. These. requirements. are. also. used. for. verification. of.currently.conducted.Operational.Programmes.or.establishing.new.ones..As.regards.technical.modernisation.priority.was.granted.to:.unmanned.combat.systems,.information.systems,.air.defence.in-cluding.missile.defence,.Army.mobility.and. firepower. (including.artillery.programmes),.as.well.as.reconstruction.of.the.Polish.Na-vy’s.combat.capabilities.

Armament.systems.introduced.into.the.Polish.Armed.Forces.as.part. of. the. technical. modernisation. use. the. latest. technologies,.which. ensure. meeting. the. tactical-technical. specifications. and.the. requirement. of. interoperability. with. our. allies.. Modernity. of.armament.and.military.equipment.is.also.reflected.by.its.planned.operational.life.cycle,.which.can.be.measured.in.dozen.or.so.years..

The. architecture. of. the. implemented. arma-ment.system.structure.features:.openness,.flex-ibility. and. modularity.. Such. approach. ensures.easy,. needs-oriented. adaptation. to. realised.tasks.and.simultaneously.reduces.costs.of.pro-duction,.operation.and.maintenance..To.meet.these.requirements.today’s.offer.of.the.defence.industry. should. be. comprehensive. and. cover.the.entire.lifetime.of.a.product,.from.its.delivery.with.a.training.package,.through.all.the.stages.of.its.use,.up.to.its.final.disposal.

The. Polish. defence. industry,. of. which. the.State.Treasury.is.the.owner,.is.a.subject.to.perma-

nent.restructuring..The.process.is.supported.by.such.mechanisms.as.active.participation.in.international.EU.and.NATO.programmes,.as. well. as. off-set. and. polonisation. programmes..The. essence. of.the. restructuring. is. the. adaptation. of. the. industrial. potential. to.the.needs.of.armed.forces.as.well.as.to.market.requirements..The.changes.introduced.improve.the.competitiveness.of.the.Polish.in-dustry..Contracts.won.for.deliveries.of.armament.to.armed.forces,.not.necessarily.Polish,..serve.as.check.points.of.levels.of.competi-tiveness.achieved.by. the. industry..Based.on.up-to-date.defence.technologies.and.the.know-how.developed,.both.independently.and. under. international. cooperation,. the. Polish. industry. under-takes. a. difficult. challenge. to. meet. the. requirements. of. modern.international.defence.market..Today,.the.ability.to.concentrate.the.potential. of. industrial. parties,. including. cross-border. one,. is. im-portant.to.achieve.effective.operation..Industrial.consortia.created.for. this. purpose. are. able. to. offer. to. armed. forces. cutting-edge.technologies.that.meet.the.criteria.of.armament.systems.of.open.architecture..

The.review.of.Polish.defence.industry.companies,.presented.in.the.”Polish.Defence.Yearbook.2012”,. is.a.valuable.source.of. infor-mation.regarding.defence.industry..It.offers.to.all.those.interested.possibilities. of. establishing. contacts. with. representatives. of. this.particular.branch.of.our.industry..It.is.worth.learning.the.capabili-ties.of.the.Polish.defence.industry..I.cordially.invite.you.to.read.the.2012.edition.of.this.publication.Undersecretary of State for Armament and Modernization

WALDEMAR SKRZYPCZAK

EFFICIENT DEFENCE INDUSTRY IS STRENGTHENING EUROPEAN COMMUNITY

UNDERSECRETARY OF STATE FOR ARMAMENT AND MODERNIZATION IN ThE MINISTRY OF NATIONAl DEFENCE

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It. is. my. pleasure. to. introduce. you. to. a. new. edition. of. the.„Polish.Defence.Yearbook”..Like.in.the.previous.editions,.you.will. find. catalogued. information. regarding. the. Polish. De-

fence.Industry.–.current.potential,.achievements,.and.trade.of-fer,. divided. into. individual. chapters.. Starting. from. the. biggest.and. best. known. capital. group,. through. the. smaller. compa-nies. producing. armament. and. military. equipment. or. provid-ing. repair.and. renovation.services,. research.and.development.institutes.. The. publication. offers. also. information. about. the.small. private. companies. that. managed. to. enter. the. industry..with.success..

Operating. in.the.NATO.and.the.EU.environment,. the.Polish.Defence. Industry. has. been. going. through. reorganisation. and.consolidation.processes.for.several.years..Those.actions,.initiated.and.coordinated.by. the.Polish.government.and.closely.moni-tored.by.the.President.of.Poland,.the.Supreme.Commander.of.the.Armed.Forces,.aim.at.the.most.efficient.adjustment.of.the.whole.sector.to.the.constantly.changing.global.economic.envi-ronment..The.offer.is.to.create.an.industry.that.can.compete.on.European.and.world.markets.

An.important.factor.conditioning.the.future.of.the.products.manufactured.by.the.armament. industry.are. research.centres..Successful.research.and.tests.enable.us.to.equip.the.army.with.products. adjusted. to. the. needs. of. modern. battle. field. and. at.the.same.time.useful.in.everyday.work.performed.by.the.Police.Forces.or.the.Border.Guards...

The.current.edition.of.the.„Yearbook”.provides.you.with.the.offer.of.research.centres...

Companies.and.institutes.that.are.the.subject.of.„Polish.De-fence.Yearbook”.have.withstood.the.toughest.period.in.the.past.twenty. years,. which. followed. the. political. changes. of. 1989.. It.concerns.mainly.the.slump.in.the.defence.orders.resulting.from.the.economic.and.financial.crisis.of.the.2008–2009.period..

These.entities.continue.to.perform.research.for.the.army.and.provide. modern. armament. and. military. equipment. ordered.mainly.by.the.Polish.Armed.Forces..

I. am. deeply. convinced. that. the. systematically. offered. sup-port.by.our.state.to.the.sector.will.reinforce.its.competitiveness.against.the.biggest.world.producers.Head of the National Security Bureau StANISłAW KoZIEj

PROFESSIONAL ANALYSES AND THREAT MONITORING FOR STATE SECURITY

hEAD OF ThE NATIONAl SECURITY BUREAU

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Dear Readers,

We.would.like.to.present.you.the.new-est. edition. of. the. Polish. Defence.Yearbook,. Industry,. Armed. Forces,.

and.Security.Services,.published.by.Mag-num-X,. the. oldest,. the. biggest,. and. in-dependent. military. Publishing. House. in.Poland..The.Yearbook. is.a. free.of.charge.publication. in.English.only. in. traditional.and.electronic.version.

What. is. it. about?. First. of. all,. the. Pol-ish. Defence. Yearbook. is. the. Polish. De-fence. Industry. guide,. vademecum. and.catalogue.for.all.people.interested.in.this.field..In.the.yearbook,.you.may.find.all.the.essential.information.concerning.key.de-fence. companies. in. Poland,. about. their.production. profiles,. their. latest. offers,.and.relevant.contact.information..Large.part.of.the.materials.has.been.prepared.by.the.Publishing.House,.and.the.rest.of.material.has.beenprepared.by.the.other.companies,.we.included.the.list.in.the.index.(p..107).

The. Polish. Defence. Industry. is. a. very. important. branch. of.the.national.economy,.which.create.and.maintain.employment..Moreover,. it. offers. various. types. of. high. technological. equip-ment,. such. as. tanks,. helicopters,. artillery. systems,. and. many.other. elements.. It. is. worth. to. get. acquainted. with. their. offer,.especially.for.the.fact.that.the.Polish.Ministry.of.Defence.and.the.Ministry.od.Economy.prefer.to.cooperate.with.foreign.partners.by. involving. Polish. companies. into. transactions.. Polish. deci-sion.makers.are.focusing.on.transactions.which.are.going.to.be.profitable. for. the.National.Economy..Those. translations. regard.substantial.amount.of.money..Every.year.they.cost.Polish.gov-ernment.approximately.5.billion.PLN.

The. Polish. Defence. Industry. has. a. long. tradition. and. inter-esting.perspectives. for. the. future.. In. the.Yearbook.we.present.history.of.selected.companies,.their.current.situation.and.points.of.business-interest,.export.goals,.and.future.plans..We.observe.globalization.process.also.in.the.context.of.the.defence.industry..That.is.why.the.Yearbook.presents.smaller.companies,.which.are.part.of.big.international.companies..These.companies.have.de-cided.to.produce.their.own.equipment.and.products.in.Poland,.

and.after.wards.they.sell.them.to.various.places.worldwide.

The.Polish.Defence.Yearbook.can.be.referred.as.the.ambassador.of.the.Pol-ish.Defence.Industry..We.address.it.es-pecially. to. professionals. from. defence.industry,. potential. customers,. foreign.defence. departments. representatives,.and.politicians..Therefore,.the.Yearbook.is.not.available.in.a.regular.distribution,.and.it.is.available.for.its.direct.receivers.during.important.fairs,.trade.shows,.and.business. meetings,. or. during. official.presentations.of. the.products..We.can.achieve. it.because.of.our.cooperation.with.high.government.representatives.and.industrial.leaders..The.main.goal.of.the.Yearbook.is.to.present.its.potential.capabilities. to. the. foreign. partners. of.

the. Polish. Industry,. and. to. drive. the. attention. of. everyone.who.might.be.interested.in.the.subject.

During.the.implementation.of.our.program,.we.have.cooper-ated. with. and. received. very. important. support. from. the. Polish.Ministry.of.Foreign.Affairs,. the.Ministry.of.Economy,. the.Ministry.of.Defence,.the.National.Security.Bureau,.the.Polish.Chamber.for.National.Defence.Manufacturers,.and.the.Bumar.consortium.

Poland.is.a.difficult.but.very.promising.market..Polish.com-panies. can. benefit. from. various. modernization. programs. of.the.Polish.Armed.Forces,.and.they.are.especially.successful.in.export..The.process.of.consolidation.of.the.defence.industry.is.moving.forward..Battle.management.and.ultimate.IT.support-ing.systems.are.the.most.swiftly.developing.sectors..The.pro-cess.of.delivering.combat.vehicles. is. in.progress,.we.expect.new.long.term.programs.related.to.air.defence.systems,.he-licopters,.modernization.of.the.navy,.UAVies,.and.many.other..Polish. companies. should. take. a. part. in. the. implementation.of.these.contracts,.through.cooperation.with.foreign.partners..That.is.why,.it.is.significant.to.examine.their.offer.with.atten-tion,.also.in.terms.of.their.export.capabilities..We.believe.that.our.Yearbook.will.help.you.to.achieve.these.goals.

We.wish.you.an.inspiring.lecture,

MAgNUM-X PUBLISHINg HoUSE

POLISH DEFENCE YEARBOOk � EDITION 2012

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Poland — People, Country and Politics

Polish national emblem

Territory of Poland and neighbouring countries

Poland lies in the central part of the European continent. Poland’s total surface area is 322 500 sq km (312 600 sq km of land, 1 200 sq km of inland waters, and 8 700 sq km of territorial waters).

Today’s. territory. of. Poland. was. determined. after. the.Second.World.War.by.the.victorious.powers,.as.a.result.of. the. peace. conferences. at. Yalta. and. Potsdam.. Po-

land.lost.about.20%.of.its.prewar.territory..Its.borders.were.moved.north,. to. the.Baltic.coastline,.Warmia. (Varmia).and.Mazury.(Masuria);.and.west,.to.the.Odra.(Oder).River.and.the.Nysa. Łużycka. (Lusatian. Neisse). River.. In. the. east,. now. the.new.border. ran.along.the.Bug.River..Poland.gained.some.100,000.sq.km.in.the.north.and.west:.Warmia.and.Mazury,.Ziemia.Lubuska.(the.Lubusz.Region),.Dolny.Śląsk.(Lower.Si-lesia). and. part. of. Górny. Śląsk. (Upper. Silesia),. at. the. same.time.losing.aproximately.78,000.sq.km.of.its.territories.in.the.east.and.north-east:.rejon.Wilna.(the.Vilnian.region),.Polesie.(Polessie),.Wołyń.(Volhynia).and.Podole.(Podolia)..As.a.result.of. those. dramatic. shifts,. the. current. territory. of. Poland. is.more.or.less.the.same.as.it.was.a.thousand.years.ago.

The.country.has.a.roughly.circular.shape.with.a.char-acteristic.narrow.spit.of.land,.the.Hel.Peninsula,.jutting.out.34.km.into.the.Baltic.Sea,.with.an.average.breadth.of.just.500.m..To.the.west,.Poland.has.a.border.of.467.km.with.Germany,.to.the.south.with.the.Czech.Republic.(790.km).and. Slovakia. (541. km);. to. the. east. and. north-east. with.Ukraine. (529. km),. Belarus. (416. km),. Lithuania. (103. km).and.Russia.(210.km)..The.total.length.of.Poland’s.land.and.sea.borders.is.3,496.km.

The.major.Polish.cities.are.Warszawa.(Warsaw),.which.is.the.capital.city.of.Poland,.Łódź,.Kraków,.Wrocław,.Poznań,.Gdańsk,. Szczecin,. Bydgoszcz,. Katowice,. and. Lublin.. The.main.geographical.regions.are.Pomorze.(Pomerania),.Ma-zury. (Masuria),.Wielkopolska. (Greater.Poland),.Mazowsze.(Mazovia),.Podlasie. (Podlassia),. Śląsk. (Silesia),.Małopolska.(Lesser.Poland),.and.Podkarpacie.(Sub-Carpathia).

In. 2010. Poland’s. population. stood. at. c.a.. 38 200 000.(Ethnic.groups:.Polish:.98,7%,.Ukrainian,.0,6%,.Other:.0,7%;.Religion:.Catholic:.95%,.Orthodox:.1,5%,.Protestant,.mainly.Evangelical.1%)..This.figure.makes.it.the.29th.most.popu-lated.country.in.the.world.and.the.8th.in.Europe..

Population. density. rose. from. nearly. 80. people. per.sq.km.in.1946.to.almost.124.in.2001..In.Europe,.this.is.the.same.density.as.Denmark’s.

The.first.post-war.years.(1945–1950).saw.intensive.mi-grations..The.new.authorities.pursued.a.program.of.popu-lating.the.west.and.north.territories..Most.of.the.resettled.people.came.from.central.and.south-east.Poland;.others.were.repatriates.from.the.terrains.annexed.by.the.Soviet.Union.or.war.emigrants.returning.from.all.over.the.world..It.was.a.virtual.exodus.–.between.1945.and.1947.about.5.million.people.settled.in.west.and.north.Poland..While.Poles.returned.to.their.country,.Germans,.Ukrainians.and.Belorussians.emigrated.or.were.deported.–.of.the.23,9.mil-.lion.people.who. lived. in.Poland. in.1946,.non-Polish.na-tionality.was.declared.by.3,4.million.

In. later. decades. (1950–1980). migrations. were. of. an.entirely. different. character.. Following. large-scale. indus-trial. investments. undertaken. by. successive. communist.

governments,. people. from. industrially. undeveloped.regions. moved. to. areas. where. extensive. construction.works. were. carried. out. (mainly. the. cities. of. Warszawa,.Kraków,.Katowice,.Łódź.and.Poznań)..This.was.accompa-nied. by. the. migration. of. the. rural. population. to. urban.centres. (in. the. 1950s,. 700,000. people. moved. to. towns.every. year),. which. led. to. a. dramatic. change. of. the. ra-tio. of. urban. to. rural. population.. While. in. 1946. about..68%. of. residents. lived. in. rural. areas. and. about. 32%. in.towns,. today. the. figures. are. respectively. 38. and. 62%..The. main. population. concentrations. are. the. industrial.agglomerations. of. Katowice. (about. 4. million. people),.Warszawa.(about.2,5.million),.Gdańsk.and.Poznań.(about..1,5.million.each)..

Over. the. last. few.years. life.expectancy. in.Poland.has.been. increasing.steadily.and.the. forecasts. for. the. future.is.optimistic..For.men,.this.rate.is.predicted.to.grow.from.the.current.69.years.to.74.years.in.2025,.while.for.women,.from.78.to.81.years.(compared.with.respectively.56.and.61.6.years.in.1950).

Polish.society.is.not.young,.but.it.cannot.be.called.old.yet..An.average.Pole. is.almost.35.years.old. (for.women,.it.is.37.years;.for.men,.33.years)..56,2%.of.Poles.are.below.40;.24,1%.are.under.17;.11,8%.between.18.and.24;.20,3%.between.25.and.39;.27,1%.are.in.the.40–59.bracket,.and.16,7%. are. above. 60. (14,7%. between. 60. and. 79;. 2%. are.80.years.old.or.more)..

Polish.women.have.a.lower.life.expectancy.than.wom-en. in. Switzerland,. Italy,. Norway. or. Sweden,. but. higher.than.females.in.Hungary,.Ukraine,.Turkey.or.Russia..Polish.Polish national flag

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men. live. longer. than.males. in.Russia,.Turkey,.Ukraine.or.Hungary,. but. shorter. than. men. in. the. Czech. Republic,.France,.Portugal.and.Britain..

The.birth.rate. is.on.the.decline.. In.1996.there.were.428,200.births,.while.in.2008.the.figure.dropped.to.just.414,000.(compared.with.a.record.723,000.babies.born.in.1983)..

The.highest.natural.growth.rate.in.Poland.was.record-ed. immediately. after. the. war,. between. 1945. and. 1955,.culminating. in. 1955. when. it. reached. 19,5%. (532 000.people).. The. second. post-war. decade. saw. a. steady.decline. which. continued. until. 1969. when. the. natural.growth.rate.was.8,2%o.(268 000.people)..The.downward.trend. changed. in. 1970.. Natural. growth. began. to. rise..and.by.the.year.1976.it.reached.10,7%o..From.1984.on-wards. it. started. to. lose. dynamism. again. –. slowly. until.1990.and.rapidly.in.the.’90s..This.has.continued.until.to-day..In.1990.the.figure.was.4,1%;.in.1994.–.2,5%;.in.1995.–.1,2%;.in.1998.–.0,5%;.in.2008.–.0,9%..

Young. Poles. study. and. work. (over. the. last. 10.years.the.number.of.students.has.tripled),.are.preoc-cupied.with.their.careers,.run.their.own.businesses.and.increasingly.postpone.marriage.and.having.chil-dren..In.the.early.’90s.Polish.women.statistically.got.married.at.22,. in.the.mid.’90s.the.figure.was.closer.to.23,.and.now.it’s.25..Most.of.them.become.moth-ers.between.the.age.of.25.and.29.(compared.with.20–24. in. the. early. ’90s)..The. better. educated. they.are,.the.more.frequently.they.postpone.having.chil-dren.until.their.late.twenties..The.number.of.unmar-ried.women. is.also. increasing;. currently. it. is. about.20%.(compared.with.just.5%.in.the.early.’90s)..In.this.respect,. Poland. has. become. similar. to. Switzerland.and.Sweden..The.most.common.family.model.is.still.2 + 2,.although.increasingly.couples.decide.to.have.only.one.child.

Donald Tusk becomes the first prime minister in Poland to win a second consecutive term since 1989 (photo: Grzegorz Rogiński/Kancelaria Prezesa Rady Ministrów).

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

ul. Wspólna 30, 00-930 Warszawaphone: +48 22 623-10-00

www.minrol.gov.pl

Ministry of Environment ul. Wawelska 52/54, 00-922 Warszawa

phone: +48 22 579-29-00www.mos.gov.pl

Ministry of Culture and National HeritageAl. Krakowskie Przedmieście15/17

00-071 Warszawaphone: +48 22 620-02-31

www.mk.gov.pl

Ministry of Financeul. Świętokrzyska 12, 00-916 Warszawa

phone: +48 22 694-55-55

Ministry of Foreign AffairsAl. J. Ch. Szucha 23, 00-580 Warszawa

phone: +48 22 523-90-00www.msz.gov.pl

Ministry of Healthul. Miodowa 15, 00-952 Warszawa

phone: +48 22 634-96-00www.mz.gov.pl

Ministry of JusticeAl. Ujazdowskie 11, 00-950 Warszawa

phone: +48 22 521-28-88www.ms.gov.pl

Ministry of Interiorul. Stefana Batorego 5, 02-591 Warszawa

phone: +48 22 621-20-20www.msw.gov.pl

Ministry of Transport, Construction and Maritime Economy

ul. Tytusa Chałubińskiego 4/6, 00-928 Warszawaphone: +48 22 630-10-00

www.transport.gov.pl

Ministry of Labour and Social Policyul. Nowogrodzka 1/3, 00-513 Warszawa

phone: +48 22 661-10-00www.mps.gov.pl

Ministry of National Defenceul. Klonowa 1, 00-909 Warszawa

phone: +48 22 628-00-31 www.wp.mil.pl

Ministry of National EducationAl. Szucha 25, 00-918 Warszawa

phone: +48 22 34-74-100

Ministry of Administration and Digitalization

ul. Batorego 5, 02-514 Warszawaphone: +48 22 601-44-27

www.mac.gov.pl

Ministry of Regional Development pl. Trzech Krzyży 3/5, 00-507 Warszawa

phone: +48 22 461 50 00 www.mrr.gov.pl

Ministry of Science and Higher Educationul. Wspólna 1/3, 00-529 Warszawa

phone: +48 22 529-27-18 www.mnisw.gov.pl

Ministry of Sport and TourismAl. Róż 2, 00-559 Warszawa phone: +48 22 522-33-99

www.msport.gov.pl

Ministry of State Treasuryul. Krucza 36 / Wspólna 6, 00-522 Warszawa

phone: +48 22 695-80-00 www.msp.gov.pl

Ministry of Economypl. Trzech Krzyży 3/5, 00-507 Warszawa

phone: +48 22 693-50-00www.mgip.gov.pl

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King’s Castle in Warsaw

Krakow’s Wawel Castle – the royal castle of the Polish kings.

Poland’s voivodships

In.accordance.with.the.Constitution.of.April.2nd,.1997,.which. took. effect. on. October. 17th,. 1997,. (in. chapter. 1,.aritcle.10). the.system.of.government.of. the.Republic.of.Poland.shall.be.based.on.the.separation.of.and.balance.between. the. legislative,. executive. and. judicial. powers..Legislative. power. shall. be. vested. in. the. Seym. and. the.Senate,.executive.power.shall.be.vested.in.the.President.of.the.Republic.of.Poland.and.the.Council.of.Ministers,.and.the.judicial.power.shall.be.vested.in.courts.and.tribunals.

The.Constitution.provides.the.Seym.with.a.dominant.role.in.the.legislative.process..This.does.not.apply.to.stat-utes.which.amend.the.Constitution.or.statutes.which.per-mit. the. ratification.of. international. treaties,.on. the.basis.of.which.the.Republic.of.Poland.delegates.certain.com-petence.of.the.State.organs.to.an.international.organisa-tion.or. international.body.. In. the.case.of. the. statutes. in.question,.neither.the.opinion.of.the.Seym.nor.the.Senate.enjoys.superiority.guaranteed.by.the.Constitution..

The.Constitution.shapes.a.delicate.system.of.balance.between.particular.powers.of.the.State,.which.is.described.as.a.parliamentary-cabinet.system.with.a.slight.inclination.towards.the.presidential.system..Only.the.Parliament.can.

pass. statutes. to. which. the. Constitution. grants. a. special.role.in.the.system.of.sources.of.law.regarding.the.deter-mination.of.the.legal.position.of.the.citizens..

The.President.nor.the.government.have.the.authority.to. proclaim. acts. which. would. have. the. force. of. statute.(excluding. regulations. which. have. the. force. of. statute.issued.by.the.President.during.martial. law)..At.the.same.time,.however,.the.legislative.activity.of.the.Parliament.is.submitted.to.the.control.of.the.Constitutional.Tribunal..As.regard.of.the.relations.between.the.Seym.and.the.execu-tive. powers,. it. is. worth. noticing. that. the. President. may.shorten.the.term.of.office.of.the.Seym.only. in. instances.specified.in.the.Constitution..According.to.the.latter,.the.President. is. the. supreme. representative. of. the. Republic.of. Poland. and. the. guarantor. of. the. continuity. of. State.authority.. He. is. elected. for. a. five-year. term. of. office. in.universal,. equal,. direct. and. proportional. elections,. con-ducted.by.secret.ballot;.the.President.does.not.bear.po-litical. responsibility. towards. the.Parliament.nor.either.of.

10

the.two.Chambers;.the.National.Assembly,.formed.by.the.Seym.and.the.Senate.sitting.together,.has.the.power.(by.a.majority.of.at. least.two-thirds.of.the.statutory.number.of. members). to. bring. the. bill. of. an. indictment. against.the.President. for.an. infringement.of. the.Constitution.or.statute,.as.well.as.for.the.commission.of.an.offence..The.President.may.be.held.accountable.also.to.the.Tribunal.of.State;.on.the.day.on.which.the.National.Assembly.adopts.the.respective.resolution,.he.is.suspended.from.discharg-ing.all.functions.of.his.office..

The.government.is.subject.to.the.control.of.the.Seym..Members.of.the.government.and.the.Council.of.Ministers.bear.full.political.responsibility.to.the.Seym;.furtheremore,.

Presidential Palace

Polish Parliament

The.Seym.may.holds.the.members.of.the.Council.of.Minis-ters.constitutionally.accountable.to.the.Tribunal.of.State..

The. Seym. is. composed. of. 460. Deputies,. elected. in.universal,.equaly,.direct,.and.proportional.elections,.con-ducted.by.secret.ballot..The.Senate.consists.of.100.Sena-tors.elected.in.universal.and.direct.elections.by.secret.bal-lot..According.to.the.Constitution,.both.the.Deputies.and.the.Senators.are.representatives.of.the.Nation.and.are.not.bound.by.the.instructions.of.their.electorate.

The. term. of. office,. that. is. the. cadency. during. which.the. mandate. of. the. Seym. remains. valid,. amounts. to..4.years.and.commences.on.the.day.the.Seym.assembles.for. the. first. sitting. after. the. election;. it. ends. on. the. day.preceding. the. assembly. of. the. Seym. of. the. succeeding.term.of.office;.there.is.no.interim.period..The.mandate.of.the.Senate.begins.and.expires.together.with.the.mandate.of.the.Seym..

The. Seym. may. shorten. its. term. of. office. by. a. reso-lution.passed.by.a.majority.of.at. least. two-thirds.of. the.votes.of.the.statutory.number.of.Deputies.(i.e..the.resolu-tion.must.be.adopted.by.no.less.than.307.Deputies);.this.means. a. simultaneous. shortening. of. the. term. of. office.of. the. Senate.. Such. resolutions,. however,. may. not. be.adopted.during.a.period.of.introduction.of.extraordinary.measures. and. within. the. period. of. 90. days. following..its.termination..

The.shortening.of.the.term.of.office.of.the.Seym.may.also. take.a.place.on. the.basis.of.a.Presidential.decision..The. President. is. obliged. to. make. such. decision. if. the.Seym.proves. to.be.unable. to.pass.a.vote.of.confidence.in. the. government. created. by. him. or. to. form. its. own.government.. The. President. may. also. decide. to. shorten.the. term.of.Sejm’s.office. (he.has. the.power.but.not. the.obligation.to.do.so),.in.case.after.4.months.from.the.day.of.the.submission.of.the.Budget.to.the.Seym,.it.has.not.been.presented.to.the.President.for.signature.. n

Avio Polska is a member of Avio Industrial Group, one of the leading company of the European aerospace industry. The company’s factory is located at Bielsko-Biała, where advanced research & engineering works in own Research & Development Center and turbine engine components are produced.

Avio is also leading European aviation powerplant overhaul company, serving both, military and civilian powerplants.

The Avio Company, cooperating with Politechnika Warszawska (Warsaw Institute of Technology), Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna (Military Institute of Technology) and Wojskowe Zakłady Lotnicze Nr 4 (Military Aircraft Works No 4) is committed in construction of Aerospace Powerplant Research Laboratory in Warsaw, which will be one of the most modern R&D aviation powerplant center in the world. Avio company widely contributes to international aerospace research programs, also in cooperation with Polish scientific centers.

AVIATION AND NAVAL POWERPLANTYOUR PARTNER AT SEA AND AIR

Headquaters:Grażyńskiego 14143-300 Bielsko-BiałaPh. +48 33 813 40 12Fax +48 33 813 21 28

Warsaw Office:Jana Pawła II nr 1500-828 WarszawaPh. +48 22 697 77 10Fax +48 22 697 77 11

avio bez stopki.indd 2010-06-10, 12:101

Avio Polska is a part of Avio Group, which is one of the leaders of European aerospace industry. The company’s plant is located in Bielsko-Biała where the advanced research and engineering works are conducted in our own Research&Development Center and where some turbine engine components are manufactured.

Avio is also a leading European supplier of MRO services both for military and civil aircraft engines.

The company in cooperation with Politechnika War- szawska (Warsaw University of Technology), Wojskowa Aka- demia Technologiczna (Military University of Technology) and WZL4 SA (Military Aircraft Works No. 4) is engaged in the project called “Cold Flow Turbine Test Facility Polonia Aero” – a laboratory which will be the most modern aviation R&D centre of this kind allover the world. Avio company participates in many international reasearch aviation programmes collaborating with many Polish and foreign scientific centers.

Headquarters:Grażyńskiego 14143-300 Bielsko-BiałaPh. +48 33 813 40 12Fax +48 33 813 21 28

Warsaw Office:Powązkowska 1501-797 WarszawaPh. +48 22 562 33 70Fax +48 22 562 33 74

1�

Polish Defence Industry: Quo Vadis?Interview with Mr. Dariusz Bogdan, Deputy Minister of the Economy, about the effects of development policy of the defense industry.

What are the intentions of the Minister to the defense industry?

I want.to.emphasize.that.the.development.policy.of.the.defense.industry.is. one. of. the. most. important. sectors. of. the. economy..This. industry. is.characterized.on.the.one.hand,.by.the.continuation.of.the.tradition.of.

the.Polish.production.of.armaments.and.military.equipment,.and.on.the.other.hand,. it. is. the. foundation.of. formative.potential.of.providing.secu-rity.and.defense.of.Poland..National.defense.industry.should.remain.a.key.source. of. supply. of. arms. and. military. equipment. for. Armed. Forces,. and.Polish.research.and.scientific.institutions.create.the.conditions.for.techno-logical. progress. and. scientific. developments. in. the. field. of. defense..The.aim.of.the.Minister.of.Economy.is.to.support.innovative.and.competitive.in.Europe.and.worldwide.Polish.defense.industry..The.idea.is.to.enable.its.full.participation. in.broad.international.cooperation. in.the.field.of.design.and.manufacture.of.technologically.advanced.weapons.and.the.creation.of.such.conditions.for.international.cooperation.that.will.enable.achievement.of.the.economic.and.security.objectives..It.is.supported.by.the.interest.of.the.modern.economy.and.above.all.to.maintain.many.jobs.in.the.country..I.want.to.emphasize.that.the.effectiveness.of.the.defense.industry.policy,.determines.the.number.of.factors.which.include,.smoothly.functioning.ad-ministrative.structures.which.are.designed.to.take.care.of.the.interests.of.the.Polish.entrepreneurs,.the.creation.of.instruments.supporting.manufac-turing.operations,.i.e..new.legislation,.task.planning,.promotion.of.exports,.economic.diplomacy.and.investment.activities.

So let’s assess the condition of our defense industry. Much is said about the positive changes that over the past decade have oc-curred in this industry, but at the same time there is a lack of sig-nificant export success and still we hear the concerns that some reinforcing companies will not cope in open tenders for the sup-ply of arms and military equipment, which is required by Commu-nity law, in particular so-called Defense Directive 2009/81/EC. In short, is the Polish defense industry competitive or is the position of some companies not yet strong enough to confidently look to the future?

Indeed,.the.changes.that.have.occurred.recently.in.the.defense.industry.are.enormous.–.many.factories.of.the.sector.are.today.modern.and.efficient.business. companies,. having. machines. which. meet. European. standards,.advanced. technology. and. well-trained. crew,. seen. by. investors. –. includ-ing.foreign.ones.–.as.valued.partners.in.cooperation,.who.is.worth.making.business.with..The.restructure.in.the.real.estate,.products,.technology,.jobs.and.markets.–.conducted.with.the.support.of.government,.especially.min-isters.of.the.Treasury,.Defense.and.Economy.that.use.the.available.legal.and.financial.instruments.–.is.beginning.to.bear.fruit.

But.we.cannot.be.fully.satisfied.with.the.achievements.in.this.field..Analy-ses.conducted.by.the.Ministry.of.Economy.confirmed.fact.that.the.interna-tional.competitiveness.of.our.defense.industry.is.not.sufficient.and.we.need.to.look.for.opportunities.to.improve.it..This.means.that.the.restructure.must.be.continued..As.before,.the.burden.of.the.adjustment.process.of.the.opera-tors.to.changing.market.conditions.and.economic.activity.will.rest.with.the.entrepreneurs.themselves..They.must.be.active.in:.building.attractive.market,.especially. in. the.modern.products,.as.well.as. in. terms.of.quality.and.price.of.products,.punctuality.of.deliveries,.etc.,. looking. for.opportunities. to.de-velop.international.cooperation.in.the.area.of.capital,.technology,.products,.industrial.cooperation.and.markets,.acquiring.new.customers.and.markets..The.role.of.public.administration.in.this.context.is.mainly.based.on.the.cre-ation.of.system.solutions.(mainly.legal),.which.create.favorable.conditions.for.business.activity..Public.support.must.be.balanced.and.of.course.take. into.

account.EU.legislation,.while.realizing.the.opportunities.arising.from.art..346.of.the.Treaty.on.the.Functioning.of.the.EU.

the period of the execution of the government program for the de-fense industry is ending, 2007–2012 – popularly known as Strategy 2012 – whose main goal was to improve the competitiveness of the defense sector, and here we are told that in this regard it is still not well . What are the causes – incorrect assumption of the govern-ment program or maybe unfavorable market circumstances.

The.directions.of.the.structural.changes.identified.in.the.Strategy.2012.have.been.designated.based.on.the.extensive.experience.of.European.and.global.defense.industry.and.include.business.solutions.proven.in.practice,.such.as:.consolidation.of.capital.selected.entities.within.a.single.economic.structure.(Bumar.Group.gathered.around.Bumar.Ltd.).,.in.conjunction.with.the.search.for.opportunities.to.develop.cooperation.with.strategic. inves-tors.(especially.foreign).and.the.privatization.of.companies.not.included.to.bring.to..Bumar.Ltd..In.addition,.the.package.of.the.mechanisms.and.instru-ments.supporting.development.of.the.defense.sector.was. implemented,.including:. the.funding.of. research.and.development,. the.support. for. the.restructuring.actions.on.the.basis.of.funds.from.the.privatization.of.the.de-fense.sector,.measures.to.promote.manufactured.in.Poland.weapons.and.military.equipment,.grants.from.Ministry.of.Economy.and.offset.

The.past. few.years.have.been.difficult. for.the.defense. industry,.marked.by.a.substantial. reduction. in.government.procurement.of.armaments.and.military.equipment,.while.tightening.competition.in.the.defense,.also.on.the.domestic.market.. It. is.understood.that.solving.the.current.economical.and.financial. problems. . absorbs. a. lot. management. of. the. companies,. but. this.cannot. justify.some.of. the.entities.which.do.not.pay.enough.attention.for.seeking.for.opportunity.to.spice.up.market.offer,.including.the.one.targeted.to. national. audiences..This. contrasts. with. the. efficiency. of. business. activi-ties.carried.out.by.a.growing.group.of.private.entrepreneurs.of.the.defense.industry.who.are.getting.better.at.domestic.and.international.market.

In. the.opinion.of. the.Ministry.of.Economy. the.major.cause.of. slower.than.expected.improvement.of.the.competitiveness.of.defense.industries.is. insufficient. activity. of. developers. in. the. sector. of. economic. activity.. It.results.partially.due.to.the.fact.that.some.operators.are.not.able.to.create.market.opportunities,.and.therefore.they.count.mainly.on.the.effects.and.opportunities.that.should.bring.consolidation.and.to.obtain.support.from.the.state..This.partialy.reflects.the.weakness.of.mechanisms.for.interaction.of. entities. in. the. consolidated. Group. structure. Bumar,. resulting. in. a. low.self-reliance.and.creativity.of. these.entities. in.the.sphere.of.business,. the.growth.of.bureaucracy.and.not.disclosing.the.synergies...A.recent.funda-mental. changes. in. the. management. Bumar. Ltd.. give. hope. to. eliminate.these.shortcomings.(a.change.of.this.unfavorable.state.of.affairs)..

So what should be done to improve the competitiveness of the Polish defense industry to the extent allowing the wide participa-tion of domestic suppliers of arms and military equipment in the technical modernization of the Armed Forces, and also the presence on selected foreign markets? Will a national defense industry be able to compete with the best in Europe and the world?

In.order.to.strengthen.the.competitiveness.of.the.national.defense.in-dustry.measures.are.vital.to.both.the.government.and.defense.sector.enti-ties..Activities.on. the.side.of.government.–.which.main.goal. is. to.create.better.conditions.for.the.development.of.system.production.and.sales. in.a.competitive.market.–.must. include.in.particular:.drafting.of.a.new.pro-gram.for.the.defense.industry.for.the.period.after.2012,.the.implementation.

1�

of.legal.arrangements.to.facilitate.the.effective.functioning.of.the.entities.of. defense. industry. in. the. realities. of. open. competition,. and. the. use. of.available.opportunities.to.support.research.and.development,. restructur-ing. activities,. the. promotion. of. Polish. produced. armaments. and. military.equipment.and.product.development.of.defense. industries.on. the.basis.of.offset.instruments.

In. turn,. the.defense. industries.are.expected.to.demonstrate.more.ac-tively. in.business.in.the.development.of.production.and.sales.of.defense.products,.using.the.possibilities.offered.by.cooperation.with.foreign.part-ners. in. the. field. of. capital,. technology,. products,.industrial.cooperation.and.markets..It.is.necessary.to.diversify.and.offer.more.attractive.market,.espe-cially.in.modern.products,.also.in.terms.of.time.de-liveries,.product.price,.warranty.and.after.warranty,.as.well.as.better.identification.of.needs.in.the.field.of.armaments.and.military.equipment.of.the.main.contractors.

Some. companies. are. already. able. to. suc-cessfully. compete. with. Western. corporations,.especially.in.such.products.as:.wheeled.armored.vehicle,.the.cars.of.technical.security,.anti-aircraft.short-range. rocket. kits. or. selected. elements. of.military.technology.

Bumar. group. must. review. the. opportunities.in. research,.development.and.production. in.or-der.to. identify. the.most.promising.directions.of.development. of. products,. taking. into. account.the.current.and.projected.needs.of.the.main.au-thorities,.and.the.ability.to.cope.with.competition.in.the.defense..Based.on.the.findings.of.this.review.the.strategies.need.to.be.verified.and.revised.being.implemented.in.the.R.&.D,.manufacturing.and.trading.business,.with.an.emphasis.on.specialization.and.the.use.of.market.niches.

great concern in the defense industry environment caused the entry into force of the so-called Directive 2009/81/EC of defense, requiring organization of open tenders for the supply of arms and military equipment. How do you see the problem in the context of the prospects of the defense sector? Are the concerns formulated in connection with the defense of the directive, at least to some extent justified, or rather they can be regarded as an expression of lack of self-confidence?

Open.tendering.is.a.challenge.for.the.Polish.defense.industry.but.also.an.opportunity.for.domestic.companies.to.enter.markets.where.Polish.arms.so.far.had.been.poorly.represented.

Of.course,.this.situation.forces.companies.to.increased.effort.to.prepare.an.attractive.offer,.also.in.terms.of.price..Some.companies,.especially.from.a.group.of.private.entrepreneurs,.are.doing.quite.well. in.foreign.markets,.which.proves.that.even.in.conditions.of.open.competition.they.can.effec-tively.compete.with.suppliers.from.other.countries..Bumar.Group.has.all.the.capabilities.necessary.to.present.a.competitive.market.offer.–.the.thing.is,.to.effectively.benefit.from.these.opportunities.

It.is.important.that.in.cases.of.legitimate.national.security.interests,.Po-land.–.like.any.other.EU.country.–.has.the.right.to.appeal.to.prerogatives.under.Article.346.of.the.Treaty.on.the.Functioning.of.the.European.Union..In.this.context,..the.Cabinet.of.Ministers.Regulations.specifying.the.proce-dure. for. the. assessment. of. the. fundamental. interest. of. national. security,.while.ensuring.the.correct.application.of.art..346.TFEU.and.ensuring.secu-rity.of.supply.of.military.equipment,.and.the.proper.repair.and.overhaul.of.equipment,.will.be.important.

The. topic. of. the. defense. . directive,. which. must. be. emphasized,. has.many.aspects.and.does.not.relate.solely.to.the.ministry,.which.I.have.the.honor.to.represent..Minister.of.Economic.Affairs.is.not.responsible.for.the.implementation. of. the. directive.. But. I. want. to. point. out. the. important.

area.of.activity.that.is.associated.with.the.directive,.and.is.a.responsibility.of.the.Ministry.of.Economy.–.namely.offset..As.everyone.knows.the.new.policy.of.the.European.Commission.aimed.at.creating.a.competitive.mar-ket.for.defense.procurement.is.quite.severely.limited,.offsets,.but.they.are.not.banned..In.the.directive,.even.though.there.is.no.offset,..the.European.Commission.guidelines.are.applied,.in.which.it.is.explained.the.use.of.off-sets,.just.a.matter.of.offset.agreements.in.accordance.with.Article.346.TFEU..I. want. to. emphasize. that. the. Ministry. of. Economy. from. the. very. begin-ning,.i.e..since.the.work.on.the.shape.of.the.Green.Paper,.took.diplomatic.

steps. to. adopt. a. common. position. of. Member.States.that.the.Directive.has.not.caused.deepen-ing.differences.between.industries.from.countries.with.weaker.defense. industry.and. the. industries.in.countries.with.strong.defense.industry..The.aim.was. to. extend. the. period. of. implementation. of.the.directive.in.order.to.avoid.adverse.effects.that.might.arise.in.the.defense.industry..An.important.issue.was.that.the.directive.does.not.limit.national.provisions.relating.to.contracts.offset.

Whether, in connection with major limita-tions on the part of defense directive, is the offset possible?

The.information.which.the.Ministry.of.Econo-my.possesses,.in.connection.with.their.collabora-tion.with. the.European. institutions.and. through.bilateral. contacts. with. other. countries,. clearly.indicates.that.the.offset.despite.stringent.EU.law.will.be.continued.such.as.to.build.and.strengthen.

the.capacity.and.the.potential.of.defense.capabilities.of.EU.Member.States..The.stake.is.enormous.because.it.concerns.the.development.of.industry.of.one.of.the.most.important.determinants.of.state.sovereignty.and.mobili-zation.readiness.of.its.structures,.to.ensure.the.realisation.of.the.essential.interests.of.national.security,.defense.capabilities,.ensuring.the.security.of.supply.and.operational.independence,.which.is.assured.with.inter.alia.re-cords,.“National.Security.Strategy.of.the.Republic.of.Poland”.

What type of offset can be used in accordance with new EU regulations?European. Commission. guidelines. which. are. a. repetition. of. the. 2006.

Communication.on.the.application.346.clearly.show.that.acceptable.is.only.a.direct.offset,.which.is.directed.to.the.defense.industry..According.to.the.Code.of.Conduct.on.Offsets.of..the.European.Defense.Agency.shall.not.ex-ceed.the.contract.value..The.application.of.offset.for.orders.executed.in.ac-cordance.with.Article.346.TFEU.must.be.dictated.by.the.need.to.implement.national.security.interests..I.mean.the.offset.obligation,.thanks.to.which.the.necessary.capacity.will.be.obtained.so.that,.which.will.significantly.shorten.the.time.of.reproduction.of.technical.readiness.harvested.in.a.given.case,.or.being.supplied.with. the.Polish.Armed.Forces.armaments.and.military.equipment.of.different. types.of. troops.and.services,.and.consequently. it.will. affect. the. achievement. of. the. desired. state. operational. readiness. of.the.Polish.Armed.Forces,.but.there.are.also.possible.security.cooperation.programs.not.directly.related.to.the.orders.

At.this.point.I.wish.to.emphasize.that.the.acquisition.of.capacities.for.na-tional.defense.industry.is.dictated.by.the.fact.that.purchases.of.armaments.and.military.equipment.under.art..346.TFEU.are.used.by.the.Polish.Armed.Forces.for.such.as.Foreign.missions.and.operations,.thus.it.is.advisable.that.for. instance.repairs.and.maintenance.were.carried.out.while.maintaining.the.required.principles.and.clauses.of.the.national.defense.industry.compa-nies..Each.time,.in.close.cooperation.with.the.Ministry.of.National.Defense.and.the.industry,.is.made.an.analysis.of.operational.capabilities.by.the.Min-istry.of.Economic,.which.allows.for.the.identification.of.those.technologies.whose.development.or.the.transfer.is.necessary.to.ensure.the.wider.inter-ests.of.Polish.security..Having.noted.that.achieving.the.objectives.it.is.not.possible.with.other.solutions.than.offset.a.decision.is.made.to.negotiate.the.

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offset.agreement..On.the.basis.of.the.offset.agreement.foreign.investments.are.made.in.the.form.of.technology.transfer,.research.and.training..Abilities.obtained.in.this.way.by.the.national.defense.industry.enterprises.contrib-ute..to.shortening.the.recovery.time.of.technical.readiness.that.is.harvested.or.being.equipped.of.different.types.of.troops.and.armaments.and.military.equipment.service.equipment.

Whether, as the result of the development policy of the Polish de-fense industry, offset is likely to increase the competitiveness and the leveling of technological shortcomings by assuming integra-tion within the European defense market?

In.the.strategic.documents,.in.particular.on.the.creation.of.European.Technology. and. Industrial. Base. (EDTIB),. offset. was. characterized. as. an.effective.and.legitimate.tool.for.its.development..In.Europe,.it.is.believed.that. some. level. of. security. of. supply,. including. the. operational. sover-eignty. is.part.of. the.EDTIB..Currently,. it. is.necessary. to.make.efforts. to.maintain.and.upgrade.potential.of.the.Member.States.and.some.of.their.industrial.capabilities..The.acquisition.of.modern.military.technology. is.valuable.. Due. to. the. extremely. long. life. cycle. of. most. bought. foreign.weapons.and.military.equipment.it.is.required.adequate.logistics.for.the.renovation,.modernization.and.repair..It.seems.that.some.form.of.offset.increases.the.likelihood.of.achieving.the.intended.purpose..Defense.off-set.must.be.directed.to.the.development.of.the.wider.defense.capability,.which. from. the. perspective. of. EDTIB. is. considered. to. be. a. very. effec-tive.solution..The.possibilities.of.using.the.offset.for.the.content.of.the.R.&.D.allow.the.acquisition.of.competence.with. international.ambitions..Of.course,. further. implementation.of. the.offset. in.Poland.depends.on.whether.if.there.will.be.a.political.will.to.create.opportunities.to.further.its.use.–.of.course.in.compliance.with.EU.law..I.would.add.that.the.Minis-ter.of.Economy.has.prepared.a.draft.amendment.to.the.Offset.Act,.which.was.directed.to.the.Council.of.Ministers.

How significantly, according to the Minister, offset in the new edi-tion may affect the development of defense capability of Poland?

First. of. all,. I. believe. that. the. maintenance. of. defense. potential. at. the.appropriate. level.will. require.some. investments.and.strong.commitment.of.the.various.instruments,.among.others,.such.as.offset..It.is.directly.offset.by. any. type. of. investment. interest,. addressed. to. the. defense. sector. and.focused. on. the. acquisition. by. the. relevant. industry. production. capacity,.repair,.and.research. is. in. the.perspective.of.achieving. industrial.progress..We.have.to.keep.in.mind.that.currently.some.areas.of.the.defense.industry.are.feeling.huge.effects.of.lack.of.investment..It.is.expected.that.their.po-tential.could.be.developed.such.as.the.offset..In.my.opinion,.the.impact.of.offset.on.technological.competence.in.the.new.companies.in.the.industry.often.depends.on.the.transferred.technology..The.objective.is.to.make.off-set.containing.a.considerable.amount.of.development. in. the. long. term,.which. would. generate. new. technological. skills.. The. transfer. of. technol-ogy.must.be.accompanied.by.advanced.technology.development.to.help.implement.technological.competence.for.the.acquisition.by.the.company.abilities.to.compete.in.the.international.market.with.an.advanced.product..The.fact. is.that,. the.companies.receiving.the.offset.of.the.defense. indus-try.strengthen.its.position.in.the.international.market.–.both.in.the.supply.chain.and.by.exporting.jobs.to.foreign.defense.forces..It.may.be.noted.that.the.company.that.uses.the.offset.to.build.technological.competence.and.obtaining.export.orders.could.also.be.offset.provider..Offset.also.helps.to.introduce.new.players.to.the.international.defense.industry.market..It.also.lets.you.participate.in.building.a.world-class.network.of.specialized.compa-nies,.which.affects.the.quality.of.the.EDTIB.and.enables.the.benefits.to.the.domestic.industrial.technological.bases.

According to your opinion, how the change of the offset law in Po-land and other EU Member States looks like ?

So.far,.only.a.few.countries.have.declared.that.they.will.not.use.the.offset.but.it.is.not.a.novelty.because.it.concerns.only.those.states.which.

did.not.develop. this.policy. i.e.. they. took.part. in. the. implementation.of.offsets. in.other.countries.while.they.applied.and.continued.to.use.similar.mechanisms.to.offset..It.should.be.emphasized.that.the.majority.of.EU.Member.States.does.not.abandon.the.possibility.of.using.offset.practices..Policy.in.this.area.is.still.ongoing,.however,. its.direction.has.changed..by.moving.away.from.pure.compensation,.which.basis.were.economic. benefits. for. the. implementation. of. specific. projects. in. the.industry.dictated.by.the.interests.of.national.security..It.is.provided.by.the.actions.of.Member.States,.which.amend.the.national.regulations..Poland.among.countries.such.as.Belgium,.Spain,.Austria,.Holland,.Bul-garia,.Romania.and.so,.tends.to.increase.activities.in.the.field.of.offset..Offset.is.treated.by.all.the.countries.as.all.types.of.measures.taken.by.the.State.according.to.Article..346.TFEU,.which.are.to.serve.the.devel-opment.of.national.industry..At.the.EDA.forum.it.was.observed.that.the.use.of.the.offset.remains.constant.practice.at.the.orders.in.the.field.of.defense.and.security..It.is.treated.as.the.primary.instrument.for.ensur-ing.national.security.interest.for.the.industrial.development.of.defense.capabilities,. technology. transfer,. security. of. supply. and. operational.sovereignty.. Such. countries. as. Germany,. France,. United. Kingdom. as.I.mentioned.a.moment.ago.are.opposed.to.the.usage.of.offset.prac-tices,.but.it.must.be.remembered.that.at.the.same.time.they.retain.the.cooperation.mechanisms.that.are.very.similar.to.the.offset.and.bring.them.to.the.appropriate.benefits..Poland.is. in.this.group.of.countries.that. use. the. offset.. The. use. of. offsets. allows. the. implementation. of.major. international. industrial. cooperation. projects,. which. enable. to.acquire.modern.technology.and.the.integration.of.the.Polish.defense.companies.in.the.implementation.of.research.projects.with.the.EU.and.NATO.membership.

How do you assess the current effects of the implementation of the offset?

It. is.worth.recalling.that.there.were.so.far.concluded.17.offset.agree-ments.in.Poland,.and.their.value.is.over.$.8.billion..Offset.obligations.in-cluded.in.the.offset.agreements.concern..on.certain.projects.carried.out.in.defense.industry,.established.in.the.Polish.territory..To.sum.up.the.conclu-sions.of.the.monitoring.process.of.offset.agreements:. it. is.neccessary.to.emphasize.that.the.offset.has.helped.many.plants,.especially.in.the.field.of.defense.industry,.to.improve.their.economic.and.financial.condition.It.allowed.to.enrich.their.potential.for.advanced.technologies,.tools,.financial.support.and.helped.establish.new.cooperative.ties.with.the.world’s.larg-est.arms.manufacturers,.which.would.be.impossible.without.the.offset..In.addition,.offset.allowed.to.increase.the.competitiveness.of.their.industry.to. other. companies. operating. in. the. area. and. in. many. cases. in. the. in-ternational. markets..This. is. due. to. changes. in. the. competitive. potential.of.companies,.including.the.scale.of.production,.finance,.distribution.and.marketing.. When. assessing. the. effects. of. the. implementation. of. offset.agreements. through. implementation. of. individual. offset. obligations,. it.can.be.divided.into.two.groups..These.are.the.commitments.related.to.the.purchases.and. investment.commitments..From.the.point.of.view.of. the.anticipated.effects.of.far.more.favorable.for.the.Polish.economy.are.liabili-ties.for. investment.purposes..However,. in.many.cases.–.particularly.with.regard.to.transfer.of.technology.and.know-how.–.the.implementation.of.these.commitments.are.long-term.investments,.and.their.effects.will.only.become.available.in.future.years.

Within.the.contract.of.the.offset.agreements.were.implemented.and.are.commitments. for.which. the. subject. is.widely.considered. transfer.of.technology.in.most.cases.supported.by.orders.for.new.products.with.a.to-tal.value.of.USD.3356.84.million,.511.42.million.EURO.and.451.02.million.PLN..In.the.case.of.offset.obligations.of.an.investment.character.we.deal.with.both. the.purchasing.of.products. that.are.already.offered.by.Polish.companies,.as.well.as.purchases.of.products,.whose.production.was.pos-sible.as.a.result.of.the.acquisition.of.new.technologies..In.the.years.2002.–. 2011. the. whole. value. of. exports. carried. out. under. offset. agreements.totaled:.4408.90.million.USD.and.396.12.million.EURO.

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Could you Minister explain the main common features of performed offset obligations taking into account the achieved results?

For.such.effects,.common.to.most.of.the.offset.obligations.–.which.have.already.occurred.or.will.occur.in.the.near.future.–.it.can.be.includ-ed:.maintaining.or.increasing.the.level.of.employment;.at.the.majority.of.the.offset.recipients,.realization.of.the.implementation.of.the.offset.obligations.contributed.to.the.effect.of.the.minimum,.that.is.maintain-ing.the.employment,.or.the.maximum.effect,.that.is.increasing.employ-ment..Concrete.effects.were.dependent.on.the.scale.and.the.object.of.realized.commitment..Generally.it.can.be.concluded.that.directly.(at.the.offset. recipients).and. indirectly. (in. the.market.of. the.offset. recipients).implementation.of.the.offset.obligations.under.contracts.helped.offset.to.maintain.and.increase.employment.–.a.total.of.more.than.10000.jobs..An.example.may.be.such.ZM.Mesko.SA,.WSK.“PZL-Kalisz”.S.A,.WZM.S.A..Siemianowice,.EADS-PZL.“Warszawa.–.Okecie”.SA.or.WSK.“PZL-Rzeszow”.SA..An.another.effect.is.to.gain.new.markets,.as.was.the.case.with.Nitro-Chem.SA,.ZM.Mesko.SA,.Caterpillar.Poland.Sp..z.o.o...An.another.effect.is.an.increasing.labor.productivity,.which.can.be.exemplified.by.effects.of.the.offset.obligations.for.EADS-PZL.“Warszawa-Okecie”.SA.where.labor.productivity.grew.by.50%..The.increase.in.labor.productivity.also.shows.EADS-PZL.“Warszawa-Okecie”.SA,.and.WSK.PZL-Rzeszów.SA,..ZM.Mesko.SA.AMP.S.A..Siemianowice,.and.the.Institute.of.Aviation..An.another.ef-fect.is.the.increase.in.economic.activity.in.the.region.of.industry.of.offset.recipients,.which.can.be.exemplified.by.the.implementation.of.commit-ments. in. ZM. Mesko. SA.. It. causes. a. cooperation. with. allies,. especially.those.in.the.area.of.functioning.of.the.company..Other.effects.are.im-provement.of.the.quality.of.products,.primarily.as.a.consequence.of.the.use.of.modern.technology;.improvement.of.environmental.protection,.as.a.result.of.both.the.modernization.of.the.machinery,.as.well.as.mod-ernization.of.production.technology;.upgrading.the.skills.of.employees,.to.enable.full.use.of.acquired.technologies,.and.providing.opportunities.to. further. technological.progress..As.an.example,.you.can.specify. the.commitments.made.at.the.Institute.of.Aviation.and.the.ITWL.

Are there any spectacular examples of implemented offset projects?Ministry.of.Economy.has.created.new.opportunities.for.Polish.indus-

try. through. the. introduction. to. already. concluded. offset. agreements.advantageous. commitments..This. enabled. the. development. of. Polish.companies,. especially. those. widely. understood. defense. industry.. Ac-quiring.these.capabilities.were.possible.only.through.the.implementa-tion.of.offset.agreements..Most.Polish.companies.would.not.have. the.financial.capacity.to.purchase.such.technologies.under.strictly.business.contracts..The.major.offset.projects.can.be.included,.among.others.the.creation.of.C-295.aircraft.service.center.at.EADS.PZL.in.Warsaw.–.Okecie.SA.,.which.will.also.provide.services.related.to.other.products.of.Airbus.Military.and.installation.of.the.front.of.the.aircraft.fuselage.CASA..Another.important.project,.this.time.under.the.offset.agreement.with.the.LMC,.is.to.create.(almost.completed).in.the.Wojskowych.Zakładach.Lotniczych.nr. 2. S.A.. in. Bydgoszcz,. base-repair. service. for. Polish. F-16. Fighting. Fal-con..There.have.been.implemented.the.ability.to.removing,.painting.and.varnishing.coating.as.well.as.repairs.and.maintenance.of. landing.gear,.hydraulic,. electrical. and. avionics. of. components. of. selected. multitask.aircraft. F-16.. Extremely. important. is. the. project. related. to. the. acquisi-tion.of.logistics.support.system.for.the.Air.Force.Institute.of.Technology.in.Warsaw..Within.the.project,.LMC.made.for.ITWL.gratuitous.transfer.of.technology.and.know-how.needed.to.develop.and.then.implement.and.maintain.the.ITWL.System.Operation.Support.Aircraft.F-16.for.the.Minis-try.of.Defence..The.acquisition.by.Bumar.Ammunition.SA.(Formerly.ZM.MESKO. SA). technology,. production. of. various. types. of. ammunition. in.the.offset.agreements.concluded.with.the.LMC,.Nammo,.SAAB,.Rafael,.OTO.Melara.also.cannot.be.skipped..There.was.also.created.an.installa-tion.for.the.safe.disposal.of.obsolete.munitions.and.started.the.produc-tion.of.anti-tank.SPIKE.missiles..Other.spectacular.effects,.which.you.can.point.is.launch.(under.contract.with.Patria.and.Oto.Melara.production.in.

the.Wojskowych.Zakładach.Mechanicznych.S.A..in.Siemianowice.Slaskie.Wheeled.armored.personnel.carriers.type.AMV.AMV.8x8.and.6x6.and.as-sembly,.integration.and.production.of.components.and.subassemblies.HITFIST.tower..Another. important.projects.under.the.offset.agreement.with.Harris.can.be.mentioned..where.he.acquired.the.ability.to.provide.services. for. maintenance,. installation. and. integration. of. tactical. radio.communication.systems.operating.in.the.Polish.Armed.Forces.and.the.training.of.tactical.radio.communication.systems..Speaking.of.radio.com-munication.technology.I.will.point.on.the.implemention.for.production.in.Radmor.SA.under.the.offset.agreement.with.Thales.Nederland.–.a.new.generation.of.radio.F@stnet.

What conclusions could be presented by Minister in the light of NIK control carried out in the fourth quarter of 2011 and the first quar-ter of 2012, whose subject was the implementation of the offset ob-ligations arising from the offset Agreements concluded between the State treasury and the Patria and oto Melara related to the delivery of wheeled armored personnel carriers to the Armed Forces of Poland?

I.want.to.emphatically.stress.that.the.results.of.control.carried.out.by.NIK.on.the.regularity.of.performance.of.offset.obligations.were.highly.valued.by.the.leadership.of.the.Ministry.of.Economy..First.of.all,.the.monitoring.process.of.offset.agreements.in.terms.of.efficacy,.and.integrity.–.especially.in.the.re-view. of. individual. offset. commitments. under. these. agreements,. has. been.recognized.as.an.effective..This.goal.was.achieved.in.the.mode.of.concluded.annexes. in. which. successively. introduced. new. attractive. . projects. for. the.Treasury.offset..Of.particular.importance.in.monitoring.the.offset.agreements.played.the.actions.of.Ministry.of.Economy.for.popularizing.among.the.offset.recipients.solid.knowledge.of.offset. (including.edition.of.offset.Handbook,.organization.of.trainings.and.offset.workshops.and.also.the.launch.of.a.web-site)..In.the.opinion.of.the.NIK.indicated.examples.clearly.prove.the.advisabil-ity.of.continuing.the.activity.of.the.Ministry.in.this.area..In.particular,.this.con-cerns.making.future.and.current.beneficiaries.of.offset.aware.of.need.to.strive.to.conclude.the.business.of. industry,. for.protection.of. their. interests..Such.agreement.is.a.fundamental.document.defining.the.rights.and.obligations.of.the.parties..In.the.opinion.of.the.NIK.the.principle.of.controling.offset.recipi-ents.before.the.implementation.of.any.obligation.which.allows.appropriate.verification.of.the.individual.items.listed.in.the.specification.of.offset.projects.should.be.emphasized.and.consistently.implemented.and.carried.out.by.the.Ministry. of. Economic. Affairs.. In. the. opinion. of. the. NIK. experience. coming.from.the.Ministry.of.Economy.implementation.of.existing.offset.agreements.allows.for.the.negotiation.of.new.offset.agreements.on.better,.more.favor-able.conditions.for.the.Treasury.

Staying in the subject of control by the NIK contract with Patria and oto Melara, I ask the Minister to indicate examples of positive solu-tions to offset for the defense industry as pointed out by the NIK?

Technological. aspect. of. the. performance. of. offset. obligations. aris-ing. from. agreements. with. Patria. and. Oto. Melara. earned. for. the. high.evaluation,. effect. of. which. was. the. launch. of. Wojskowe. Zakłady. Me-chaniczne. in. Siemianowice. Slaskie. production. wheeled. armored. per-sonnel.carriers,.which.have.become.an. international.brand.so. that.WZM.can. count. on. export. orders.. The. implementation. of. the. offset. obliga-tions. in. this. plant. affected. very. positively. to. the. economic. and. financial.situation. of. company. and. the. maintenance. of. many. jobs.. For. offset.projects. located. in. the. Industrial. Center. of. Optics. (now. the. Bumar. Żoł-.nierz. S.A.). NIK. positively. evaluated. the. launch,. based. on. the. technology.supplied.by.Kollsman.Inc.,.an.American.company.and.the.Italian.company.Galileo.Avionica.SpA,.production.of.a.modern. fire.control. system.for. the.KTO.program,.which.allowed.the.Polish.company.to.promote.the.interna-tional.market..As.a.part.of.this.project.PCO.has.been.certified.as.a.qualified.supplier. of. components,. parts. and. elements. of. an. integrated. system. of.aiming.and.camera.of.the.second.generation.in.this.system.

thank you very much. Interview by Krzysztof Zalewski.

1�

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The. total. annual. circulation. of. all. our. magazines. ex-ceeds.900.000.copies..Currently.all.of.our.titles.such.as. NOWA.TECHNIKA.WOJSKOWA. (The. Modern. Mili-

tary.Technologies),.LOTNICTWO.(The.Aviation.Magazine),.MORZE.–.STATKI. I.OKRĘTY. (The.Sea.–.Ships.and.Vessels),.STRZAŁ.(The.Shot).and.two.specified.historical.magazines.POLIGON. and. TECHNIKA. WOJSKOWA. HISTORIA. are. well.know.in.the.market.

NOWA.TECHNIKA.WOJSKOWA.is.issued.in.the.monthly.circulation.of.nearly.30000.copies.capacity.of.116.full-co-lour.pages..It.is.read.not.only.in.Poland.but.still.more.and.more.copies.reach.foreign.readers..Much.emphasis.we.put.on.the.military.matters.in.Russia.and.other.countries.of.the.former.Warsaw.Pact..The.importance.of.these.subjects.be-came.even.more.significant.when.Republic.of.Poland.and.other.countries.of.Central.Europe.joined.the.North.Atlantic.Treaty.Organisation.and.the.EU..Our.editorial.staff.is.always.attending.such.defence.related.events.as.the.MSPO.Kielce,.Balt.Military.Expo.in.Gdańsk,.and.the.largest.events.of.such.type. in. Europe. and. worldwide. –. Eurosatory,. Le. Bourget,.ILA,. IDET,.DSEi,. IDEX,.MILIPOL.to.mention.the. few.. In. the.late.2009.we.decided.to.widen.the.spectrum.of.subjects.included.when.we.opened.a.dedicated.Homeland.Securi-ty.part.in.every.new.issue..Right.now.the.NOWA.TECHNIKA.WOJSKOWA.is.the.largest.and.biggest.selling.military.and.defence.magazine.in.Poland..

The. broad. interest. in. military. subjects. and. technolo-gies. in. Poland. led. to. a. situation. when. NOWA.TECHNIKA.WOJSKOWA.capacity.started.to.be.insufficient.to.present.growing. range. of. subjects.. We. at. Magnum-X. Publish-ing. House. decided. to. create. a. brand. new. theme. ori-ented.magazines..First.was.the.MORZE.–.STATKI.I.OKRĘTY..(The.Sea.–.Ships.and.Vessels).maritime.dedicated.maga-zine.launched.in.1996..It.addresses.not.only.to.the.military.naval.issues.but.also.merchant.navies,.naval.economy.and.industry..MORZE.–.STATKI.I.OKRĘTY.is.a.monthly.magazine.with.the.circulation.of.12.000.copies..

Two. years. later. the. LOTNICTWO. (The. Aviation. Maga-zine). was. unveiled. and. soon. it. became. an. important.forum.for.discussion.about.the. future.of.Polish.Air.Force..Regular.articles.about.tenders.for.the.Polish.Air.Force.were.also. published.. Currently. LOTNICTWO. covers. a. wide. ar-ray.of.subjects.ranging.from.military.and.civilian.aviation,.aviation.industry.up.to.the.space.exploration..The.monthly..issue.of.LOTNICTWO.is.14500.copies.

Magnum X Publishing House Ltd. is currently the largest private enterprise in Poland dealing with the wide spectrum of military and defence subjects. We reached our top market position through nearly 20 years of hard work and now we proudly publish wide array magazines dedicated to military technologies, defence industry and security challenges.

In.2002.we.decided.to.publish.the.STRZAŁ.(The.Shot).related.to.the.historical.and.modern.firearms,.ammunition,.weapon. accessories,. hunting. and. sport. shooting.. Cur-rently.it.is.the.largest.and.oldest.firearms.magazine.in.the.Polish.market.with.14.500.copies.

Our.last.two.magazine.are.history.dedicated.POLIGON.and.TECHNIKA.WOJSKOWA. HISTORIA.. Both. are. issued. in.bi-monthly. form.. The. POLIGON. published. since. 2006. is.dedicated. ground. forces. magazine. covering. subjects. of.land.warfare. from.the.World.War.Two.up.to. the.modern.times.. It. includes. comprehensive. and. detailed. articles.and.monographs.of.combat.equipment.mostly.based.on.unique.sources..POLIGON.circulation.is.10000.copies.

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Polish Defense Industry in Search of Identity

Poland was dubiously blessed with quite extensive de-fense manufacturing capabilities, inherited from the Cold War Warsaw Pact times. Last 20 years have left

deep marks upon that potential, which undergone exten-sive restructuring, due to drastic reduction of the military procurement – the Polish Army has shrunk fourfold over that period. The shipbuilding industry suffered the worst by being almost wiped-out, but national Army and Air Force suppliers survived – barely – undergoing ownership change or incorporation into larger state-owned holding companies. Despite that, still more than 20 000 people are employed in defense-affiliated companies, even though the Polish Army procurement for a long time ceased to be their sole or main source of income.

In early 2000’s a decision was made to reform the state-owned defense industry. The plants were too many, too big, and ineffective. The Army was without funds, with no chance to place large orders. Privatization or consoli-dation were the main proposed cures for the situation. Two capital groups were founded, each with different agenda, one formed by the Agencja Rozwoju Przemysłu (ARP, Industrial Development Agency) and the other by the Bumar Foreign Trade Enterprise (now Bumar LLC). The

ARP holding’s purpose was to reform the endangered companies, to enable them to stand on their own feet by stabilizing them and find them a suitable strategic partner for privatization. For that purpose the ARP’s charter was a very specific one. The ARP is at the same time a gov-ernment agency and a commercial company. The other group, led by the Bumar, formed a nucleus of the national armaments concern, grouping and centrally directing manufacturing of a specific product array.

These two still left out quite a number of state-owned plants, directly involved in defense manufacturing. These were the military repair facilities and military R&D institu-tions. Soon, but other military-profiled companies started to sprinkle up, this time privately-owned ones.

Subsequent Polish governments were implementing the reorganization plans, written into subsequent restruc-turing strategies, for 2002–2005, then 2007–2012. These strategies were mostly successfully implemented, and it has shaped the current landscape of the Polish defense industry. The Defence Industry could be divided into four basic categories:

state-owned companies encompassed in the national holding company;state-owned companies outside holding, slated to re-main state property;state-owned companies slated for privatization;private-owned companies.The Defense Industrial Potential (Przemysłowy Poten-

cjał Obronny, PPO) is now composed of over 100 compa-nies, offering products, and services or dealing in defense products to cater for the security and defense sector of the state. Cooperating with them is almost another 100 compa-nies required to meet specific demands of the law govern-ing the Armament and Military Equipment (A&ME) trade.

Of the state-owned companies most belong to the national holdings.

Bumar Capital Group (leading entity: Bumar LLC). The Bumar Group is itself restructuring right now, into four capital sub-units, called „product divisions”. These are: Bumar Amunicja (Bumar Ammunition), Bumar Żołnierz (Bumar Soldier), Bumar Elektronika (Bumar Electronics) and Bumar Ląd (Bumar Land). Each of these divisions is organized around a nucleus „leading entity” and is mostly the foremost company in any given subject (e.g. on Sep-tember 27, 2011 the hitherto leading Polish ammunition company, the Zakłady Metalowe Mesko in Skarżysko-Kamienna were renamed into Bumar Amunicja S.A.) The overall structure is to be shaped as follows:

Polish Defense Industry is undergoing deep restructuring. It is still almost entirely state-owned, yet scattered into many separate entities. Plans for its further consolidation seem not to be entirely clear, as pertaining e.g. to the military repair and manufacturing plants (WPRPs). Its aerospace branch has been already successfully privatized – yet at the same time it lost the national character, being purchased by the international capital. Polish privately-owned companies seem to thrive, though.

Norbert Bączyk

The international model of the PT-91 tank is the core product of the export offered by Bumar Łabędy.

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Dywizja Bumar Żołnierz:Fabryka Broni „Łucznik”-Radom Sp. z o. o.Przedsiębiorstwo Sprzętu Ochronnego „Maskpol” S.A.Ośrodek Badawczo-Rozwojowy Sprzętu Mechaniczne- go Sp. z o. o.Zakłady Mechaniczne „Tarnów” S.A.the leading entity of the Division Soldier is the former Przemysłowe Centrum Optyki S.A. (Industrial Optics Center), now renamed to Bumar Żołnierz S.A. The PCO’s product range was centered around manufacturing and selling military optoelectronics, laser, NV and ther-mal-vision surveillance, and sighting equipment. The company also conducts its own R&D works.FB Łucznik-Radom is the main supplier of the small

arms for the Polish Army. The main military product lines of the FB are: the 5.56-mm Beryl assault rifle and Mini-Beryl automatic carbines range, 9-mm PM-98/PM-06 Glauberyt SMG, 9-mm P99, and Rad semiautomatic pistols, as well as training devices and civilian-legal versions of their military products.

ZM Tarnów S.A. are the principal machine gun supplier, both rifle-caliber and light artillery. 7.62-mm UKM-2000 and PKM GPMGs, .50-Cal. WKM-B heavy machine guns, 40-mm grenade launchers, 7.62-mm Bor, .338 Alex and .50-Cal. Tor bull-pup sniper rifles as well as ZU-23-2 twin 23-mm AA guns are the main products of Z.M. Tarnów SA.

The Maskpol is a specialized individual protective equipment manufacturer, providing the Polish Army with virtually all sorts of helmets, individual armor, respirators, NBC or EOD protective clothing – you name it.

OBRSM’s specialty area are designing, construction and testing of towed, self-propelled or sea-going short-range AA gun and gun-missile rigs, as well as specialty small arms (e.g. bull-pup sniper rifles or the 60-mm mor-tar), training devices (e.g. 23-mm tank training insert bar-rels), fire-control systems, servo motors and remotely-controlled weapon stations (e.g. the Kobuz-series RCWS), designing electronic devices and modernizing the older hardware (e.g. the Biala modernization of the ZSU-23-4 Shilka SPAAG).

Dywizja Bumar Amunicja:Zakład Produkcji Specjalnej Sp. z o. o. w PionkachZakład Produkcji Specjalnej „Gamrat” Sp. z o. o.Bydgoskie Zakłady Elektromechaniczne „Belma” S.A.Fabryka Produkcji Specjalnej Sp. z o. o. w BolechowieZakłady Metalowe „Dezamet” S.A.Zakłady Chemiczne „Nitro-chem” S.A.Zakłady Metalowe Kraśnik Sp. z o. o.WSK PZL-WarszawaCentrum rozwojowo-wdrożeniowe Telesystem-Mesko Sp. z o. o.Leading entity is the former Zakłady Metalowe Mesko

S.A., the foremost Polish manufacturer and disposal spe-cialist of different ammunition. Mesko, now Bumar Amu-nicja, undertook the license-manufacturing of the Israeli Rafael Spike ATGM, also manufactures its own proprietary Grom MANPADS, 70-mm rockets, 30-mm Bushmaster au-tomatic cannon ammunition (for Rosomak wheeled IFVs). Most numerous production is small-arms ammunition however – Bumar Amunicja is the Polish Army’s foremost supplier of pistol, rifle and machine gun ammunition.

Dywizja Bumar Elektronika:Przemysłowy Instytut Telekomunikacji S.A. Centrum Naukowo-Produkcyjne Elektroniki Precyzyj- nej Radwar S.A.Przedsiębiorstwo Produkcyjne Podzespołów Elektroni-cznych Dolam S.A.PIT S.A. is a leading company in radar, command and

control as well as radio-electronic reconnaissance systems. Main customer of the PIT S.A. is the Polish Ministry of Na-tional Defense. Most of the Polish Air Force radars are de-signed and manufactured by PIT S.A., including the most

IFV Rosomaks for the Polish Army are final product of the WZM in Siemianowice Śląskie.

120 mm Rak heavy mortar on tracked platform is the newest

proposal by Huta Stalowa Wola.

modern long range 3D radar units, forming national part of the NATO’s air-surveillance system, and medium-range mobile units. All four Polish regional airspace control posts feature PIT-designed, manufactured, and supplied equip-ment. These posts collect data from all sorts of sensors, process them, and control the active aerial defense assets. The PIT S.A. is also a valuable partner of the Polish Navy, supplying it with the modern sea-frontier protection sys-tems, like the airborne early warning and control systems featuring the ever-evolving surface surveillance radar

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and other sensor and processing systems. The PIT S.A. has developed its own proprietary stealth-radar capabil-ity, specifically for naval employment. Land Forces got their command and control support systems for battalion, division and corps-level commanders from the PIT SA, fea-turing an automated data gathering and processing sys-tem as well as battlefield situation displaying in real time. This system was also implemented on international level. Another product for the Land Forces, developed at the PIT S.A. was the novel artillery radar.

CNPEP Radwar also specializes in radar equipment, including radiolocation and command automation systems, AA gun and gun-missile fire-control systems, IFF interro-gators, data security solutions, and battlefield gear.

As of December 31, 2011 all of these were incorporat-ed into one entity, now called Bumar Elektronika.

Dywizja Bumar Ląd:Zakłady Mechaniczne „Bumar-Łabędy” S.A.Ośrodek Badawczo-Rozwojowy Urządzeń Mechanicz- nych „OBRUM” Sp. z o. o.

Other Bumar independent companies: Cenrex Sp. z o. o.Cenzin Sp. z p. o.Stomil-Poznań S.A.Zakład Mechaniczny PZL Wola Sp. z o. o. w SiedlcachFabryka Urządzeń Mechanicznych i Sprężyn FUMiS-Bumar Sp. z o. o.Zakład Usług Turystycznych TUR-Wola Sp. z o. o.

Altogether, the Bumar Group incorportes ca. 11 000 emploees. The 2010 turnover exceeded 3 billion PLN, with gross profit exceeding 100 million PLN. This time 85% of manufactured goods were delivered to the Polish Army. However in previous years huge export contracts (India, Malaysia, Indonesia) eclipsed the domestic transactions.

Another group of the Polish defense industry state-owned holding-encompassed companies are those con-nected with Agencja Rozwoju Przemysłu S.A. At present times the ARP ceased to play the leading role in control-ling the defense industry companies the way just several years ago it used to do. Some of those companies are still

assigned to it, however – e.g. the Navy Shipyard (Stocznia Marynarki Wojennej S.A.) which slipped into liquidation bankruptcy – the ARP still owns sizeable shares in the Bumar companies as well, and takes a part in financial operations of the holding. Several years ago it was planned to built a sec-ond holding around the ARP (the so-called Aerospace-Ra-dio-Electronic Group) gathering main companies owned by ARP – like leading aircraft industry companies, the WSK PZL Swidnik (helicopters), and fixed-wing aircraft manufacturer PZL Mielec, as well as renowned military radios manufactur-er, Radmor S.A. Now the ARP’s role got changed: instead of becoming a holding company, the ARP has become a sort of dispensary for ailing companies – it restructures them and make them ready for privatization, while maintaining sizeable shares of them. Amongst the ARP-affiliated compa-nies are already privatized ones, like:

Radmor SA, a principal VHF radios supplier of the Polish Army. The turning point in Radmor’s history was in 1997, handing over the PR4G standard know-how by the French company Thomson CSF (later to become Thales) – as a part of a deal to provide Thomson-de-signed VHF tactical-level radios to the Polish Army. Following that, in March 1999 Polish Army begun to receive manpack RRC 9200 and vehicular RRC 9500 radios. These were the first generation of the Rad-mor-built military radios, followed in 2006 by another generation of Thales-designed and Radmor-manufac-tured radios, the F@stnet system, consisting of RRC 9211 manpack and RRC 9311 vehicular units. Radmor went one step ahead of pure license manufacturing by designing its own R35010 personal and R3501 com-pany and platoon-level hand-held radios as well as the R3505 multiband software radio. Radmor also takes part in the Polish Army’s wide-band radio program. On December 6, 2010 the CEOs of the ARP (Mr Wojciech Dąbrowski), Radmor S.A. (Mr Andrzej Synowiecki), and

155 mm Krab gun-howitzer is the core product of the Regina heavy artillery battalion fire module.

First battery module for the Regina has been already set up at Huta Stalowa Wola.

23

WB Electronics (Mr Piotr Wojciechowski) have signed an investment deal, whereby WB Electronics has taken over 46,14% of Radmor share, thus taking control over the further development of the company.Huta Stalowa Wola S.A. (the civilian part has already been privatized, the military part has been detached from the whole company. HSW S.A., along with the WZM or the Bumar-Łabędy is the leading Polish heavy

nance of their successors, the F-16s. They also cooperate in manufacturing of the spare parts. The WZL Nr 4 is the key player in Polish Air Force maintenance, as the sole jet engine repair facility. By far the most important for the Land Forces is the WZM S.A. of Siemianowice Śląskie, Pol-ish licensee of the Finnish Patria Oy, winner of the 2001 MoND KTO (Kołowy Transporter Opancerzony, “Wheeled ACP”, in fact both ACP and IFV) tender. Patria and WZM consortium is supplying the 8x8 and 6x6 modular Roso-mak KTOs, which in its IFV guise packs a 30 mm Bushmas-ter cannon in OTO-Melara Hitfist-30P turret. Contract for first 690 Rosomaks was signed on April 15, 2003, and the vehicles, first assembled fully from Finnish-supplied parts, then increasingly „polonized” were being delivered by the WZM. Coinciding with the delivery of the first vehicle in May 2005, the WZM was converted from state enterprise (WZM PP) into a stock company (WZM S.A.). Along with Rosomak manufacture, the WZM is still offering mainte-nance services, overhauling the aging BRDM-2s, modern-ized to Szakal standard.

Some of the WPRPs were to be taken over by Bumar in 2011, as provided by the government’s 2007–2012 defense industrial strategy. The WPRPs were however cat-egorically opposed to such move, and in spite or fear to create an independent holding company. The MoND and Treasury Ministry are about to come out with some solu-tion to this unpredicted crisis.

Another type of the defense industry’s assets in Poland is special R&D institutes, mostly owned by the MoND, but also other ministries, such as the Air Force Technological Institute (ITWL), the Military Ordnance Technological In-stitute (WITU), or the Military Communications Institute (WIŁ). 2010 was a good year for all MoND-controlled companies and institutes, they netted a profit of 124 mil-lion PLN, which was higher than the Bumar Group, with income rising from 2009 ceiling of 1.24 bn PLN to over 1.5

Land Forces hardware purveyor. 155 mm Krab self-pro-pelled gun-howitzers are assembled here, the compa-ny also modernizes the 122 mm BM-21 rocket launch-ers to the WR-40 Langusta standard and manufactures the 120 mm Rak self-propelled mortar units.

A separate group of defense industry are the Wojs-kowe Przedsiębiorstwa Remontowo-Produkcyjne (WPRP, or Military Repair And Manufacturing Plants) owned by the Ministry of National Defense, including:

Wojskowe Zakłady Uzbrojenia S.A.Wojskowe Zakłady Mechaniczne S.A.Wojskowe Zakłady Motoryzacyjne S.A.Wojskowe Zakłady Inżynieryjne S.A.Wojskowe Zakłady Lotnicze nr 1 S.A.Wojskowe Zakłady Lotnicze nr 2 S.A.Wojskowe Zakłady Lotnicze nr 4 S.A.Wojskowe Zakłady Elektroniczne S.A.Wojskowe Centralne Biuro Konstrukcyjno-Technologi- czne S.A.Wojskowe Zakłady Łączności nr 1 S.A.Wojskowe Zakłady Łączności nr 2 S.A.These 11 plants employing ca. 3500 workers play im-

portant role in maintaining materiel readiness of the Pol-ish Army. E.g. the military aircraft repair facilities, like the WZM Nr 1, are responsible for repair and modernizations of the vast fleet of Soviet-type helicopters (Mi-2 Hoplite, Mi-8 and Mi-17 Hip, Mi-14 PŁ Haze and Mi-24 Hind). The WZL Nr 1 has recently taken over the WZL Nr 3 in 2011, doubling the workload. The WZL Nr 2 is busy keeping the last Soviet-type combat aircraft (Su-22 Fitters and MiG-29 Fulcrums) aloft and would eventually take over mainte-

in 2010. Most of that money (96.6%) was paid for products and services sold to the MoND.

Financial results of the R&D institutions were even bet-ter than the WPRPs – almost all their income (191 mn PLN – net profit 23.2 mn) came from the MoND.

Financial results of the selected WPRPs and R&D insti-tutions in 2010, in million PLN:

WZM Siemianowice Śląskie – income 649.8, net profit 24.8, employees 450;WZMot-Poznań – income 32.2, net profit 8.3, employ-ees 214;

Another Huta Stalowa Wola flagship projects is modernization of the aging BM-21s into WR-40 Langusta.

AMZ Kutno proposes their own MRAP-Class vehicles to the uniformed services.

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WZU Grudziądz – income 58.6, net profit 7.5, employees 422;WZE Zielonka – income 43.0, net profit 8.5, employees 200;WZI Dęblin – income 23.5, net profit 2.5, employees 193;WZŁ nr 1 Zegrze – income 109.2, net profit 15.9, employees 239;WZŁ nr 2 Czernica – income 47.8, net profit 4.0, employees 185;ITWL Warszawa – income 105.9, net profit 9.3, employees 470;- WCBKT Warszawa - income 21.8, net profit 3.3, employees 96;WZL nr 1 Łódź – income 99.3, net profit 9.7, employees 391;WZL nr 2 Bydgoszcz – income 120,6, net profit 11,5, employees 609;WZL nr 4 Warszawa – income 99,5, net profit 5,4, employees 479;WITU Zielonka – income 33.9, net profit 8.4, employees 245;WITI Wrocław – income 21.1, net profit 2.3, employees 89;WIŁ Zegrze – income 15.3, net profit 2.1, employees 231;WIChiR Warszawa – income 7.8, net profit 1.2, employees 101;WITPiS Sulejówek – income 7.1, net profit – 0.6, employees 81.

aerial armament. At the same time, the produc-tion base keeps growing on, every aeronautical industry tycoon gathers more and more subcon-tractors – which is particularly visible in Europe. The products have become truly international, and they are created collectively, combining in-put from all aerospace giants.

As previously stated, few companies directly connected with the defense industry were taken over by foreign capital. Among the oldest take-over, dating from early ’90s, were the Pratt & Whit- tney Kalisz the producent of jet engine parts for P&W Canada, the ETC-PZL Aerospace Industries – a company connected environmental tech-nologies and EADS-PZL Warszawa-Okęcie S.A., specialized in flight and in general simulators. The new opening in privatization and taking-over came in early 2000’s, when the Warsaw’s PZL was

bought by Spanish CASA, and renamed the EADS-PZL Warszawa-Okęcie S.A. The company was manufacturing the PZL-130 Orlik turbo-prop trainer, and was taken-over (2001, for 28 million PLN) with subsequent refitting and revitalization of the company as a part of the offset deal accompanying purchase of the CASA-295M transport aircraft. A year later the WSK PZL Rzeszów was sold to United Technologies Holding, a part of the United Tech-nologies Corporation for 290 million PLN, subsequently pumped into other Polish defense industry companies. The WSK PZL Rzeszów became another Polish filial of the Pratt & Whitney. The next sizeable take-over in Pol-ish aerospace industry was in late 2006, when the United Technologies Holding purchased from the ARP another aircraft industry company – the PZL Mielec – paying 66 million PLN (plus 36.7 mn PLN Mielec owned the ARP). This transaction stirred controversy, but official govern-ment investigation confirmed, that the PZL Mielec was indeed in hard financial condition and needed foreign investor badly. The Mielec factory was taken over by another UTH company, the Sikorsky Corporation, who decided to base there the European production of the S-70i helicopter, and the export version of the UH-60 Blackhawk. UTH, owner of both Sikorsky and P&W, thus became the largest foreign investor in Polish defense industry sector, with three sizeable plants (the P&W Ka-lisz, the WSK PZL Rzeszów and the PZL Mielec) manu-facturing most of the engines used by the Polish Army and the Air Force modern aircraft: the F-16 Falcon, the C-295/295M, the PZL-130 Orlik, the W-3 Sokol and the M-28 Bryza/Skytruck.

Then in 2009 the ARP flogged the largest Polish aero-space company, the W-3 Sokol and the SW-4 helicopters manufacturer. The WSK PZL Świdnik SA was purchased by AgustaWestland. The AgustaWestland declared intention to invest as much as 2.37 bn PLN to revamp the company and incorporate it with the other AgustaWestland facto-ries to build new facilities needed to start manufactur-ing the AgustaWestland decided to complete fuselages for the company’s bestselling helicopters, like AW 109, AW 119 and AW 139 Grand, as well as to transfer manu-facturing of various assemblies of the AW 101 and start assembly of the AW 109 LUH with Polish-built fuselages. More investments are planned into R&D work (including modernization of the W-3 and SW-4, design of the new models, like AW 149 and AW XX9) to support sales and

Next group of the Polish Defense Industry companies is privately-owned enterprises, which can be divided into three classes:

newly created companies, domestic capital-owned;privatized ex-state owned companies;international corporations.The Polish Defense Industry is still mostly state-

owned. The foreign capital has taken over only a rela-tively limited amount of companies, mostly in the aero-space industry. This is in line with the world trend – the aerospace industry has undergone the most extensive consolidation in recent years leaving only a handful of high-rollers in the aeronautical engineering still ca-pable of turning out complicated finished products, like modern helicopters, combat aircraft, jet engines or

Kobuz remote-operated weapon station.

The WZL nr 2 in Bydgoszcz is responsible for keeping the last Polish MiG-29 Fulcrums airworthy.

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servicing of the W-3 and SW-4 worldwide, and many other. Avio-Polska is also an important player in the Polish aviation market manufacturing engine parts for leading producers or comapnies.

Last two decades have witnessed creation of the brand new player on Polish defense industry market – the independent privately-owned domestic producers. These are mostly small or medium-sized companies, offering state-of-the-art highly specialized high-tech products. Just some of the examples:

DGT – started in 1991, is the complex telecommunica-tion and ICT solutions provider, who designs, manu-factures, and integrates innovative fast voice, image, data transfer, net access, and wide-band multimedia services technology, using both traditional and con-vergence networks. DGT solutions employ ATM, ISDN, TCP/IP, routing IP, VoIP, and xDSL technologies. From the very beginning DGT offers, designs, and provides modern ICT solutions for the government and Armed Forces;WB Electronics S.A. – one of the foremost Polish manu-facturers specialized in electronics and data process-ing system for military application. The company’s forte is designing and manufacturing of the highly integrated, digitized command-and-control systems, including fire-control systems for field artillery. The WB Electronics are main supplier of the military terminals and digitized vehicular intercom systems the Fonet. The WB Electronics blazes the new trail for the Polish defense industry, having already taken-over the con-trolling share in the formerly state-owned Radmor and purchasing other private company, Arex;TELDAT is an ICT solutions provider for the digitized C2 processes in the military;Transbit sp. z o.o. designs and manufactures communi-cation, ICT and data transfer systems;AMZ Kutno sp. z o.o. is specialized in designing and manufacture of the specialized vehicles, including armored cars, command or communication vehicles, ambulances etc. The company takes part in Rosomak production and designs of vehicles, live armored cars and MRAPs.Private companies offer the best quality-price ratio,

high standard products, and are not solely depending on MoND sales – they promote their products on the civilian market and export their products extensively.

In all, Polish defense industry, although reduced and reformed, still does not suit the size of its main customer, the Polish military. The worst problem is the growing tech-nology gap in some branches, the result of underfunding the R&D work. On the other hand, some Polish product are state of the art, with large export capabilieties.

The Europe-wide trend is to reduce the number of companies selling the finished advanced final products: ships, aircrafts, tanks or APC. Their development exceeds financial means available to a single independent enter-prise. The costs of a credit starts to render the economi-cally unfounded development. Thus a tendency develops towards international fusion, pooling-up resources, and creating multi-national consortia offering their products for several armies at the same time to maximize the or-dered batch and cut costs. This tendency already came in Poland. The economic situation of the finished-product suppliers, like the Bumar-Łabędy or Huta Stalowa Wola

tends to deteriorate, as the portfolio for their tanks or SP gun-howitzers is limited. It takes a huge contract, like the WZM Siemianowice Śląskie got, to deliver 690 Rosomaks, to guarantee the existence and stabilization for at least 10 years, then more by servicing the delivered product. Such luxuries are few and far between, though – there is mere one comparable, the contract Mesko got for the Spike ATGMs. Other companies have to find other ways of securing their future. Rosomak turret assembling or rocket launchers modernization within a larger contract enables one to retain production capabilities – subcon-tracting also pays the bills, even though selling finished proprietary product would be much better to morale. The global tendency towards subcontracting and pooling resources is a chance for former proud proprietary fi-nal product manufacturers. Cooperation capability, both local and international, Europe-wide or worldwide, be-comes a key to survival and prosperous existence.

International cooperation and license-manufacturing serves many Polish manufacturers well and gives them a chance to offer advanced state-of-the-art products. Of course, the Polish Army orders remain a key factor in their existence. A decision to buy 690 Patria-license-manu-factured Rosomaks not only extended life of the WZM Sie- mianowice Śląskie but also gave accessory contracts to several dozen cooperators. For quite a time the Rosomaks are no longer mere assembled there, but manufactured as well, with many component parts contracted from other domestic manufacturers. The same goes for the Spike ATGMs. Poland has enough advanced industry to undertake cooperation with the international defense ty-coons and implement their “know-how” within the offset agreement or otherwise. The last such big contracts were signed in 2003 (Coastal Missile Battalion, with several Pol-ish companies), and then a hiatus set in.

The leading Polish defense industry players still hope for huge buying spree, but unfortunately they stand a lit-tle chance to see it in the coming years. The Polish Army still spends almost a billion PLN annually for arms and military equipment, but all these are chopped down into small bits and pieces, distributed between dozens of tiny little projects. That’s enough to secure survival of a large group of companies and plants, getting money for repairs, modernization, several pieces of this product, or a dozen of that one – but they are not able to finance research and

AW-139 helicopter fuselage manufactured in Świdnik.

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development, give the company any dynamics, energy to make that leap and cover the generation gap – only a huge contract can provide such money. On the other hand, contracts too small for the giants to reach down and pick, are a chance for the small and medium-sized dy-namic private-owned high-tech companies, bold enough to take chances, reap the harvest and invest the gain in their own development, to grow one day into important partners for the Polish MoND.

Looking into the Polish defense industry, one can point to a paradox. The Army is still big and uses such a motley arrangement of armament, that it needs more and more services year in, year out connected with its maintenance, servicing and modernization. This is a big chance for all members of the industry. On the other hand, the MoND is robbed of the means, that could have financed more break-through investment coups like the Rosomak program. As a result, the big companies supply-ing finished products are facing financial difficulties. The recent MoND budget spending structure awards smaller companies, offering services or cooperating rather than suppliers of advanced finished product, tanks, helicop-ters, ships or even smaller items, but best manufactured in tens of thousands. The MoND, by scattering orders and spoon-feeding the money, as well as by constantly changing the priorities, virtually forces the defense in-dustrial companies to shedded their original product portfolio to look for chances on the civilian market, and in extreme cases to resign the military production alto-gether. Small wonder that Bumar Group, possessing the heavy hardware manufacturers in their portfolio (Divi-sion Land) puts premium on their Divisions Soldier and Ammunition – the most secure of the constant demand from the military, which would always need guns, per-sonal gear and ammunition. Division Electronics, on the other hand, also regularly delivers their state-of-the-art radars to the Army. Unfortunatelly the scale of the sales makes all the difference: yearly output of military sales is counted in individual radars, not by the thousand. How-ever the Bumar is not easily scared off, and the Division Land promotes the new Universal Tracked Platform striv-ing to retain national proprietary, designed IFV capability, and encourage the politicians to start a program like this. This might be a mighty tough task to do, as the tracked IFV concept clashed head-on with the highly successful

Rosomak wheeled IFV program. The clash is stronger still, as the WZM Siemianowice Śląskie, now Poland’s largest and most promising heavy hardware manufacturer, does not belong to the Bumar Group. The State-owned De-fense Industry consolidation was only partly successful in that matter, and the decision to form a single, strong, state-controlled defense holding was put on hold in mid-step. With WZM as a part of Bumar, the Group could have developed in that direction as well – without it, it has to find other venues. Otherwise the consolidation was a right move. The wider the offer, the better the chance to win an Army contract. The gains would do good to the other members of the group as well, including the R&D projects. It has to be taken into consideration, how-ever, that consolidation also meant loosing autonomy for the companies being consolidated, which some-times gives rise to worries and resent. Also on the MoND side the wholesome consolidation of the state-owned companies is still a controversial idea spawning fears of excessive monopolization of the sector by one entity, by the consolidating holding.

But defense industry is not only Bumar and WZM. So much fears were voiced against the privatization of the aerospace industry, taking place between 2001 and 2010. Yet, it was the high time to do it, and for the privatized companies, like PZL Warszawa-Okęcie or PZL Mielec it was the only chance of survival. Without that bold move, there would be nowhere to modernize the PZL-130 Orliks to TC-II standard, or revel in further UH-60s rolled out from Mielec. They ceased to be Polish-owned, that’s true, but still they employ Polish engineers and workers, pay taxes, order subassemblies from other companies and finance the advancement of the region, with salaries spent there by the employees and their families. Recently, also the PZL Świdnik joined the ranks of Polish companies becoming parts of the international corporation.

Recent years were quite difficult for the Polish defense industry. The easy times of 2003–2007 are water under the bridge, and no bright future is waiting just around the corner. This is particularly true of the large state-owned companies, dependent of the sole customer, the Polish Army. Their only rescue is further consolidation or find-ing a place for themselves in international cooperation, finding market abroad, diversifying the product pallet and finding civilian market for their products. The alternative option is to specialize and strive to create a state-of-the-art novel product in this chosen sector, to find a world-wide market for it. n

The Orlik turbo-prop trainers were designed and manufactured by the PZL Okęcie, and now they are being serviced by EADS-PZL Okęcie.

Bumar is to build with MBDA “Poland’s Shield” based on Aster missiles.

Photos: MON, Bumar, Andrzej Kiński, Norbert Bączyk.

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WHEN QUALITY AND PRECISION DETERMINATE THE SUCCESS OF THE MISSION

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Armed Forces Technological Modernization — Experiences and Expectations Norbert Bączyk

The technological modernization is a process leading to the generation change in armament and military equipment, by replacing old ineffective gear with

better and newer models within the country’s strategic aims considering the economical capabilities. Poland was painfully hit by the latter considerations in the late ’80s, when economical crisis strangled the generations change in armaments despite the high strategic priority. As a result, when the Warsaw Pact was disbanded, the Polish Army was indeed at least one generation behind the front-line Soviet troops. New tipes of armament were recently intro-duced in the token quantities: MiG-29 instead of MiG-21, An-28 Cashs in place of An-2 Colts. BMP-2s replaced BMP-1s, Kilo-Class submarines instead of Whiskies and Foxtrots, never implemented introduction of the T-72Ss or T-80s, and the other forcibly abandoned projects, like replacing the ZSU-23-4 Shilkas with 2K22 Tunguska SPAAGs, or in-troduction of the S-300 AA missiles, and many other).

In the newly-developed strategic environment of the ’90s, the Polish Army was confronted with a generation-gap in most basic types of armament while facing the se-rious dilemma of the redefinition of the entire purpose of

the Armed Forces. The ’90s were not only a period of pov-erty for the military (even though, the military spending exceeded 2% of the GDP then), but also a period when the army was in hot pursuit of its own identity and new types of arms and equipment. Polish Army was burdened with overdeveloped structure, excessive numbers and vast quantities of quickly deteriorating hardware. Polish Defense Industry, despite at the extensive economical crisis, was vast enough to support itself – in the theory. Before the crisis set in permanently in 1986, its annual ca-pabilities were estimated at 300 tanks, 160 airplanes, 350 helicopters, 1300 aero engines, 600 artillery prime mov-ers and 600 APCs – impressive, even though most of the offer was becoming obsolescent. During 1990–1991, all of that shattered to pieces, contacts and contracts within the Warsaw Pact were severed, important markets in the East were lost. The period of “strategic vacations” in the ’90s, when Poland ceased its forced alliance with the ComBloc, and yearned only for the Western economic and military organizations, shaped the situation of the national defense industry and indicated the way for the further technological modernization towards conserva-tive patterns, and modernizing the already utilized mod-els instead of introducing revolutionary novel ones. The “Poland’s military defense strategy” still built on classic, conventional warfare, and dominated by mechanized and armored troops, was reinforced into airmobile units. Im-portant, that the modernization should base on domestic defense industrial capability, by using already introduced models as a base, which in turn shaped this process ac-cordingly. It brought about both good and bad things:

The State and majority of the National Defense Industry of each state is influenced – in the most part – by the condition of nation’s own military, as its main customer. Since Poland’s accession to NATO and European Union, Polish Armed Forces are undergoing a period of permanent modernization, shaping the military procurement. Unfortunately,, Poland has never arranged an effective and predictable system governing the technological modernization despite having spent more than 10 billion USD for new armament and military equipment since joining the NATO in 1999.

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Armed Forces Technological Modernization — Experiences and Expectations

amongst the successes counted the refit of the T-72s to the PT-91 Twardy standard, with 234 modernized tanks commissioned, as well as the development of the Grom MANPADS. The downside was the fiasco of the I-22 Iryda jet trainer, absorbing sizeable amount of cash and paralyz-ing other options, or the need to reduce the scope of the W-3 Sokół helicopter, leaving it only mid-way along the process to a fully-blown multi-role battlefield helicopter.

The result of all that was the first attempt to shape of the future modernization programs by enacting the so-called “strategic government programs”, and including the new Goryl MBT, Loara SPAAG/SPAAM system, or the Huzar multirole helicopter. The failure of these programs as not due to the lack of technological ability – e.g. the Loara SPAAG was then finished in 2005 and tested posi-tively proving itself a modern and capable system – but partialy due to the financial restraints, and due to politics and strategy. Concepts changing with every election in government and the MoND, and new strategy shaped in advance by chances of NATO-access, forced to re-shape the earlier plans. The early modernization attempts of the ’90s were mostly left for the military to govern, which re-sulted in excessive stress being placed on the needs of the conventional battlefield, without considering the econo-my and changes in geopolitical situation. The lack of these consideration was accoutable for the failure or the delay of many modernization programs, such as the Krab SP gun-howitzer, the Loara SPAAG and the Gawron-Class corvette, all initiated way back into 20th Century. Just a decade ago many of the decision-makers were not yet ready to make a lasting choice of the modernization guidelines, to take the “either-or” choice of key projects. Principals sacrificed the “in-depth” pursuing of the few chosen modernization programs able to make a real progress, in order to pur-sue the “in-width” concept initiating too many programs while lacking money to continue them beyond their own tenure. Even today many of the decision-makers haven’t quite comprehended the necessity.

Trendsetting-wise, the most important time of the Polish Army’s recent history was the period of 1998–2003. It was the time that the guidelines were forged and deci-sions were made to shape the armed forces inventories for

years to come. At the threshold of the new Millenium, two Polish Army development concepts clashed head-on: one called for trim professional elite high-tech fighting force, and the other continued the traditional concept of mass- -army capable of long-term territorial defense in case of a coming conflict. These two basically contradictory con-cepts shaped the government’s 1998–2012 Army Mod-ernization Strategy, known as the “Armia 2012” program. This program called for retaining the peace-time army of 180 000 soldiers, with 50% professional Military People, unfortunated, it only survived in this shape for a year, un-til Poland joined NATO on March 12, 1999. “Armia 2012” was another plan completely out of touch of reality of the state’s economy.

From day one, the NATO accession upturned the armed forces development planning including the tech-nological modernization. Alliance commitments had to be taken, by not only singling out units to operate within the alliance but also by kitting them out to enable the in-teroperability. The modernization focus changed consid-erably. Central European terrain and climate ceased to be main considerations, now replaced by the NATO Military Objectives. In some a way, it was a return to the collective way of planning only this time within NATO not the War-saw Pact. The basic difference was, that unlike the Soviet Union, the Alliance left the choice of commitments to the member-states, and the organization was not forcing the mass-armament programs which left national economies in rubbles. There’s a flip-side to that policy, less wealthy NATO members have to make a painful choice between keeping up to Alliance commitments or their own, local, and national programs.

Decisive DealAfter Poland joined NATO, the key decisions as to the

army technological modernization were reconsidered be-tween 1999 and 2001. Again, as in the past, the “in-width” concept won over the reason and against the financial reality. The “either-or” concept was again rejected, even though the outcome was plainly ridiculous – the 1999 R&D budget of mere 195 million PLN was meant to finance as many as 20 main “national” high-priority R&D projects! Each branch of the service strived to retain as much as possible of their own potential, completely ignoring the integrated model. This was the period, when most stra-tegic purchasing decisions were made, including the most important, to finance the combat jet procurement from outside the MoND budget. The Ministry was to par-ticipate only in ground infrastructure preparation – which was also very costly. During that time the Wheeled APC (KTO) program was shaped to re-equip just one brigade

Rosomak during expeditionary deployment to Chad. These became Poland’s main expeditionary AFVs.

F-16D Block 52 + Jastrząb, the largest and most expensive Polish Army modernization program.

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of three mechanized battalions. Than since both of these programs were used as a shining example of army’s tech-nological modernization efforts, as a part of the national commitment to the NATO Military Objectives.

Crowning of this planning was the enactation of the series of Parliament acts during spring and summer of 2001, including the ‘Polish Armed Forces Restructuring

Antique C-130Es were obtained within the FMF

assistance program.

Głuszec – a deeply modernized W-3WA helicopter gunship.

Mi-24V Hind and Mi-17 Hip helicopters were modernized or at least updated in connection with the Afghanistan mission.

and nations. As a NATO border state it might become an objective of various threats, aimed not only at herself, but also against other States of the Alliance”.

This was not only a political declaration of a will to deploy Polish Army in foreign operation under the flag of NATO (not UN, as previously, and what immediate fu-ture witnessed – alongside US rather than the Alliance as such), but also of a will to change the character, structure and armament of the Army, to meet the commitments dating from April 1999 Washington NATO Summit with its Defense Capability Initiative and Alliance stressing the “crisis management”. The change of the priorities, from conventional battlefield in all-out conflict to the one of foreign missions with the knowledge of Bosnia or Somalia was declared long before the memorable attacks of 9/11 – the Global War On Terror only sped things up, involv-ing Poland into operations in Afghanistan (late 2001) and invasion of Iraq (2003). Unfortunately, this happened way too fast, before the Army was modernized enough to ful-fill the new commitments efficiently. The intent of build-ing an “expeditionary army” was further strengthened by the so-called “Prague Defense Capability Commitments” of 2002. Obviously, the commitment to organize such units did not negated the basic objective of both the NATO as such, and the member-states – which always was the defense of one’s territorial integrity. On the other hand, it was unrealistic to plan building two armies within

and Technological Modernization And Financing Act’ (covering the reshaping of the Polish Army during the 2001–2006 period. Targets like a 150 000-strong fighting force, 1/3 fully-compliant, also equipment-wise, with the NATO requirements as of 2008. As of 2006 20% of the de-fense spending slated towards R&D projects, technologi-cal modernization of the ‘Multi-role Combat Aircraft Pro-curement Act’. At the same time the MoND issued a White Paper, for the first (and unfortunately – the only) time in its recent history of implementing the normal demo-cratic procedures of (relative) transparency and openness in informing the society about the current state of its armed forces and plans for the future. In its vague sweep-ing statement one could read a strategic willingness to change the priorities – which had to re-shape the tech-nological modernization as well: “Poland is not involved in any action threatening any other state, nor does it deem any other state its enemy. It is, however, taking into con-sideration potential threats, existing object, sometimes in-dependent of the political will and intentions of the states

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one defense budget – unfortunately choices were in-evitable. Nevertheless, some generals and politicians not only ignored it but openly contested it, as proved by the 2001–2006 modernization program guidelines to shelve the modest modernization of the T-72 to the PT-91 stand-ard in favor for an “deep modernization to conform the NATO standards”. The concidential included a curious idea of the re-armament T-72s with the 120 mm smooth-bore cannon mounted in a new turret! First 50 of “deeply mod-ernized” tanks were to be operational as of 2006, and the objective of the program, with a price tag of several hun-dred million PLN, was to equip one NATO-earmarked tank brigade with two battalions (106) of these. The planning of the armed forces technological modernization was still unrealistic, the planners totally disregarded the economi-cal situation and the cost-effectiveness of such measures – the only objective was to meet the commitments made to NATO. Eventually the “deep modernization” program was torpedoed by the German gift of a complete set of equipment for a mechanized brigade, including Leopard 2A4 tanks. The gift was accepted, and the 10th Armored Cavalry Brigade was reorganized to a German model, con-forming the decision to remove the brigade from Polish divisional structure and join the Bundeswehr’s 7th Ar-mored Division, as per February 2000 agreement. Through this arrangement Poland got 128 used Leopard 2A4 MBTs along with all other equipment for a brigade – including the M113 ACPs – the total worth of which the MoND as-sessed at 1.5 billion PLN.

The Leopard case was more than a one-off decision to gain instant operational compatibility within multi-national NATO division – the Polish Navy blazed the trail by accepting US missile frigate. On the other plane, it was an indication mostly for economic reasons the MoND would stray from the ’90s paradigm of basing the technological modernization solely on national industry. The 1999 Compensation Agreement Act stipulated that national defense industry would take a part in every military procurement, involving foreign partners to fur-ther the eventual privatization or at least to back-up the modernization with foreign capital. Both of these variants were successfully implemented with some of the largest military procurement programs of the first decade of the new Millenium, unfrotunately, the industry gained little or nothing from such gifts.

The 10th Armored Cavalry Brigade re-armament was a clear signal, that NATO-committed units have absolute priority. The same situation of the KTO program, and the Multirole Combat Plane (F-16s), the Medium Transport Aircraft (CASA C-295Ms bought in August 2001) ensuring that modernization programs for other units just withered on a vine. This policy was never declared in public. In 2012, a decade after, not by accident, the 10th Armored Cavalry Brigade became a sole user of not only the Leopards, also majority of the ZSU-23-4MP Biała anti-aircraft gun/missile systems (first announced in 2002), or the sole finished ve-hicles of Loara or Kroton systems. Money was short not only for the non-NATO declared troops. Polish politicians were overzealous in taking commitments way beyond fi-nancial, technical or training ability of the state – e.g. the initial statements took for granted, and such extravagan-zas like keeping as much as 32 F-16s with logistic train in NATO readiness, procurement of re-fuelling planes even changing the caliber from Soviet 152 to NATO-standard

155 mm in the artillery took much more time than initially predicted. With time, lack of money forced the army and government to finally adopt the “either-or” concept, even though unconsciously at first. Some projects were contin-ued, and other hibernated, or dropped altogether, even the high-priority NATO commitments.

During the first decade of the new Millenium higher echelons of the military stubbornly kept to the overblown peace-time numbers, refusing to accept the painful choices, and bleeding the “high-speed low-drag” projects. At the troop level this led to creation of the “dual-speed

Army”. The “export” units were equipped at the expense of the hapless territorial troops. Logistic cadre units kept for wartime, which became mere bled-out of empty hulks. Even now, after the army got professionalized and “national Army” times are over, dualism remained a some-what smaller scale bearing witness to the power of con-servative mind-set. This mind-set is a grave danger for the technological modernization process by slowing it down or cancelling in worst cases.

The Leopards taken into the inventory were used, and so were the two ancient ex-American early Oliver Hazard Perry-Class guided missile frigates (less missiles) taken over by the Polish Navy in 2000 and 2002, as well as the 22 MiG-29 Fulcrums taken over from German Luftwaffe in 2003–2004 (only some of these were modernized, the rest

Much emphasis is recently being put on individual equipment modernization.

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was just cannibalized for parts), and five ex-Norwegian 207 (Kobben)-Class submarines (2002–2004, of which one was used as a training aid). Then came the C-130s, declared as early as 2004 as C-130Ks, then reduced in 2005 to C-130Es, of which the first materialized only in 2009, and the last would arrive in 2012. All of these constituted the “surplus Army”, as it was called by those opposed to taking such gifts – but without taking the surplus equipment, ambi-tious Alliance commitments stood no chance of realiza-tion in harsh economic reality. Ambitions were indeed

and 16 brand new in 2004–2006) were amended to 48 fac-tory new delivered until the end of 2008. These were finally met, but the implementation of the F-16 program (F-16C/D Block 52 Advanced were chosen in late 2002, and the 3.5 billion USD worth contract signed in 2003) have revealed a ga- ping rift in mentality and organizational ability between the Polish Army and her new Western allies. The basic problem was not in the aircraft, worth 44 million bucks a piece, but in people, both pilots and ground personnel, in procedures, which underlined the – theoretically – obvious complex-ity of the technological modernization program. It takes not the hardware alone to accomplish one – but a healthy combination of five basic factors: the purpose, the people, the structure, the hardware and the logistics infrastructure. In F-16s case, it all finally, somehow, mated together, and now it ticks like a watch – but the other salient moderniza-tion program, the Rosomak KTO, still struggles to make the ends meet.

The history of the KTO is a sad example how the lack of comprehension hampers technological modernization even if modern vehicle is being bought for a clearly stated purpose. This program is inseparable from Polish presence in NATO, the commitment to organize “crisis reaction” force, and the American doctrine from turn of the cen-turies, stressing key importance of highly-mobile mecha-nized troops based on wheeled platform. Initially only 220 such vehicles were planned to be purchased for 1.3 billion PLN, including 120 IFV variant (one brigade of three bat-talions, 40 in each), but already in 2002 ambitious plans were afoot to order as much as 400 IFV and 200 basic ve-hicles, for as many as 10 mechanized battalions. Finally in 2003 a contract was signed for even more – 690 vehicles

worth 4.9 billion PLN, of which 313 were to be delivered as IFV, and the rest were ordered in basic configuration, to be completed with their final equipment at a later date. All of these were to be delivered between 2004 and 2013. Theoretically, the “basic configuration vehicles” (chassis with armored body, no turret or other superstructure) were to be delivered under separate contracts, but this left the whole program severely underestimated – all the more so, because the logistic support was neglected at first. The Rosomak program was never realized in the initial shape (no ATGMs were fitted, the 6x6 variant was dropped along the way etc.), some points were implemented hap-

grand: Polish government declared to submit warships to operate in “blue waters”, armored, mechanized and air-mobile troops, whole squadrons of combat and transport aviation etc. – while maintaining enough troops to defend the frontiers. The MoND never had such amount of mon-ey. Taking these grants, and mustering FMF aid (2004 pur-chase of the HMMWVs) would improve the situation just a bit. The experience was mottled. Land Forces couldn’t complaint – but the Air Force had dubious experience, and the Navy, the largest recipient of surplus equipment, was the worst-off. Even it wasn’t the quality of the second-hand ships, that mattered but it was the mind-set of the decision-makers, who decided that the Navy’s needs were thus taken care of, and money needed to finish expensive naval development programs like 2001–2006 strategy listed Gawron-Class corvettes, Kormoran-Class mine de-stroyers, new submarine(s), and RBS-15 Mk3 anti-shipping missiles – could be better spent elsewhere. The MoND never had enough money to finance all of these, and the expectations that Poland would become a noticeable “blue water” force were all false, from the day one.

The True Meaning of “Technological Modernization”As previously mentioned, the worst problem that the

decision-makers faced was the false assessment of both capabilities and reality as shown by both the 2001–2006 Strategy and the “Airplane Act”. The plans were utterly un-realistic from Day One. Starting with time-line and so their true value are not the detailed stipulation, but rather as general guidelines, showing new trends – and that’s where they succeeded. As for details, well, e.g. the Airplane Act was amended several times, for the first time as early as March 2002, when initial 60 (!) F-16 (16 second-hand in 2003, 16, 12

Simulators are to play an increasing role in soldier training.

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It is very hard to present a reliable forecast of the Polish Army’s technological modernization in a long run – and it is nothing else but the incompetence of both the uniformed and civilian decision-

makers to blame for that. The long-term plans are of course duly pre-pared and endorsed, but in reality only short-term (1–2 years) plans have any chance to be backed up with financing and become really binding. Also, despite the ministry is planning defense expenditure at the fixed rate of 1.95% GDP, as stipulated by law, in reality the ex-penditure is lower. E.g. in 2008 defense spending was 1.67%, and in 2009 – 1.79%. Despite that the ministry keeps on announcing new ambitious plans. E.g. last spring a joint meeting was held between the MoND, the military and the defense industry, to discuss the questions of present state and forecasts for the technological modernization of the army. After a lot of grief from all sides, the MoND once again, as if nothing happened so far, announced the LIFT airplane tender “before this year is out”. Now the LIFT is a sensitive subject, and Air Force wants them badly, not only because they are intended to play a significant role in F-16 pilots training, but also because of the plans to burden them with a role of a fighter-bomber to replace the rapidly-aging fleet of Su-22 Fitters. Similar declarations were announced in 2010, and the Air Force was very disappointed to have it scrapped. Then it was an-nounced again in 2011 – and as we are now entering the Q2 2012, still nothing happened, expect for an announcement, that instead of the LIFT, the ministry is now looking for just an advanced trainer, with no strike capability.

At the same conference issues of the technological modernization until 2018 were discussed, and the MoND reported on the current on-going projects and their financing. According to the official statistics the year 2010 proved very good for the army, the effects of the finan-cial collapse of the defense budget in 2008/2009 were already pass-ing by. In 2010 the capital expenditure absorbed 22.5% of the budget, with 2011 forecast reaching 24.3%, and 2012 expectations were 26.3% (in reality 24.4% – this was cut down in late 2011 due to budget cuts. The MoND budget for 2011 was 27.535 billion PLN, with 2012 forecast of 29.3 billion (later to be reduced to 29.2 billion). The capital expendi-ture of the 2010 was 5.725 billion PLN, with 6.562 billion estimated for 2011. The ministry representatives pointed to the rising expenditure for the 14 leading technological modernization programs, identified in the 2009–2014 Strategy. In 2010 these were to absorb 41% of all the money left aside for technological modernization, estimated to rise to 58% in 2011 and break the 60% ceiling in 2012. The 2011 plans were for purchase 51 Rosomak IFVs, 12 Rosomak WEM (armored medevac ambulance) and 10 Rosomak in specialized variants.

The capital expenditure in 2009 was 4.44 billion PLN (incl. 3.408 bn for technological modernization), with the above mentioned 5.725 bn (4.571 bn for technological modernization) in 2010, 6.562 bn in 2011 (in-cluding 5.1 bn for technological modernization), and the plans for 2012 were for 7.547 (5.998) billion PLN. Eventually, after budget cuts, the 2012 sum was reduced by over 560 million to 7.13 billion. For comparison, the military retirement plan absorbed 6.5 billion in the same 2012, and couldn’t budge by a buck PLN). According to the last announcements of the MoND officials, most of the money taken from the technological modernization part of budget was expended for pay rises.

In summing up the 2010, the representative of the new Ordnance Inspectorate reported, that of the 4.571 billion PLN expended for tech-nological modernization, 71% was spent for direct purchasing, 9% for modernization of the existing hardware, 9% for ammunition, 7 % for

repairs and only 4% for R&D work. For comparison, in 2011 it was: 65% purchasing, 15% modernization, 9% repairs, 6% ammunition costs and 5% R&D. Again most of the money was expended on Rosomak pro-gram – as much as 46% of all purchasing money in 2010 – with 7% for the Navy, 7% for aerial defense, 9% for Spike ATGM, 22% for C4ISR digi-tized command and control equipment, 9% on “other projects”. These money gave the Army in 2010 further 62 Rosomak IFVs, 10 Rosomak WEMs, 4 W-3 Sokół helicopters modified to Głuszec helicopter gun-ships, 3 Liwiec radars, 33 modernized WR-40 Langusta multiple rocket launchers, 33 Spike ATGM launchers with 350 missiles, 228 Grom MAN-PADS missiles, single Odra and Gunica radar and EW systems. Contracts were signed for Mi-17 helicopters and first aircraft were imported, sev-eral other programs were contracted and started, to update Mi-24s, MiG-29s, Mi-14s, modernize the AA missile systems etc.

In 2010 new command and control systems were to cost 509 mil-lion PLN, with ICT systems for further 245 million. This means that the ICT, communication as well as command-and-control systems became one of the most sizeable expenditure figures for the Polish Army.

Within key programs of 2009–2018 further expenditure for aerial defense systems development was planned at 2.5 billion PLN (half the figure predicted in 2008 plan). This money is to cover the expenses of the Poprad, Soła, Bystra, Piorun, Pilica, Biała, programs, as well as further modifications of the Osa and Newa systems – all already known and developed projects. The initial Poprad batch is already implemented, but e.g. mobile Bystras and Piorun modules modified to take Grom MANPADS are expected no sooner than mid-decade. A very wide indeed C4ISR program (as many as 570 separate projects until 2018) would have to make do with 2.8 billion PLN. The Naval modernization programs planned to use 4.7 billion for purchasing one corvette, one submarine, one mine destroyer, modernization of the Sassnitz-Class missile boats, implementation of the Coastal Missile Battalion, refit the frigates, Kobben-Class submarines, and Tarantul-Class missile boats, as well as the training ship Navigator and Admiral Czernicki logistic ship. Now the whole issue fell through, as the new minister decided to scrap the refits of older ships and discontinue the construction of the corvette. In UAV case 0.5 billion PLN was planned to buy 6 medium range, 6 short range and 2 mini-UAVs. Of these the mini-UAVs and 2 “Medium-UAVs” were already purchased. In the helicopter program the MoND deliberated purchasing 26 helicopters of 4 types: multi-pur-pose utility (16), ASW, SAR and MEDEVAC (of which 7 would come to the Navy and 3 to Air Force).

Modernization Challenges of the Polish Army — A Few Words on Financing

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was in the 2001–2006 Strategy. Again, initially plans were to buy not one, but two models of the ATGM and integrate them not only with the KTO, but modernized Mi-24 Hind attack helicopters as well. This plans never materialized in the first decade of the new century, even though the necessity to purchase another ATGM and modernize the aging helicopters was repeatedly voiced in public forum. The Spike-LR program itself, despite initial controversy as to the real effectiveness in a Central European climate, so different from the country of origin, was another success – and not only in original design, but also the degree of its “polonization” and the rate of introduction into the inven-tory of the Polish Army.

The Big Three of the 21st Century’s first decade mod-ernization programs: the F-16, the Rosomak and the Spike (with the addition of the C-295M program, with a price-tag higher than the ATGMs – and not forgetting the con-stant acquisition of the command-and-control equip-ment, as well as on-going communication programs) are clear examples of chances and threats connected with the technological modernization of the military. All three merit the title of “investment coups” as they not only raise the combat effectiveness in their areas, but also shape the process of hardware acquisition for years to come. Unfortunately, at the same time they also exemplify the omissions of the decision-makers, who did not take into consideration many important issues, without consider-ing which even the most modern hardware could not be employed rationally. The real cost of the “investment coups” is much higher than just the price tag at the date of signing, and it should be deliberated as early as in the planning phase.

Nothing New Under The SunIn the recent years the MoND presented several plans,

or rather amendments to, of the army’s technological modernization, each known under a grand name of “Pro-gram of Developing Armed Forces Capability for...”. These gone for 2003–2008, 2005–2010, 2007–2012, then in 2008 went one for 2009–2018, and now programs are being prepared for 2013–2022 as well as a long-term develop-ment plan.

hazardly – especially the organizational structures, which influenced the amount of specialized vehicles: the 2006 remotely-controlled weapon stations fiasco was the most disturbing – but far from unique – example). Fortunately for the Polish Army, the purpose of these vehicles was stated clearly, the hardware was highly successful, and it still has a large potential for modernization. After just a few years it became a tangible proof of the Polish Army’s expeditionary potential – as well as the cornerstone of the whole technological modernization process of the Tank-Automotive Command. Although unaware of the fact initially, the 2001–2003 decision sealed the choice of the new IFV for the army – even though the basic platform for the mechanized troops remained the tracked one, even-tually. Another unintentional advantage was the raising of the contracted amount of vehicles from 220 to 690, which converted it from a “limited purchase” into a fully blown “investment coup”.

As if overshadowed by these two giant contract, late 2003 have seen another contract signing, worth formal-ly 1.5 billion PLN, for 264 launchers and 2675 Spike-LR ATGMs. This came as no surprise either, announced as it

The largest modernization challenge today is the acquisition of the new anti-aircraft missile systems. These photos (this one and next two) show a digitized Neva system – but even such ultra-modern launchers still shoot the missiles manufactured a quarter century ago, when the USSR was still going strong.

12,7 mm Tor heavy sniper rifle is the pride and joy of the Tarnów’s OBRSM.

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In 2009 a plan – already cut-down due to economical crisis – was announced of the “main investments coups” in technological modernization. According to it, the main effort was to be concentrated on 5 “Main Programs”:

Anti-Aircraft and Missile Defense,Battlefield and Support Helicopters,Navy Modernization Program,Integrated Command Support Systems and C4ISR Bat-

ready done – 5 additional W-3 Sokół helicopters were or-dered]. Creation of the Special Operations Flight in Powidz. Intensifying the Naval Modernization Effort. Resolution of the Gawron-Class Corvette program [already done – program to be scrapped]. Continuation of the efforts to replace obso-lete armament and modernize the rest. Furthering the coop-eration with the national defense industry toward optimizing the use made of its potential in the process of development of the Armed Forces capability.

Unfortunately, compared with the 2001–2006 Strate-gy, there’s nothing really new there, no new trends or stra-tegic development directions. The decade-old decisions still govern all the technological modernization efforts, in-cluding „new” programs, like building of the national aerial defense system. The MoND budget would carry nothing more than direct defense and short-range missiles pro-curement, as a result limited aerial defense modernization goes on for a long time. During the last decade, until 2010, as many as 320 Grom MANPADS launchers and 1400 mis-siles were bought, along with modernization of the 25 Osa-P SPAAM systems, purchasing of 80 gun/missile ZUR-23-2KG systems of various configuration, as well as mod-ernizing ten ZSU-23-4 Shilka SPAAGs to ZSU-23-4MP Biała standard and various R&D projects, including the Poprad. The same goes for reconnaissance assets, command and battlefield situation imaging systems (except maybe for the drone capability, overlooked a decade ago). Even the idea of the so-called Costal Missile Battalion (contracted in December 2008, then expanded) is rooted deeply in the concepts voiced in late ’90s. No one even attempts to call Krab or Langusta program “novel”, or to take into consid-eration the amount of modernization it undergone in the meantime. There are several relatively new programs, like the Tytan, and many hopes will be pinned, but this line-up of actions contains no strategic keystone idea. There’s sim-

tlefield Situation Imaging,Reconnaissance and Strike-Reconnaissance Drones, and 9 “Specialist Programs”:Tytan Individual Armament and Gear Development Program (“Future Soldier”-Class),Trainers and Simulators,LIFT (Lead-In Fighter-Trainer) Aircraft,M-28 Light Transport Aircraft,122 mm WR-40 Langusta Multiple Launcher Rocket System,155 mm Krab and Kryl Gun-Howitzers,Homar Heavy MLRS,Spike ATGM,Rosomak Combat Platform.Theoretically, this program was the law of the land un-

til 2011, when it got revised coinciding with the change of the defense minister. According to the recent annuncia-tions, the MoND technological modernization priorities are now:

data system modernization,Anti-Aircraft (incl. Anti-Missile) Defense,acquiring High Mobility Capability for all branches, and logistical self-reliance, and the ability to act in all planes: land, air, sea, electronic and cyberspace, assuring interoperability in both national and Alliance dimension,acquiring drone aircraft capability as a highest priority. Other tasks include: On-going analysis and corrections,

of the technological modernization programs from the standpoint of program rationality and acquiring expected capabilities in Armed Forces, if applicable. Preparation of the National Armor Plan within the High Mobility Capability development. Preparation of the Advanced Training Aircraft. Acquiring further transport aircraft for the Armed Forces. Preparation of the tender for Medium Multirole Helicopters. Acquiring VIP transport helicopters for the 1st Airlift Base [al-

ply too much projects and not enough money. It is a dan-gerous attempt at petrification of the pathologies of the past, the “two-speeds army”, and the “in-width” progress.

Over a decade ago, Poland spawned a technological modernization plan, which erred in estimating the peace-time numbers of the Polish Army at as much as 150 000 people, have clearly indicated the direction of changes. The authors were aware that lack of means and excess of challenges would willy-nilly channelize the generations exchange in armament and military equipment to certain areas. With the subsequent amendments the 2001–2006

The names of rockets Poland use are 5W27D and 5W27U.

Neva System – fire direction centre.

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Strategy indicated key of developmental programs, pre-ferred even at the expense of the innovative, but second-rate strategy-wise ones (Loara, Gawron). Although not free from false assumptions and furthering the “two-speed army” concept, the 1999–2003 development programs have effectively shaped the technological modernization outlook as far as 2012–2014, when the last financial com-mitments of the KTO or Spike programs would we served – even though the necessity of their follow-up is voiced. The number of Rosomaks is to rise towards the goal of 800 to equip 2–3 brigades with their IFV variant. Unfor-tunately after year 2003 contract-studded because of the strategic decisions made at the turn of the century, the subsequent years were much more modest in techno-logical modernization of decision-making. This was could not be explained by objective financial difficulties alone. Also faulty planning, incompetence, vague reasoning, but first and foremost – lack of decidedness, were to blame for these.

The fate of two “strategic effort projects”, declared in 2005 is the epitome of the problem. The National Helicop-ter Program forcibly-connected to the elements of the earlier programs: introduction of the SW-4 Pogoria light helicopter, modernization of the W-3 Sokół to Głuszec helicopter gunship, as well as modernization or at least updating of the Mi-24 Hind gunship and seeking a new transport helicopter to replace the country’s aging Mi-8s/Mi-17s Hip fleet. Another was the Iraqi-influenced Light Patrol Armored Car (LOSP) program, aimed at purchasing an Army equivalent of the Military Police’s 2005-procured Dzik-2/Gucio armored cars. Both were hailed “maximum-effort” high-priority projects, both were put in spotlight over the years – and both withered on the vine, with LOSP

making incompetent military a laughing stock of all na-tion, and National Helicopter Program exploding back into a hail of separate programs, making continuous but unspectacular progress ever since. The MoND contracted 24 SW-4 Puszczyk light helicopters in December 2006, de-livered by 2010, and bought – at the same time – 7 sec-ond-hand Mi-17s as an interim solution of the airlift capa-bility in view of the Afghani mission. Later on several new W-3 Sokółs were bought (although in basic configuration) and 5 more Mi-17s were procured (not without difficulties) in 2010. These were imported as late as early 2011, even though initially they were to get to Afghanistan (modern-ized, up-armored, and avionics up-dated) by 2010. Finally four Głuszec gunship variants of the W-3 were purchased (four more are now contracted). The hard core of the Na-tional Helicopter Program was the modernization of the Mi-24 Hinds, marked as “urgently needed” as early as in the 2001–2006 Strategy fell-through altogether, as were the alternative projects of purchasing new gunships from abroad or finding other way to obtain the newly-manu-factured modern attack helicopter. All efforts failed in this vital area, while the decision-makers strived to secure at-tack capability to the expeditionary forces in a haphazard way, lacking systematic, thought-out guideline – and that in an area clearly marked as “vital”, “high-priority”, “sensi-tive” and otherwise by each and every consecutive set of decision-makers.

There were other failed attempts at intensifying the modernization process or opening new fronts in the latter half of the first decade of the new Millenium. The only moderately successful was the reconnaissance capability by acquiring the drone aircraft. The first mini-UAVs in Poland were Israeli Orbiters, purchased by the GROM Special Forces unit in 2005, followed by several more in 2007 for the Army, but it was only in 2010 that the process got intensified enough to improve the ca-pability in a sizeable way.

Another slow but steady process is the personal equip-ment reform, shaped and constantly improved by the experiences from the expeditionary deployments. The recognition given to the progress in these two elements, reconnaissance and personal equipment, might consti-tute the single most important input into the army tech-nological modernization process in the recent years. Even these, however, were not accompanied by truly strategic investments.

It seems that the Polish Army needs another New Opening in strategic sense, one of proportions compa-rable to 1999–2001 scale of change. That same goes for technological modification. The Strategic Defense Review prepared by the MoND’s Transformation Department offers an incentive for that. This time, as previously, the analysis have offered the decision-makers an alternative path, of the moder Army smaller, built along the “either-or” lines, opposed to a conservative “two-speed military”, with a “vision” of buying one naval ship per decade in each type and keeping to the priority of peace-time numbers at the expense of real efficiency.

Unfortunately, the former minister sided with the Gen-eral Staff and opted for conservative solutions, opposing the ones proposed by the analysts. This may change, how-ever, with the change of the minister and in connection with the new 2013–2022 Army Development Strategy being under construction right now. n

Main Polish Army Hardware Acquisitions in 2001–2010:

48 F-16 C/D Block 52 + multirole combat aircraft with equipment;22 MiG-29 Fulcrum fighter aircraft (donated; some cannibalized for spares); 12 CASA C-295M medium transport aircraft;15 PZL M-28 light transport aircraft (new contract for 8 pending);24 SW-4 light training helicopters;12 Mi-17 Hip transport helicopters;3 C-130 transport aircraft;1 Guided Missile Frigate (donated);5 KobbenClass submarines (donated);128 Leopard 2A4 Main Battle Tanks (donated);339 Rosomak Wheeled Armored Carriers, inc. 233 in Infantry Fighting Vehicle variant;44 000 caliber 5.56-mm Beryl assault rifles and 7000 Mini Beryl automatic carbines;10 ZSU-23-4MP Biała Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Gun/Missile systems (modi-fication of existing vehicles);- 77 anti-aircraft caliber 23-mm ZUR-23-2KG (TG, T) twin cannon/missile sys-tems;48 WR-40 Langusta Multiple Launcher Rocket Systems (modernized from existing BM-21 launchers);321 Grom man-portable aerial defense system (MANPADS) launchers with 1370 missiles;193 Spike anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) launchers with 1495 missiles.Altogether, during 2001-2010 the former Department of Armed Forces Sup-

plies in MoND held over 3800 tenders of the combined worth of supplied ma-teriel nearing 25 billion PLN.

Photos: Piotr Prymlewicz, MON, Jarosław Wiśniewski, Norbert Bączyk.

WHEN QUALITY AND PRECISION DETERMINATE THE SUCCESS OF THE MISSION

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European Defense Octopus Hubert KrólikowskiZbigniew Skrzyński

The member states have added the No.10 Protocol on Permanent Structured Cooperation to the Lis-bon Treaty. This document states, that permanent

structured cooperation, referred to in Art. 42(6) 6 TEU and shall be open to any Member State, No.10 Proto-col which undertakes, from the date of entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon, to proceed more intensively to develop its defense capacities through the develop-ment of its national contributions and participation, where appropriate, in multinational forces, in the main European equipment programs, and in the activity of the Agency in the field of defense capabilities develop-ment, research, acquisition and armaments (EDA). To achieve these objectives, Member States participating in permanent structured cooperation shall undertake to cooperate, with a view to achieving approved objec-tives concerning the level of investment expenditure on defense equipment, and to bring their defense systems into line with each other as far as possible, particularly by harmonizing the identification of their military needs, by pooling and, where appropriate, specializing their defense means and capabilities, as well as to take part, in the development of major joint or European equip-ment programs in the framework of the EDA.

The Agency was established by Joint Action 2004/551/CFSP2), to further the Council efforts aimed at developing defense capabilities in the field of crisis management, and maintaining Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) as it stands now and develops in the future. It is also pro-moting and enhancing European armaments coopera-tion, strengthening the European defense industrial and technological base by all means appropriate. The Agency also takes a part in shaping the European policy pertain-ing defense capabilities and armament. The Lisbon Trea-ty’s entry into force enhanced the EDA’s coordination and strategy-planning roles. The Joint Action 2004/551/CFSP was amended accordingly by Council Decision 2011/411/CFSP3). The Agency’s charter states that it shall have task to contribute to identify the Member States’ military capabil-ity objectives and evaluating observance of the capability commitments given by the Member States. It promotes the harmonization of operational needs and the adoption of effective, compatible procurement methods. The EDA shall propose multilateral projects to fulfill the objectives in terms of military capabilities, ensure coordination of the programs implemented by the Member States. It also supports defense technology research, coordinates, and plans joint research activities and the study of technical

The role of the European Union (EU) in defense cooperation keeps on growing along with the strengthening of the common security and defense policy. The EU’s role in defense cooperation is finally beginning to shape according to its aspirations. This shape has become one of the basic challenges set by the Lisbon Treaty1). In other words, the Treaty has gradually directed EU to create a common defense policy visible and effective on the international scene. The Treaty includes clauses pertaining to security and defense cooperation (Art. 42(6) and Art. 46 Treaty on European Union (TEU) as well as the Solidarity Clause (Art. 222 Treaty on Functioning of European Union (TFEU) and clauses on mutual assistance in case of armed attack against the member-state (Art. 42(7) TEU).

EDA is intensively cooperating with European Space Agency. One of the main projects is Eumetsat – meteorological satellite.

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solutions meeting future operational needs. In its activi-ties the Agency also contributes identify and to imple-ment any useful measure for strengthening the industrial and technological base of the defense sector and for im-proving the effectiveness of military expenditure.

In order to perform its functions and attain its objec-tives the Agency is given full legal personality extending to the ability of be a party to contracts and agreements, as well as functioning in an external capability. The Agen-cy should develop close working relations with exist-ing arrangements, groupings and organizations such as the Organisation Conjointe de Coopération en matière d’Armement (OCCAR) and the European Space Agency (ESA), as well as the bodies of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

The Head of the Agency shall be responsible for the negotiation of administrative arrangements with third countries and other organizations, groupings or enti-ties in accordance with directives given by the Steer-ing Board, taken by qualified majority. The Head of the Agency shall convene and chair the Steering Board’s meetings. The Steering Board may meet in specific com-positions such as National Armament Directors, Capa-bility Directors, Research &Technology Directors or De-fense Policy Directors. The Steering Board may decide to invite, on matters of common interest: the Heads/Chairs of other arrangements, groupings or organizations whose work is relevant to that of the Agency, as well as OCCAR, ESA and NATO. The Steering Board shall ap-prove the establishment within the Agency of projects or programs, shall approve any recommendation to the Council or the European Commission, and shall conclude the administrative arrangement between the Agency and third parties, as well as any other decisions aimed at fulfilling the Agency’s mission.

The EU through the EDA builds its strategic non-de-pendence in order to meet the defense challenges in appropriate manner. EDA shall identify operational re-quirements, shall promote measures to satisfy those re-quirements, shall contribute to identify and, where appro-priate, implement any measure needed to strengthen the industrial and technological base of the defense sector, shall participate in defining a European capabilities and armaments policy, and shall assist the Council in evalu-ating the improvement of military capabilities. The EDA creates opportunity to harmonize the common political goals with proper international organizations. This coop-eration enables the EDA to gather adequate data, prepare assessments and analysis in order to work out common

solutions in implementing the EU actions. This serves to avoid duplication of the organizations’ agendas in order to undertake decisive and unified efforts.

According to the EU, enhancing the degree of mu-tual dependence among the member-states and build-ing a truly comprehensive approach based on fully-in-tegrated defense capabilities are mandatory for creating a truly credible security policy. Only credible, reliable and readily accessible military capability can become a sine-qua-non condition of the autonomous common security and defense policy. To further that goal, the EDA is taking care to ensure that the defense programs are not doubling themselves within the EU, to avoid fragmentation of the industrial and technological base of the defense sector.

The Lisbon Treaty puts emphasis on strengthening of the EU’s defense capability, promoting the R&D efforts and development of the common European Defense Market. The utilization of the Lisbon Treaty potential within com-mon defense policy necessitates creation of the proper institutional framework to assist in building the military capability and working out a progressive framework with-in the EU’s defense policy. The institutional framework addressed here is first of all the central role of the EDA, creating a network of cooperation in defense matter with other international organizations4).

EDA—OCCAR relationsArticle 8 of the EDA Statute defined by Council Deci-

sion 2011/411/CFSP of July 12, 2011, stipulates that the EDA should develop close working relations with OCCAR. Further competence for the EDA to cooperate with OC-CAR result from Chapter VI, entitled “Relations with Third Countries, Organizations and Entities”. Its Article 24 “Ad-ministrative Arrangements and Other Matters” says that for the purpose of fulfilling its mission, the Agency may enter into administrative arrangements with international organizations and entities. Further on “relevant elements” of OCCAR are specifically enumerated by name as one of such, which the Agency shall cooperate with a view to incorporat those elements or assimilat their principles and practices in due course, as appropriate and by mutual agreement.

The OCCAR is an European inter-governmental organization which facilitates and manages collaborative ar-mament programs between the member nations. It was

Transport aircraft A400M is a good example of the European defense industries cooperation. It is managed by OCCAR.

OCCAR is not EDA’a competitor, its main focus is to increase competitiveness and cooperation of the European defense programs and other activities aimed at creating European defense market.

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defense programs to ensure their effective development. Both organizations work on the assumption that proper program management is the key to success in implemen-tation of their cooperative goals. Both undertake shared actions aimed specifically at the development of the Euro-pean defense industry. The OCCAR is coordinating arma-ment programs assigned to it by the member-states. Its tasks are: management of current and future cooperative programs, which may include configuration control and in-service support, as well as research activities, prepara-tion of common technical specifications for the develop-ment and procurement of jointly defined equipment, as well as coordination of national decisions concerning the common industrial base and common technologies.

The EDA and the OCCAR decided that their cooperation should be formalized by an administrative agreement. By entering one of the agrements, both organization would be able to join their forces for common management of the defense projects aimed at promoting European de-fense capability. Many programs and other projects fur-thering these goals are discussed at the EDA forum.

On the OCCAR tenth anniversary in 2011 in the or-ganization’s headquarter in Bonn, the EDA’s current Chief Executive Madame Claude-France Arnould, emphasized the importance of the achievements of the OCCAR and addressed the cooperation between both organizations. She reminded that it was the EU Council gave the man-date for this agreement. The EDA and the OCCAR are able to propose innovative ways to support the European de-fense effort in order to maximize the effectiveness of the military spending. According to the EDA Chief Executive,

agreed to be established during the Baden-Baden Fran-co-German summit on December 7, 1995, when these countries went forward with an initiative to establish an organization charged with consolidation of the European defense industries. On November 12, 1996, at a Defense Ministers conference in Strasbourg, France and Germany have established the Organization for Joint Armament Cooperation, known under the acronym of its French-lan-guage name as OCCAR. The purpose of two states was further the cause of European non-dependence on Amer-ica in defense manufacturing by increasing the competi-tiveness of the European defense industry and increase the development of its technological and industrial base. These goals were written in the convention signed in Farnborough5) on September 9, 1998, which entered into force on January 28, 2001, after the initial four member-states’ parliaments have ratified it. Currently six nations have joined the OCCAR: Belgium, France, Germany, the

United Kingdom, Italy and Spain. Other countries, like Finland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden and Turkey are also involved in OCCAR-led cooperation effort.

According to the OCCAR Convention, it is to support competitiveness of the defense equipment manufacturing, coordinate the European armament programs, and further the creation of the European Defense Market. Its main pur-pose is however to create clear and transparent procedures of managing the shared armament programs. The OCCAR is not competing with the EDA; however, because at the moment of its establishment, the Agency have taken over most of the OCCAR competence in the matter.

The OCCAR is currently managing the following seven main programs:

Airbus A400M (tactical and strategic airlift),Boxer MRAV (multi role armored vehicle),Cobra (Counter Battery Radar),ESSOR (European Software Defined Radio),Eurocopter Tiger (helicopter).FREMM (Multimission frigates),FSAF / PAAMS munition (surface-to-air anti-missile system).

At the very moment the EDA has created working rela-tions with OCCAR based on the Agency’s establishment in 2004, and took a part in implementing of the European

German-Dutch Boxer Multi-Role Armored Vehicle Program was

also managed by OCCAR.

German Boxers were deployed to Afghanistan last year.

Cobra (Counter Battery Radar) – 3-D Phased Array Radar is another example of the European defense program.

43

the partnership between the two is not only natural but necessary, by enabling the synergy and mutual gains. In the framework of the cooperation, the EDA is responsible for identifying the EU’s future defense capability require-ments, utilizing the Capability Development Mechanism (CDM). The EDA is able to support the OCCAR effort for implementing the important European defense programs by establishing developmental priorities of defense tech-nologies. Both organizations are cooperating comple-mentarily, as a uniform body connecting two equal part-ners, acting within their own competences. The current disposition of tasks favors the EDA, as a political postulat-ing body, generating tasks and guidelines concerning the EU’s defense capability development. It occurs that in the longer perspective the OCCAR would eventually be incor-porated and taken over by the broader-scoped EDA. As for now, the OCCAR and EDA remain fully autonomous. These organizations are playing a vital role, especially through their experience in managing the multi-national defense programs, and as a catalyst in creating the so-called trans-border European defense industrial centers.

EDA—ESA relationsThe same Article 8 of the EDA statute defined by Coun-

cil Decision 2011/411/CFSP of July 12, 2011, stipulates that the EDA should develop close working relations with the ESA, the ESA. Agency is an intergovernmental organi-zation established by Convention signed in Paris on May 30, 1975. 18 countries are currently members of the ESA, with further 13 applying for membership. The purpose of the ESA is to provide for, and to promote cooperation among European states in space research and technol-ogy also in their space applications, with a view to their being used for scientific purposes and for operational space applications systems. The ESA is elaborating and implementing a long-term European space policy, coor-dinating European space program, as well as elaborating and implementing the industrial policy appropriate to its program, by recommending a coherent industrial policy to the member states.

The ESA purpose is being implemented by pursuing the main programs. This activity is mandatory for the member states. These programs involve space research and construction of hardware used in such research, tech-nological research. In addition complimentary programs are being pursued, including the development of the Eu-ropean launch rocket and space technology projects. The ESA is not involved, though, in operational activity, which has been taken over by the commercial companies of the space sector: Arianespace (the Ariane rocket launches), Eutelsat (European telecommunication satellites) and Eumetsat (European meteorological satellites).

One of the ESA’s goals is to further the effective in-dustrial policy and to support the European technology and industrial base. The industrial policy inspired by the ESA enables implementing its contracts by the European companies. The ESA’s activities build the European space potential. Right now it encompasses the launch system and satellite systems, able to satisfy the European-formu-lated requirements. Thanks to ESA, has been established a strong and competitive space industry, fully capable of satisfying the European demand for space-based ap-plications. This gives Europe a total independaence in space operations, an important area of activity capable

of bringing measurable benefits – including those in the defense sector. The EDA and the ESA have based their re-lationship on administrative agreement signed on June 20, 2011 in Paris. The cooperation enables to identify the areas, concerning space industry, which are important to the common defense and security policy. The knowledge swapped between the ESA and the EDA would be used

during EU’s military missions. Satellite-based telecom-munication and data transfer are the main area, where the need occurs to share the potential during the mili-tary operations or crisis-management. This necessitates actions being taken to provide assistance for the critical infrastructures of the EU member states in both military and civilian planes.

The European Commission and the External Action Service of the EU deem the EDA-ESA cooperation crucial for their activities. That’s why the Political and Security Commit-

tee is deeply involved into creating the civilian and military crisis-management requirements for space capabilities.

Area of potential the EDA-ESA cooperation are the Un-manned Aircraft Systems, UAS. Here the ESA and the EDA have inspired a 1.2 billion project, to showcase the advan-tages of the outer space-based services covering airspace

... and Italian fleet.

OCCAR is managing FREMM frigate program ( single navy program ), which have started to be introduced to French...

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unmanned users requirements by providing them the use of the satellite communication support and to iden-tify the problems involved. The tender invitation is to be announced in early 2012. This contract would be the first jointly-financed enterprise initiated by the ESA and the EDA since the signing of the administrative agreement on June 2011. The ESA took upon itself the UAS feasibil-ity study, while the EDA undertook the AIR4ALL6) initiative including the support actions. The 2011 administrative agreement provides framework to exchange personnel and to facilitate and pursue specific projects between the two agencies. The agreement also identifies joint-action

The NATO transformation towards dynamic military and political potential demands decisive commitment in defense cooperation area. The NATO is searching for solutions enabling it to pursue the efficient implementa-tion of the Treaty stipulations. Defense investment coop-eration and development of the modern technologies are right directions for the future of the Alliance. It should be emphasized here, 75% of member states are at the same time committed to implement the Lisbon Treaty goals. All EU member states (except Denmark) plus Norway take active participation in the EDA programs and projects7).

For the EDA, cooperation with the NATO and its bodies in the defense capabilities development is crucial8). Intro-duction of the coherent Defense Capability Mechanism was decided based on the cooperation between the two organizations. The purpose of the EDA cooperation with the NATO is gaining access to proven system solutions in the defense area: ensuring the interoperability, ac-cess to supplies (airlift capability), implementation of the R&D work on chemical , biological, radiology and nuclear WMD. The EDA together with NATO would prevent the ex-cessive standardization, poised to hamper the innovation in research work. The defense procurement should strive towards ensuring the gains and must be directed towards lower prices. The EDA and the NATO are mutually comple-mentary and can be cooperated in many areas.

The EDA also cooperates with the NATO’s Maintenance and Supply Agency, the NAMSA, which is an executive body of the NATO’s Maintenance and Supply Organiza-tion, the NAMSO. The NAMSA’s aim is to provide logistical support needed to maintain armament and equipment systems shared by the NATO member states. The other goal of the NAMSO is to promote and manage the con-solidated defense procurement in the areas of supply, servicing, transport and military engineering. The NAMSA has a considerable experience in organizing international tenders for the armament and military equipment or the servicing agreements. One of the potential avenues of cooperation is the NAMSA involvement into the EDA’s defense programs. The scope of cooperation between the EDA and the NAMSA encompasses among others, by processing data concerning armament and equipment acquisitions. The EDA is interested in acquiring data on requests in defense procurement.

The EDA is interested also in cooperation with the Re-search and Technology Organization, the main Alliance

areas, like satellite surveillance and reconnaissance for both civilian and military purposes, as well developing the dual-use technologies.

EDA—NATO’s bodies relations Article 24 of the Chapter VI of the European Defense

Agency Statute defined by Council Decision 2011/411/CFSP of July 12, 2011, stipulates that for the purpose of fulfilling its mission, the Agency may enter into administrative ar-rangements with other organizations, while subsequent provisions stipulate that the relations between the EDA and NATO, although defined through an administrative arrangement, shall be in full compliance with the estab-lished framework of cooperation and consultation be-tween the EU and NATO.

Thanks to the FSAF/PAAMS programs, French, Italian and British Air Forces and Navies are going to receive capabilities to fight with all aerial threats including tactical ballistic missiles.

Tiger helicopter, which has been build thanks to European cooperation, can be also named as an export success.

45

processing systems. Another area where the EDA seeks cooperation with the NATO is the standardization, and its governing the Alliance body, the NATO’s Standardization Organization (NSO). The executive branch of the NSO is the NATO Standardization Agency, the NSA. As an auxiliary body of the Alliance, the NSO is responsible for all mat-ters concerning harmonization and coordination of all the standardization efforts of the NATO member states. The NSA has the right to initiate, support and govern stand-ardization efforts in the NATO in order to further the inter-operability and defense capability of the Alliance. The EDA makes use of the NSA’s experience concerning it impor-tant and proven. It is also an important partner in standard preparation, whose standards are already functioning in the all of the EU member states.

In conclusion, let us remind that the EDA was estab-lished while the EU member states were struggling with defense budget problems, caused by the mounting costs of the R&D of the new defense technologies. That was why the EDA’s main task were to support the EU-wide co-operation in armament and military equipment programs, promote R&D work in strategic security (not only defense) technologies, and creating a competitive defense market. The other missions were important too, and connected within as they concern defense capability and R&D work. It is indispensable then to create permanent and real co-operation with the other European and Euro-Atlantic or-ganizations – the tentacles of cooperation must be strong enough to ensure that the common security and defense policy would not remain only as many empty words. n

1) B. Angelet, I. Vrailas, European Defence in the wake of the Lisbon Treaty, Egmont Paper 21, May 2008, Brussels, Belgium.

2) Council Joint Action 2004/551/CFSP of July 12, 2004 on the establishment of the European Defense Agen-cy, Official Journal of the European Union (17.7.2004), L 245/17.

3) Compare Council Decision 2011/411/CFSP of 12 July 2011 defining the statute, seat and operational rules of the European Defense Agency and repealing Joint Action 2004/551/CFSP, L 183/16 Official Journal of the European Union 13.7.2011.

4) See The European Defense Agency’s relationship with others bodies – Committee 5 – Session Européenne des Responsables d’Armement – SERA 16, Quels défis pour l’agence européenne d’armement et de recherche stratégique?, Centre des Hautes Études de l’Armement, École Militaire, Paris.

5) See Convention on the establishment of the organization for joint armament cooperation (Organisation Conjointe de Cooperation en matiere d’Armement) OCCAR.

6) Air4All is a consortium cooperating with EDA and interested member-states to develop common strategy for continuous integration of the UAS within the framework of the general aviation traffic. Members of the consortium are: Alenia Aeronautica, BAE Systems, Dassault Aviation, Diehl BGT Defence, EADS CASA, EADS Defence & Security Germany, Selex Galileo, QinetiQ, Rheinmetall Defence Electronics, SAAB AB, Sagem Defence Systems and THALES.

7) More: http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2010/Lisbon-Summit/NATO-EDA/PL/index.htm. 8) See What do Europeans want from NATO?, EU Institute for Security Studies, (Raport Nr 8, Nov. 2010).

body governing the military R&D problems. The RTO sup-ports the information exchange, as well as initiates and supports long-term research projects, and provides con-sulting in all modern defense technology development-related matters for all the NATO’s bodies. The main RTO’s method is to partake in defense R&D projects concerning modern technology. The EDA, with its concepts of creat-ing new defense R&D programs is interested in sharing the RTO’s vast experience in the area. The EDA and the RTO can share concepts and introduce a mechanism to exchange experts. The RTO is widely involved in research and technologies – so if the EDA positions itself as the main European coordinator of the research and defence technologies for the EU, cooperation with RTO should be mutually profiting. Another NATO body for the EDA to co-operate is the NATO Consultation, Command and Control Agency (NC3A), itself a part of the NATO Consultation, Command and Coordination Organization, the NC3O. The NC3A is one of the most important NATO agencies, focused on functioning of the Alliance’s communication and data processing concerning the planning and R&D activities, including some of the C3 functions. Its activity strength-ens the ability of the NATO to execute the crisis-manage-ment tasks, while at the same time retaining its capability for mutual defense. The EDA’s goal is to intensify the coop-eration and information exchange, as well as strengthen-ing of the mutual dependence of the two organizations. The NC3A acquires and implements assigned projects, as well as providing scientific and technical consultancy to the interested parties, including the EDA, in matters concerning operations research, observation, com-mand, aerial control, as well as communication and data

Thanks to the Ariane rockets, European countries are going to achieve capabilities to send satellites (including military ones) into the orbit. gram.

Communication satellites Eutelsat are providing satellite connections also for a couple of European armed forces.

Photographs: OCCAR, Airbus Military, DCNS, MBDA, Eurocopter, Arianespace, Eutelsat, Eumetsat.

46

Not only Armed Forces Norbert Bończyk

If statistics is considered, the Armed Forces of the Ministry of National Defense are not the biggest armed formation in Poland. The most numerous is the State Police of the

Ministry of Internal Affairs. The authorized strength of the Polish Armed Forces is 100,000 professional servicemen and the authorized strength of the National Reserve Force is 20,000 reservists. The authorized strength of the State Po-lice is 102,000. However, the National Reserve Force is not the permanent formation, it groups reservists, who are in fact civilians. Furthermore, till today only half of the National Reserve Force has been assembled. Additionally the Armed Forces are not up to the authorized strength of the 100,000 men, for example in 2011 many servicemen resigned form active duty. The real strength of the State Police at the be-ginning of 2012 was 97,421 out of the 102,000 authorized strength. That is not all, 23,000 out of the 100,000 men au-thorized strength of the Polish Armed Forces are the posi-tions for officers, while State Police has only 13,000 positions for officers. State Police has no less than 60,000 of order pro-tection servicemen ready for immediate action, while the Armed Forces has less soldiers in field combat outfits. Obvi-ously the State Police has much less sophisticated equip-ment and armament, but the role and mission of the both services are totally different.

PoliceAs it has been mentioned, the Police authorized

strength is 102,000 of servicemen. Its budget for 2012 is 8,131,183,000 PLN, or more than 8 billion PLN (the Ministry of National Defense budget for 2012 is 29.2 billion). Unfor-tunately, as in the case of all “uniformed” services, the big-gest part of the budget is the sustainment costs, mainly salaries and pensions. Despite that, the Police purchase new equipment continually. When special equipment is considered, the main type of armament used by police-men is the obsolete, People Militia era P-64 pistol. Pres-ently only small number of those pistols are still used. The most policemen use Glock and P-99 pistols. Almost 15,000 pieces of the latter type have been purchased recently. Beside that also 4.5 million rounds have been procured for 4 million PLN. P-99s, Glocks, P-83s and P-64s are in use at Polish State Police. The policemen are also armed with assault rifles, sniper rifles and automatic pistols. Below are listed the Police armament types:

Side weapon1. Semiautomatic pistols:

9x19 mm P-999x19 mm Glock mod. 17, 19, 269x19 mm CZ mod. 75, 75B, 859x18 mm P-649x18 mm P-83

Rifles1. Assault rifles:

7,62x39 mm AK, AKM, AKMS5,56x45 mm H&K 4167,62x51 mm H&K 4175,56x45 mm H&K G-36, G-36 C, G-36 K

2. Sniper rifles:7,62x54R SWD308 TRG 21, .308 TRG 22, .338 TRG 42

3. Automatic pistols:9x19 mm Glauberyt9x19 mm H&K MP-5, MP-5A3, MP-5 K PDW9x19 mmH&K UMP

The biggest user of various types of ilitary equipment in Poland is the Armed Forces. Polish Armed Forces operate such sophisticated pieces of military equipment like multi-role fighters, attack helicopters, submarines, main battle tanks and medium range missile air defense systems. However, the Armed Forces are not the only uniformed and armed state’s formation, special equipment is also needed for other state’s services. They do not operate such combat means like the Armed Forces, but they are also important clients in some areas, while the number of their servicemen is much higher.

Creme de la creme elite unit of the Police is the Centralne Biuro Śledcze (Central Bureau of Investigation) – here the CBŚ special unit apprehend the suspect.

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9x19 mm UZI5,7x28 mm P-90

4. Light Machine Guns:PK, PKM, PKMN, PKMS, PKMSN

5. Smooth barrel riffles:Mossberg, Imperator, Benelli, Remington, Hatsan.

tary Units of Ministry of Internal Affairs operated all the Po-lice aviation assets till 1995. In 1996 all the aviation assets for police purposes gave been transferred directly to the State Police, where two aviation groups have been raised, one in Cracow and one in Poznań, equipped with two PZL “Kania” helicopters. In 2000, when the 103rd Aviation Wing of the Vistula Military Units of Ministry of Internal Affairs has been deactivated, the State Police accepted 11 helicopters from the wing, which underwent modernization and were fielded with the new Police Aviation. The latter started op-eration on May 9th 2001. Presently Police operates:

Warszawa: 1 Bell 206, 3 Mi-8s, 2 W-3s „Sokółs”;Kraków: 2 „Kanias”;Łódź: 2 Mi-2s;Poznań: 2 Mi-2s;Szczecin: 2 Mi-2s;Wrocław: 2 Mi-2s.It can be noticed that most of the Police helicopters

are obsolete and worn off. It has been announced that soon new helicopters might be purchased, to replace the obsolete Mi-2s in the first place.

Prison Protection ServiceBeside the Armed Forces and State Police, Poland has

numerous other “uniformed” services. One of the not nor-mally visible, but playing very important role is the Prison Protection Service, belonging to the Ministry of Justice. It is not small organization, with the authorized strength (of as of 1st January 2012) 27,566 servicemen (including 8000 officer’s positions) and with the budget of more than 3 billion PLN, again mostly for sustainment. Those servicemen supervise more than 80,000 prisoners of the state Correctional Facilities (not counting around 8000 ar-

Definitely the best armed Police units are the antiter-rorist groups, especially the Antiterrorist Operations Bu-reau (Biuro Operacji Antyterrorystycznych – BOA). Also the Central Investigation Bureau is well equipped.

Regarding the vehicles, according the data from 2010, Police units in the whole country received 879 new vehi-cles and 368 motocycles, for the sum of almost 80 million PLN. Today more than a half of all police vehicles (around 10,000) are no more than three years old. The biggest pro-curement in 2010 are: 127 non-marked Renault Megane, 120 marked Alf Romeo 159 equipped with video record-ers, 368 Honda CBF 1000F motorcycles, and 79 marked Kia Cee’ds. Also specialized vehicles have been purchased. Policemen have received: 18 new vans for the road tech-nical and ecological teams, 13 mobile command posts, 4 road accident recovery vehicles, 12 prisoner transport vans, 3 fuel-trucks for aircraft fuel and 2 vans for special mail transportation. Only in 2007–2009 as a part of the Police Modernization Program 8315 vehicles have been purchased worth of 713.5 million PLN; beside cars, they were cross-country vehicles, vans, prisoner transportation vehicles, buses, and special vehicles like:

cars – 5 632 pieces,cross country vehicles – 263 pieces,vans – 2 256 pieces,large prisoner transportation vehicles – 46 pieces,buses – 66 pieces,special vehicles – 52 pieces. Police operates also own aviation. Polish Police started

to use helicopters in 1965, when two Mi-4s and two SM-1s were introduced to the Transport-Liaison Squadron of Ministry of Internal Affairs. When the squadron has been reorganized into the 103rd Aviation Wing of the Vistula Mil-itary Units of Ministry of Internal Affairs, it was equipped with Mi-2, M-8, Mi-17, W-3 and Bell 206 helicopters. The new unit undertook numerous tasks for the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The 103rd Aviation Wing of the Vistula Mili-

rested but not yet convicted). According to the law, the Prison Protection Service can use weapon in the area of the protected facilities, during convoy escorts, and during the pursuit for the prisoners on the run. Prisoner Guards cannot use weapons in any other circumstances.

Presently the Prison Protection Service mainly use 7.62 mm AKM/AKMS rifles, non-automatic cal. 12 Winchester

Służba Więzienna (Prison Service) Intervention Unit during the mock-up detention facility re-taking.

Biuro Ochrony Rządu (Government Protection Bureau) wears paramilitary parade uniforms – general of the BOR in walking-out dress stands in the foreground.

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Gdańsk Aviation Unit (Naval Border Guard Division):1 M-28 “Skytruck” airplane, 1 M-20 “Mewa” airplane, 1 W-3W “Anakonda” helicopter;Kętrzyn Aviation Unit:1 “Wilga” 2000 MF airplane, 1 “Kania” helicopter;Białystok Aviation Unit:“Wilga” 2000 MF airplane, 1 “Kania” helicopter;Hrubieszów Aviation Unit:2 “Wilga” 2000 MF airplanes, 1 “Kania” helicopters;Huwniki Aviation Unit2 “Kania” helicopters, 1 W-3 “Sokół” helicopter.It can be noticed that the fleet consists of various types

of aircraft, which makes its servicing somewhat complicated. Border Guard Aviation is underinvested; however, the naval component of the Border Guard (Naval Border Guard Divi-sion) has been built-up recently. Among others, Patrol 240 Baltic vessels (presently “SG-111 Patrol 1” and “SG-112 Patrol 2” are commisioned) and Griffon 2000 TD hovercraft have been purchased. The Border Guard has two naval squadrons equipped with various vessels, within are fast patrol vessels, like Parker 900 Baltic Cabin or IC-16M type, supplemented by many others. Land component of the Border Guard oper-ates numerous patrol vehicles, like the Land Rover Defender, which is a main type, but also Mercedes or Jeep vehicles are used, cross country motorcycles (Honda and KTM), quads (Honda, IPS, Polaris) or snow scoters. They are supplemented by vans with special equipment and normal cars, for a road patrol. Only during the 2009–2011 period the Border Guard purchased through the Norway Financial Mechanism, the External Border Founds and Polish Border Guard Moderniza-tion Act:

mod. 1300 Defender and Mossberg 500 ATP rifles, Walther P-99 AC pistols, and 9 mm wz. 1998 PM-98 Glauberyt au-tomatic pistols (generally Prison Protection Service use 9 x 19 mm rounds for pistols and automatic pistols). Prison Protection Service also use: Rossi cal. 38 revolvers, 26 mm wz. 1978 signal pistols, and RWGŁ-3 portable tear gas gre-nade launchers. It has to be mentioned that a few years ago the state of the Prison Protection Service weapons was unsatisfying, mostly the obsolete P-64 pistols and AKM/AKMS rifles were used. Modernization Program has been implemented recently, which resulted in procure-ment of a few thousand of P-99 pistols with ammunition. Also new types of automatic pistols brought attention of the Prison Protection Service. The heavy weapons, like AKMS rifles, are gradually withdrawn from service. The main problem of the Prison Protection Service is the poor state of other equipment, including tactical uniformes.

The Prison Protection Service fields so-called the In-tervention Groups of Prison Protection Service, which are similar to the Police’s antiterrorist groups. They are armed, beside the direct force means like sticks, shields, and tear gas with weapon of the mentioned types.

Border GuardBorder Guard is the next armed “uniformed” service.

It is tasked with the protection of the state’s borders and control of the cross-border movement. It is supervised by the Minister of the Internal Affairs. The Commandant of the Border Guard is a central authority institution, respon-sible for the state’s borders protection. The Border Guard is not a large formation, its authorized strength is 4400 servicemen, and the budget for 2012 is 1,280,873,000 PLN, so seemingly less that the services described earlier. How-ever, the Border Guard has land, naval, and aviation com-ponents, as well as other law enforcement agencies. It is also financed from UE or Norway Financial Mechanism. Similarly like in the Police, among other new vehicles have been purchased with those support. Only for 2004-2009 assistance of 533 million Euro has been allocated to Poland through Norway Financial Mechanism, the Bor-der Guard received 18.5 million Euro. Additional equip-ment could be purchased through those founds, but the service and exploitation costs are buried by the ope- rator itself.

Aviation component of the Border Guard is organ-ized into five aviation units operating 13 aircraft totally. They are:

100 motorcycles20 snow scoters40 ATV quads265 road patrol vehicles32 special vehicles (so-called Schengenbus)35 cross-country vehicles29 minibuses25 prisoner transportation vehicles15 trucks with up to 3.5 t capacity16 patrol trucks. Totally more than 570 vehicles of various types have

been purchased for more than 50 million PLN.Regarding the firearms, the Border Guard is equipped

mostly with side weapon, the 9 mm Glock pistols (model 17 and 19) dominate, though other types can also be found,

BOR officers on ceremonial guard duty – both parade uniforms and field uniforms, worn by the officers serving on protection details in conflict zones are present.

Straż Graniczna (Border Guard) patrol in winter scenery. The SG is using quads among other special patrol vehicles.

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like P-83, CZ-75, and revolvers. Among the rifles, Mossberg are preferred, but also older AKMS rifles and SWD sniper rifles are used. Servicemen, especially the intervention groups of the Border Guard (antiterrorist units) are also equipped with automatic pistols of the MP 5 familly or domestically produced Glauberyts.

strength is 30,490, and the budget for 2012 is 2,276,437,000 PLN. Since it is not armed service, it has not been described here. However, the Custom Service is armed. Custom Service is uniformed, organized to provide protection and security in the whole custom area of Poland and the EU, su-pervising the legal aspects of the goods imported to Poland and exported from Poland. It is also tasked to carry other duties specified in various regulations, especially in the area of special tax and tax from games. The Custom Service be-longs to the Ministry of Finance and its authorized strength is around 13,000 servicemen. Since 2009 some of them are authorized to carry and use weapons, it is related to the Crime Suppression Divisions, thought the groups of treas-ury control had been existed before then. Now most of the Custom Service servicemen have been armed. In August 2010 the first agreement for arms delivery has been signed: it covered the delivery of 989 pistols, 176 automatic pistols and 76 smooth-barrel riffles (including delivery of ammuni-tion– 307,000 pieces of 9x19 mm, 58,000 pieces of caliber 12/70 and 12/76). The main type of Custom Service arma-ment is P-99 pistol.

The next state law enforcement agencies are the In-telligence Agency and the State Security Agency. In-telligence Agency deals with external security of Poland, while the State Security Agency operates domestically. It carries counterintelligence tasks, antiterrorist tasks and encounters the organized crime. The both services have similar rank system as the Armed Forces, but their service-men do not use uniforms on daily basis, they act in civilian clothes. Operational units of State Security Agency (so-called Black Tactics – the V Division of Realization Support and Antiterrorist Operations), are used to arrest suspected people. They use uniforms and are armed similarly to the best antiterrorist groups of State Police.

The other law enforcement agency wearing uniforms and carrying weapon is the Forest Guard, belonging to the State Forests Agency. Forest Guard has been organ-ized to protect the state’s forest areas. They servicemen can be armed with side weapons, formally borrowed from Police and can use it in self-defense, after other direct force means are not effective. They have right for stopping and identifying of suspected persons. Similar rights related to the use of weapons has State Fishery Guard and State Hunting Guard, which belong to the particular district governors, they also have own uniforms. The weapon can also be carried by Central Anticorruption Bureau, thought it is not “uniformed” agency. A few years ago the opera-

Government Protection BureauAnother armed and “uniformed” agency operating in

Poland is the Government Protection Bureau, belonging to the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The main mission of the Government Protection Bureau is to protect the state’s important persons and facilities important to the state’s security, as well as conducting of the pyrotechnic and ra-diological reconnaissance of the governmental facilities. Among the protected persons are the President of Poland, the Speakers of the higher and lower the house of Parlia-ment, Prime Minister and his deputies, selected ministers, foreign diplomatic personnel and other persons impor-tant for the Poland’s security. The Government Protection Bureau is also responsible for protection of many govern-mental facilities. The Government Protection Bureau serv-icemen (with the same rank system as in Armed Forces, from private to general) can use direct force and firearms, among others, in protection of VIP or during the activi-ties related to securing the area in which VIPs are present, which does mean, that they can oparate in the whole country. The Government Protection Bureau authorized strength is 2286 of servicemen and its budget for 2012 is 189,505,000 PLN.

The Government Protection Bureau servicemen also provide protection for the Poland’s representatives out-side the country, especially in the war zones, which results that they act in uniforms and with weapons not typical even for the urban antiterrorist groups, but with weapon typical for armed forces. During the recent years some amount of modern weapons have been purchased, in-cluding FN SCAR-L or G36 familly rifles.

Another “uniformed” and armed service is the Marshall Guard, which is responsible for protection and order in the area of the Parliament, however, it is very small formation and has mostly representative and order functions. Their servicemen do not carry weapon on the daily basis.

Other servicesAn “uniformed” service of special importance in the state

security system is also the State Fire Service. Its authorized

tional group of the Central Anticorruption Bureau has been equipped with numerous modern pistols, automatic pistols (including MP 9) and even sniper rifles.

Summarizing, there is considerable number of law en-forcement agencies in Poland, wearying uniforms and car-

The BOR logo plaque.

SG Special Unit using Fire Brigade’s RHIB for visit-and-search duty.

The SG has got its own air detachment as well – a PZL-104 Wilga is one of the SG’s patrol aircraft.

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years new weapon is introduced to the Border Guard. Vehicles have also been purchased on a mass scale, es-pecially vehicles for Police and Border Guard. The other personal gear received less attention, especially the uni-forms. Such problems are especially related to the Prison Protection Service, but also in other services the situation is not ideal, especially in Border Guard. The current serv-icing of the possessed equipment is also troublesome, especially the most sophisticated systems and vehicles. A lot of equipment has been procured through external funding and there is no means for their current servicing. The law enforcement agencies’ aviation is in poor shape.

rying weapons. The Armed Forces are without doubts the strongest of the forces. It doesn’t have a lot of service men, but its buget is one of the bigest of all forces. The state’s needs for weapon, equipment and uniforms are much bigger that only the requirements of the Armed Forces, because the various law enforcement agencies covers almost a quarter of million of different servicemen. Not only the Ministry of National Defense and Ministry of In-ternal Affairs have own armed formation, but also Ministry of Finance and many other organizations reporting to the Prime Minister. During the recent years a lot of equipment has been procured for the forms of goverment entities, in-cluding firearms, mainly side weapons (however, it has to be noticed that many procurements unfortunately have not been quite clear because of the system nature). After some well known failures the police antiterrorist forma-tions have been much reinforced (so called black tactics teams), they have been equipped mainly with imported weapons. The State Police servicemen widely received new personal weapon. Also the Government Protection Bureau has been reinforced and Central Anticorruption Bureau was organized. Poor state of armament forced for big procurement of weapons for Prison Protection Serv-ice. Also Custom Service received pistols and since a few

New helicopters must be procured urgently and the fleet should be standardized, like it was done by Ministry of Health for the Aviation Rescue Service. Naval vessels are in much better state.

The market for special equipment for the “uniformed” services is therefore quite broad and the areas in which big investment is needed, are numerous. The lack of finan-cial means is a big problem and the lack of clear vision of development of the law enforcement agencies does not help either. It also refers to the servicemen training system, especially in the field of the use of weapons or sophisticated equipment. The procurements are usually dispersed and are of selective instead of system nature. For example, the Police purchase to many types of vehi-cles, not always optimized for the service conditions. The necessity for changes and modernization is however, rec-ognized in all services. n

SG-112, one of the most modern Border Guard patrol boats.

Border control – SG K9 officer with his duty dog.

Straż Leśna (Forest Guard) patrol car – most of these

are Land Rover Defenders.

Photos: Policja, SG, SW, LS, BOR.

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Evolution of the Offset under Influence of the Directive 2009/81/EC and the Strategy for European Defence Technological and Industrial Base Hubert Królikowski

Zbigniew Skrzyński

As a rule, the defense procurement should be ruled by the national law regulating the public procurement procedures. The basis for the public procurement sys-

tems in the EU member states acts of law, regulating the basic tender procedures in both the so-called “classic” and defense-and-security areas. Exempted from the rule are the armament and military equipment based on particu-lar regulations, e.g. the Decision Nr 291/MON of July 26, 2006 on rules and procedures concerning the Ministry of National Defense contracting of military equipment. The EU laws define the “military equipment” as products de-signed or adapted to military purposes and meant to be used as arms, munitions or material of war.

It is worthy on emphasis here, that the Directive 2009/81/EC does not explicitly prohibit the offset agreements – more so, the word “offset” is not even used there. The European Commission sees the offset agreements as one of the measures of the members states being allowed to take the protection the essential interests of its security. Also, the European Parliament Resolution EU (2011/2177 (INI)) of December 14, 2011 On the impact of the financial crisis on the defense sec-tor in the EU Member States in its point 59 stresses that offset practices can in principle only be justified if they are necessary for the protection of essential security in-terests in accordance with Article 346 TFEU, and that they should be consistent with the principles of transparency

and must especially not cause risks of corruption or dis-rupt the functioning of the European defense equipment market. The European Commission guidance notes on offset issued to ensure proper application of the Directive 2009/81/EC also allow offset requirements in principle. However, such offset requirements, regardless of being of civilian or military character, direct or indirect, are re-strictive measures which go against the basic principles of the Treaty, because they discriminate against economic operators, goods and services from other member states and impede the free movement of goods and services. As such they can only be justified on the basis of one of the Treaty-based derogations, in particular Article 346 TFEU.

The 120 mm Rak self-propelled mortar as an example of the good management with armaments programs showing that the Polish industry can independently to draw up the technologically advanced weaponry.

On August 21, 2011 entered into force the Directive 2009/81/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of July 13, 2009 on the coordination of procedures for the award of certain works contracts, supply contracts and service contracts by contracting authorities or entities in the fields of defence and security, and amending Directives 2004/17/EC and 2004/18/EC, called “defense directive”. The aim of this document is to eradicate obstacles hindering the functioning of the competitive European Community market in defense procurement area. In particular, the defense directive is going to reduce the possible hindrances caused by the use made of the Article 346(b) of the Treaty on Functioning of European Union ( TFEU). The article states, that “any Member State may take such measures as it considers necessary for the protection of the essential interests of its security which are connected with the production of or trade in arms, munitions and war material; such measures shall not adversely affect the conditions of competition in the internal market regarding products which are not intended for specifically military purposes”. Under the Directive member states have retained this possibility to make sovereign decisions regarding taking measures necessary for the protection of the essential interests of its security in the defense market area, i.e. the whole of the transaction of purchasing/selling and conditions of the contract. At the same time the Directive confirms, that the national security remains the sole responsibility of each member state, in the fields of both defense and security. On the other hand, the undertaking of such measures should be limited to justifiable cases, when are essential interests of security, as is state in Art. 346(b) TFUE.

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However, these derogations must be limited to excep-tional and clearly defined cases, and the measures taken must not go beyond the limits of such cases. They have to be interpreted strictly, and the burden of proof that the derogation is justified lies with the member state which invokes it. In this context, it is important to note that eco-nomic considerations are not accepted as grounds for justifying restrictions to the freedoms guaranteed by the Treaty.

In this context, according to Art.22 of the Guidance Note on Offsets, it is important to recall that economic considerations are not accepted as grounds for justify-ing restrictions to the freedoms guaranteed by the Treaty. Measures liable to infringe the prohibition of discrimina-tion on the basis of nationality can be permitted only if they are justified on one of the non-economic grounds listed in Articles 36, 51, 52, 62 and 346 TFEU. This means that the restrictive measure in question must be neces-sary for security interests, not for economic or employ-ment-related interests.

A defense or security procurement contract may be exempted for reasons of security of information, for exam-ple, this exemption does not imply permission to require offsets for the procurement covered by the exempted contract. On the contrary, the offset requirement would be another (additional) measure, affecting intra-EU trade in a different way, and would thus have to be justified separately by proving indispensability of the measure to protect essential security interest of the member state.

The offset requirement is currently a tool utilized in global scale. It is an important factor influencing security, and therefore many EU member states do not resigned from use of offset. It takes many shapes and names, but it still serves the same purpose. Within the EU member states the offset policy is still being utilized to aid the in-dustrial potential development to achieve the level, giv-ing it proper competitiveness, based on technological and financial capabilities.

Currently the offset has to assure adequate shape of the European Defense Technological and Industrial Base (EDTIB). For that purpose the EU defense ministers have accepted the EDTIB Strategy on May 14, 2007. This Strate-gy document mirrors a clear and unambiguous objective for the member states to achieve, being the retaining in Europe of the technology-based defense industrial base. The strategy identifies means to achieve this goal, being amongst others, making the EDTIB capability-driven – that is focused on meeting the EU member states require-ments by giving them defense capability by sustaining the defense potential and national operational sovereign-ty. The other goal is to achieve required competence, by ensuring the deliveries fulfilling the defense requirements and – within that framework – proposing the future de-velopment path and promoting the new technologies. To meet these stratagems, one needs a flourishing defense industry with access to new technologies and required industrial base.

The EDTIB Strategy sees offset requirement as an ef-ficient and justifiable tool of the EDTIB development. The Strategy contains many facets hard to reconcile with the offset, but at the same time makes note of the practice’s positive sides. Some level of delivery security, including operational sovereignty is believed to form a part of the EDTIB. Sustaining and modernization of the member

states’ potential and industrial capabilities is necessary, and acquiring modern military technologies is deemed valuable. The Strategy calls for focus on creating the Cent-ers of Excellence, where offset would also find its place. Considering the long service-life cycle of the majority of imported arms and military equipment, sustaining it re-quires proper logistic support for its updating, moderniza-tion and repair. Some forms of offset more than others in-crease the possibility of achieving that objective. Defense offsets must therefore be aimed at increasing the defense potential, which the EDTIB sees as a very efficient solution.

Plus, the possibilities of the R&D-based offset enable gain-ing international competence.

A need to develop deeper and closer cooperation was also pointed to by the EDTIB Strategy, in order to in-crease the scale and efficiency of the achievements and fur-ther the cooperation in defense research and technology.

Sustaining the defense potential on appropriate level would necessitate appropriate investment by using all types of various instruments, including offset, to their full capacity. Specifically the direct offset, aimed at the de-fense industry, at acquiring appropriate level of manufac-turing, repair, or research capabilities, that would in long term further the cause of the EBTIB.

Right now certain areas of the European defense in-dustry suffer lack of sufficient investment, while at the same time they are expected to develop their potential. It seems that offset is one way of achieving demanded results in this area. It should be stressed that the EDTIB strategy success depends on maximizing the use of the prerequisites evolved from other EU policies influencing the defense industry, not just the offset alone.

The Lisbon Treaty also stipulates, that member states oblige themselves to gradually improve their military capability – and that’s where EDTIB comes as one of the most potent tools to implement the goals of the Com-mon Security and Defense Policy (CSDP), as it serves to sustain and develop the defense potential of the EU member states.

Complementary actions of the EU strive towards cre-ating the so-called ideal European Defence Equipment Market, meant to fit in with the common European mar-

The fair organised in Poland and exhibitions of the weaponry are one of chances to discussion on the future of the European Defence Technological and Industrial Base. In a photo among others: Mr. Dariusz Bogdan, Deputy Minister of the Economy and Mr. Marcin Idzik, Deputy Minister of Defence..

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problem is how to do it, without harming the offset ben-eficiaries.

It sees a positive influence of the offset on technologi-cal capabilities and innovativeness of the defense industry in wide sense is definitely noted. The impact of the offset on developing new technological competence by the de-fense industrial companies often depends on transferred technology. The offset agreement should involve a con-siderable range of R&D’s work in a long term, to promote gaining new technological competence. The technology transfer should be accompanied by the advanced R&D projects, to help the company to implement such new technological competence in order to gain international competitiveness with an advanced product. It is a noted fact, that defense industry’s companies benefitting from offset strengthen their international market position – both in supply chain and through export orders from foreign armies. Also, the offset beneficiary, who uses off-set to build technological competence and gain export sales may itself become an offset supplier. The offset helps to introduce new players in to the international defense industry market. This helps to build a network of world-class specialized companies, influencing the quality of the EDTIB and enable the benefits for the national defence technological industrial base. Before entering of the De-fense Directive into force, European governments had two different policies towards offset. One of these was based strictly on EU law, and endorsing the European Commission policy, and the other taking into considera-tion the more pragmatic approach of the EDA. Now it was decided, that justifiable direct offset, implemented within framework of the Art. 346 TFEU is allowed – even though the Art. 346 is an exception rather than the rule, and should never constitute a “blanket check” for use of offset.

All of the above, the coming into force of the Direc-tive 2009/81/EC, the increased interest of the European Commission in defense procurement and offset require-ments, activities of the EDA and the evolution of the offset itself oblige – not only Poland, but other member states as well – to take actions aimed at regulating offset in a such way, that it conforms the EU law and contain solutions, regulating the functioning of the offset in changing con-ditions. This new approach calls, among others, for clearly declaring the scope and priorities of offset implementa-tion policy.

This situation necessitates setting guidelines for im-plementing defense and security interests of the state by setting the offset policy framework. Some pointer is pro-vided by the EDA’s Code of Conduct on Offsets – but it should be noted here, that just by keeping to the Code’s provisions the offset requirements are conforming the EU law. In each case separately the ordering institutions/enti-ties have to ensure that all provisions and requirements are conforming the Treaty and the Directive. Only then, basing on that conformity, they can decide whether to conform to the Code of Conduct – provided the ordering procedure was not contrary to the Treaty and Directive. In other words, the only lawfully binding criteria of the offset requirements assessment is their conformity with the EU laws. Novelization project of the Polish offset law enables to keep up the offset requirement despite entry of the defense Directive into force. The project has been worded not to contradict the EU law and not to interfere with the functioning of the Directive 2009/81/EC. For the

ket as its integral part. To achieve that is the preliminary and essential condition of strengthening the CSDP. The European Armaments Co-operation Strategy as well as the European Defense Research & Technology Strategy are also aimed at that.

The EDA’s Steering Board’s National Armaments Di-rectors meeting of March 2010 observed that making use of offset requirements remains a standing procedure accompanying the defense and security procurement.

Also at the global level no guidelines are demanded to abolish the offset. The EDA’s Code of Conduct on Offsets has been revised on May 3, 2011. This Code is a voluntary intergovernmental instrument of no binding legal force, setting the framework and guidelines concerning offset in defense procurement. The Code has been signed by 25 EDA member states and Norway. The revised part in-cluded a clause to the effect, that the Code is applicable to all kinds of practices introduced according to the Art. 346 TFEU. The Code guidelines indicate, that the Code is equally applicable to all practices including offset in-volved in the Code.

In Introduction and in Overarching Principles, the Code stipulates that its regulations should be implemented within the existing EU legal network. The Code is there-fore an integral part of the European Defense Agency’s Regime to encourage competition in the European De-fense Equipment, accepted by the participating member states “without harm to their rights and obligations under the Treaties”.

The offset is not seen in the European market as a com-pensation, but as a vital tool enabling development of the industrial defense capability, technology transfer and maintenance of the security of supply and operational sovereignty.

The offset itself also evolves, with the creation of the new international defense industry cooperation initiatives. The EDA keeps working-out the right policy on using the offset as a tool. Ideas are voiced on how to replace the offset requirements for the future. The main

Mr. Rafał Baniak, Deputy Minister of the Economy and Mr. Marcin Idzik, Deputy Minister of Defence are opening the service centre of EADS CASA’s military transport aircraft in Warsaw. It is so-called good example „smart offset” ensuring operational capability of military forces the Republic of Poland.

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most part, the author of the project strived to keep up the offset as a vital tool, and to increase its efficiency, while conforming to the Art. 346 TFEU, as “European Commis-sion’s Guidance Note on Offsets” in connection with the Defense Directive. The proposed regulations would make offset agreements possible only in security matters, which means, they would be limited to direct offset, aimed at the defense industry. Such approach is in accordance with the government policy, as laid out in National Se-curity System Development Strategy 2011–2020/22 and this strategy’s Implementation Framework document. As a concern of the defense industry, the Strategy provides that developing defence industry – the strengthening of its potential technology-wise, might take form of making and efficient use of the offset opportunities. The Strategy Implementation Framework specifies the following ways to increase the national defense-industrial potential: limit-ing of the offset obligations to the direct-offset benefici-aries circle, introduction of the obligations pertaining to the implementation of vital national defense and security programs, and involvement of the Polish entities into crea-tion of the innovative and competitive European defense technological and industrial base.

Sustaining of the national defense industry is there-fore one of the most important determinants of national sovereignty and mobilization readiness of its structures. Therefore, the offset in Poland is to aid in development of the defense industry, and by the same token ensure that basic national security interests developing the defense capability, ensuring safety of supplies and operational non-dependence, as confirm Poland’s National Security Strategy. The Offset is not a European monopoly – many countries worldwide (Canada, Korea etc.) use it, too. For example, In-dia has an extensive offset program, and uses a tool to ac-quire modern technologies in the framework of long-term cooperation with the foreign suppliers. The United States on the one hand state that offset is interfering with the free-market economy. Therefore the offset is not endorsed – but on the other hand, the American government does not interfere with American companies offering offset deals to improve their bargaining position on external markets. It should pointed out here, that the United States govern-ment is very consistent in applying mechanisms to protect the National Defense Industry. For example Japan strives to enter their companies into cooperation with foreign arms or military equipment suppliers, mostly from US, in order to acquire licenses, manufacturing rights, and promote their own solutions directly to the supplier.

It is worth stress that Poland for a long time have strived to maintain offset as an efficient instrument ensur-ing the transfer of new technologies and progress of the R&D work in the Polish Defense Industry. Industrial coop-eration anchored in offset has a positive influence on con-tacts between Polish defense industrial companies and foreign armament industries. By utilizing offset they gain industrial competence and can get involved in the EU or the NATO–R&D effort. Summing up, it should be empha-sized that the new offset policy is being developed by the EU member states. Its basic purpose is to aid the growth of the defense industrial potential to make it appropriate, competitive and technology-based, as proven by the na-tional offset laws novelization effort undertaken by the EU member states. Adjusting the national offset law to the EU laws and practices is not always an easy task. Sometimes it

takes much tinkering in the legislative way to make offset work satisfactorily. The Art.346 TFEU procurement would be allowed to involve offset aimed at implementation of the basic state security interests. Sometimes it would be difficult to prove the conformity of the certain orders with the Art. 346 TFEU exemption, or at least it would require the state administration to prepare relevant paperwork to prove it beyond all reasonable doubt and counter pos-sible European Commission allegations.

In case when the ordering party wishing to implement the tender for arms or military equipment outside the de-fense Directive legal framework, he would have to prove, that it is conforming the conditions set in Art. 346 TFEU. As such, it would enable the offset instrument to be intro-duced, provided sufficient proof would be presented that the tender is essential to securing the basic state security interest. The offset agreement would be able to contain clauses constituting the offset requirement, which could not contain a “wish list”, but a viable enterprise carefully planned in advance and thoroughly thought-over by the ordering member state. According to the principles of the recently changed Polish offset policy, the offset agree-ments would still form a vital tool for strengthening of the defense industry. Efficient offset would surely influence the quality of the EDTIB, and would first of all ensure the integration of the Polish defense industry with the Euro-pean Defense Market. n

For the efficient implementation of programmes a cooperation is an essential condition between military forces, with the industry and political stakeholders. In a photo Mr Dariusz Bogdan, Deputy Minister of the Economy with Mr Krzysztof Trofiniak the Chairman of the steelworks in Stalowa Wola (HSW). In the background of the Krab 155-mm self-propelled howitzer.

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Leading Aerospace Companies Investing in Poland Konrad Nowicki

Generally most of the Polish defense industry is still state-owned. However, the aerospace industry, till recently being a part of defense industry, recently became inde-

pendent industrial branch, financially connected with world leading aerospace companies. Presently their factories have such important world aerospace companies like: the United Technologies Corporation (the Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation

planet gears, ring gears, tubes, main shafts. The Avio Polska has similar production profile and also

manufactures components for aircraft engines. The Avio Polska Sp. z o.o. Company is a part of AVIO international industrial group, a leader in the aerospace industry. The company launched its operation in 2001 in Bielsko-Biała as a part of FiatAvio Polska, and from 2003 onwards the Avio Group, including the AvioPolska, has become an en-tity independent from Fiat.

AvioPolska focuses its activity on manufacturing car-ried out in the Manufacturing Center and R&D activity pursued by its own Research and Development Center. In 2006 also the Office of Sales and Marketing was opened in Warsaw. In the Manufacturing Center in Bielsko-Biała, blades of rotors and stators for aeroengines turbines are manufactured.

The Center is equipped with high-precision numeri-cally controlled machine tools, automated stands for a heat treatment and a surface treatment, automated line for non-destructive testing using of fluorescent pene-trants (FPI) and a high-quality measuring machine – DEA.

Poland has strong aerospace industry, and there is little wonder, since aviation industry has been intensively built up before and after the World War II. Interestingly, the aerospace industry became the leader in privatization within the defense industry sector, many other companies still are state-owned. Presently the leading aerospace companies in Poland, in Mielec, Świdnik, Warsaw and Rzeszów are in foreign private hands. Polish industry is also considerable producer of aircraft components.

International Black Hawk are assembled at PZL Mielec, there are sold to many countries in the world.

and the Pratt & Whitney), the Finmeccanica (AgustaWest-land), Avio, and the EADS (Airbus Military).

Privatization of defense industry started from aero-space. Pratt & Whitney Company lead the process, invest-ing at Kalisz. The Pratt & Whitney Kalisz (PWK) Compa-ny has been created in 1992. One of the shareholders of the company is the Pratt & Whitney Canada, world-wide leader in turboshaft engines for commuters and helicop-ters, as well as business jet turbofan engines production. the Pratt & Whitney Kalisz is a part of United Technology Corporation. Presently the PWK employs around 1500 people. The company is developing continuously and dy-namicall. 97 % of its manufacturing is export production to Pratt & Whitney Canada.

The PWK Company produce parts for aviation en-gines. The main types of components produced are:

carriers of planetary reduction gears, stators for axle compressors, turbine stubshafts, oil pump gears, gearbox accessories, planet gearshafts, couplings, spiral bevel gears,

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The Production Center can offer the following services:Incapsulation and decapsulation,Decontamination,Surfacing by welding (stellite surfacing, manual or automated), Grinding,Milling,Barrel finishing,Marking,Heat treatment – ageing, diffusion, aluminizing, soldering, and thermal etching, Fluorescent Penetrant Inspection Surface strengthening – ball peening,Measure inspection – CMMThe current production covers rotor blades of low-

pressure turbines for the engines: CFM56, GE90-115K, PW308, T700, GEnx-2B.

The Pratt & Whitney Kalisz and the AvioPolska Sp. z o.o. companies are mentioned on the first place not by coin-cident. Presently many high technologies companies pro-ducing aviation components operate in Poland. The two already mentioned companies are only example, among others is the Goodrich Aerospace Poland Sp. z o.o. Poland became important player in this field and what is more important, the branch is developing every year, ac-quiring more and more orders for advanced components from the leading aviation engines companies.

Poland is also a final products manufacturer of engines, helicopters and aircraft. There are also a few leading com-panies in this field. One of them is the WSK PZL-Rzeszów.

On 11th of March 2002, the WSK “PZL-Rzeszów” S.A. became a part of the US United Technologies Corporation, which groups such companies like: the Pratt&Whitney, the Hamilton Sundstrand, the Carrier, the Otis, and the Sikor-sky. It operates in this holding for a decade.

The WSK “PZL-Rzeszów” S.A. is involved in the following activities:

manufacturing,overhaul and post-sale services,special order services,design and research.The company is involved in production of engine

components and complete aviation power plants (for ex-ample for W-3 Sokół helicopters).

Its activity is organized into Aerospace Business Unit, Service Business Unit and Tooling Business Unit. The other activities is conducted by supporting cells.

Aviation Business Unit specialize in:machining Technologies in engine component production, sheet metal forming technologies (compressor casings, combustion chambers, stators, diffusers, and nozzles), gear production,

tube production,engine casings production,precision castings (aviation and industrial engine blades, stators, fuel systems components, turbine, and compressor shafts),jet, turbofan and turboprop engines,engine and helicopter transmissions,conducting overhauls and servicing of own products. Service Business Unit specializes in:aviation component production, sheet metal forming technologies (compressor cas-ings, combustion chambers, stators, diffusers, nozzles), compressors and turbines blades,engine casings production,jet, turbofan and turboprop engines,engine and helicopter transmissions,conducting overhauls and servicing of own products,development and design activities. Continuously developing Design Bureau enable to of-

fer design and engineering services in the area of aviation transmissions and engine components. The next com-pany being a part of United Technologies consortium is aircraft production plant, the PZL Mielec.

The Polskie Zakłady Lotnicze Sp. z o.o. – PZL Mielec, a Sikorsky Aircraft Company is the biggest Polish manufacturer of aircraft. Currently the Sikorsky expands its production profile to include aerostructures and heli-copters. On March 16th 2007, 100% of the shares of the Polskie Zakłady Lotnicze Sp. z o.o. were purchased from the ARP S.A. by the United Technologies Holdings S.A. (UTH), a subsidiary of United Technologies Corporation (UTC). The new era was initiated not only in the his-tory of the Mielec aviation industry but also in the history of the company itself. As a part of UTC, PZL initiated cooperation with Sikorsky Aircraft Coporation – a world leader in helicopter production, including the UH-60 Black Hawk, S-76 and S-92 models.

The company produce UH-60M Black Hawk Cabins, the major structural assembly used to build the Sikorsky UH-60M Black Hawk Helicopter, for international custom-ers and for the United States Army. The production line of S-70I (BLACK HAWK family) helicopters has been opened for international markets.

The line of the current product line includes:M28 – a turbo-prop, twin-engine, STOL class (short take- off & landing) aircraft designed for passenger or cargo transportation, paradrop, medical evacuation, marine reconnaissance and patrol flights, and Search & Re- scue missions,

Production facilities at WSK PZL Świdnik.

AvioPolska is highly recognized producer of compressor blades for many engines manufactured by leading world’s aerospace companies.

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nents for the AugustaWestland helicopters. The company offers wide range of services, including: manufacture of metal structures, manufacture of composite structures, manufacture of aircraft mechanical and sheet metal parts, assembly of aircraft mechanisms, bonding of metal and composite materials, heat and surface treatment, welding, designing, research, and development, testing. The PZL-Świdnik is Poland’s only helicopter manufacturer with the full capability to design, develop, manufacture and sup-port its products in country. The PZL-Świdnik with 3,500 employees is also the biggest aerospace manufacturer in Poland and one of the biggest employers in South East Poland. As well as producing helicopters, The PZL-Świdnik is also a leading manufacturer of aircraft structures for many aerospace companies around the world.

A few hundred companies operate within Polish aero-space industry. The historical circumstances caused that most of them are located in the southeastern part of Po-land. Aviation Valley group has been created in this region, grouping most of the aerospace companies.

The Aviation Valley Association was started on April 11th 2003, as a non-profit organization, as a means to furthering the rapid development and growth of the aerospace industry in southeastern Poland. This historic decision was conceived by a group of leading aeronautic producers, suppliers, and businessmen. Significant fund-ing for the Association has been provided by the Pratt & Whitney, a world leader in design, manufacture and serv-ice of the aircraft engines, space propulsion systems, and industrial gas turbines. The objectives of the Aviation Val-ley Association:

The organization and development of a low cost sup-ply chain. The creation of favorable conditions in order to en-hance the development of aerospace industry enter-prises in this region. The further development of aerospace research, apti-tude and skill. The cooperation with universities of technology, which would promote new ideas and scientific research with-in the aerospace industry. The promotion of the Polish aerospace industry. The protection of enterprise and businesses in the aerospace industry. The influence on the Polish government’s economic policy towards the aerospace industry and its domain. The Aviation Valley Association currently represents

90 companies within the region, with several others in the process of applying for membership.

The most important of the Aviation Valley short and medium term goals are:

to improve the existing manufacturing base. to create a strong and reliable network of subcontrac-tors and a low-cost supply chain. to attract foreign investment. to develop a relationship with other European centers of the aerospace industry. to promote joint cooperation of the industry with uni-versities of technology, and research centers. The long-term objective of the Aviation Valley Associa-

tion is to transform southeastern Poland into one of Eu-rope’s leading aerospace regions, which would be able to provide a diverse cross section of products and services for the most demanding clients. n

M28B Bryza – the military version of the M28 model designed for special operations (depending on con-figuration),M18 Dromader – a single-engine aircraft used in agri-cultural, fire fighting, and forest protection operations,S-70i Black Hawk – multitask helicopter for interna-tional marketsUH-60M Black Hawk Cabins – the major structural as-sembly used to build the Sikorsky UH-60M Black Hawk Helicopters.Currently, the company employs around 1800 employ-

ees, including the highly skilled engineering staff in tech-nical and production departments.

The next Polish aerospace company producing aircraft related to the world leading aerospace manufacturers is the EADS PZL Warszawa Okęcia S.A. In 2001 the factory was sold by the Polish Government to the EADS CASA (presently Airbus Military), who have got now 78% shares with 18% of shares belonging still to the Polish Government and 4% to the factory employees. Current activities comprise:

Aircraft manufacturing including overhauls and mod-ernisation of its aircraft as the PZL-130 Orlik.

EADS PZL conduct modernization works on Glass Cockpit version of PZL 130 Orlik training aircraft

Design office Aerostructures for the C295/C235 aircraft (wings, door and seats), and for the A-320 (K-20 bulk cargo door frames), manufacture of electrical harnesses and alumin-ium sheet metal elements including surface treatments. Service (also rendering agricultural aviation services through the EADS PZL division located in south-east-ern part of Poland) and design and technical services through the EADS PZL personnel that work in conjunc-tion with the Airbus Military enginners and technicians at Airbus Military and EADS PZL facilities. Such services cover Customer Support and ILS management, and the Technical Publications and Material Services, as well as provisioning of Special Tools and GSE, Training, the Training devices and Technical Assistance Services, including their related disciplines.In the presentation of the Polish aerospace companies

related to the western consortiums we have to mention about the most popular helicopter manufacturer, the WSK PZL Świdnik S.A. Company, being a part of Finmeccani-ca and AgustaWestland Company, belonging to the Fin-meccanica. The PZL-Świdnik SA was established in 1951 and more than 7000 helicopters have been produced there. The main models of the helicopters manufactured in Świdnik factory are the PZL-Sokół (PZL-Falcon) and the SW-4 Puszczyk, as well as aviation components produc-tion, conducted for long time. Mainly there are compo-

Photos: PZL Mielec, Avio Polska, Norbert Bączyk, EADS PZL.

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The Bumar Group

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BUMAR sp. z o.o.Bumar Group is the largest producer and supplier of defense systems in Central Europe. Long term and presence experience in the defense industry has strengthened Bumar Group’s position as a solid and reliable supplier for most demanding client that is the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland and for over 40 different countries from the regions such as Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and Latin or North America.

Bumar Group consists 23 of technologically advanced companies able to provide modern and techno-logically advanced equipment which can meet any

demands of the contemporary battlefield in the area of advanced electronic defense systems, ammunition and rockets production, armoured vehicles, and soldiers’ per-sonal equipment.

The close cooperation with R & D institutions, fo-cuses on young and innovative personnel of engineers who understand the challenges of the modern battle-field, and pays attention to the close cooperation with international partners in the area of new technological solutions. Over 40 years of an experience in the inter-national armament market guarantee the high quality of Bumar Group’s products.

As the leading armament producer and supplier in the Central Europe the Bumar Group is one of the key partners for defense companies from all over the world, for example: EADS, Lockhead Martin, Nammo, Rafael, MBDA, Raytheon, Kongsberg, BAE Systems.

Currently Bumar Group consists 23 of specialized pro-duction plants integrated within four Divisions which offer comprehensive system solutions in the areas such as: electronic systems – Bumar |Electronics, armoured vehicles – Bumar |Land, ammunition and missiles – Bu-mar |Ammunitions, and the complete equipment for soldier at modern battlefield – Bumar |Soldier. n

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on the world’s

markets

You can contact us:BUMAR sp. z o.o.

PL-00-828 WarszawaAl. Jana Pawła II, 11

Phone +48 22 3112512Fax: +48 22 3112642

e-mail: [email protected] www.bumar.com

Established 1971. State owned company, capital 1.177.682.500,00 PLN

Sales 2010: 13,0 billion PLNCertificates: PN-EN ISO 9001:2001,

AQAP 2120:2006, NATO-CAGE 0250H. Export: worldwide

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Bumar Has to Grow More Modest

Mister President, how the Bumar Group should look like according to you?

Bumar should be based on values – and that’s what I keep repeating at all times. If this company would not change its functioning system – and that could

only be achieved by fostering change in its people, the change of mentality and the change in relations – if we don’t start to act differently then hitherto within the Bu-mar Group, no amount of money pumped in this busi-ness, which is now wrongly set-up, would matter much in improving its condition. That money would simply be wasted. That’s why I start with a set of values and I put it this way: three foremost values are most important to me – I call them the “A,B, C Philosophy” – have to be im-plemented in Bumar. “A” is Army, i.e. the client, because the Polish Army is our foremost, most important, No.1 buyer. Therefore, what is good for the Army, is good for the Bumar Group as well. Even if there were short-term misunderstandings between Bumar and the Army, be-cause sometimes the short-term interest of the client was going awry of the short-term company’s business, according to this philosophy, the A principle should read: “Client’s interest should prevail”.

So, the first immediate priority for the Group is to come to terms with the MoND, normalize the rela-tions, which were far from perfect, to put it mildly?

I don’t want my functioning, my decisions, to be directly set against what used to be. What used to be, used to be, that’s water under the bridge – right now, as of this moment, it would be different. I repeat: the cli-ent’s interest prevails. Everything that concerns the cli-ent is a No.1 priority. Going back to ABC – then goes “B”. B for Bumar. The Group’s interest is the most important thing right after the client’s interest. And I mean Bumar as a whole. There’s no company X, Y, or Z, there’s no HQ and filials – we all have one, common goal. Of course, the internal partition into individual companies is a nat-ural thing, that comes with geography, that comes with corporate structure, but on a mental level we all have to be convinced, and strongly, that we are a single entity as a business outfit – and act like one. It’s “One for all, all for one”. That takes us to “C” – C for Człowiek, Polish for human. The company should think about its human re-sources, should care for the employees, motivate them properly, encourage to take efforts and teach them re-sponsibility. Maintaining proper relationship between the company and employees is managers’ responsibility, but at the same time, it is employees’ responsibility as

well. The humane relationship is a powerful team-build-ing tool. Those are my three core values, simple as they are, and they just have to be implemented, absolutely. In general, my approach to managing Bumar is a demo-cratic one. I’m simply not mentally shaped to manage the company by iron fist, to dictate, but in this matter, when it comes to implementing the ABC strategy, I’m prepared to be emphatic and assertive – I intend to enforce it. Watching the reciprocating animosity and misunderstandings between individual Group compa-nies, I already know that implementation of even that simple philosophy may cause friction, but it is going to be implemented nevertheless.

Mister President, you have just outlined your man-aging philosophy. But, if we get deeper into spe-cifics, we have to ask this question: what about the hitherto implemented changes in Bumar’s devel-opment direction? Are they still valid? As I under-stand, it would be rather hard to question the just introduced new divisional structure, but are there any further changes to be expected? What about the planned further expansion of the Group? We understand these are matters partly beyond the Group CEO’s decision, it is for the government to decide, but would the Bumar board step into their predecessors path and further the consolidation scheme? Would you like the Huta Stalowa Wola’s military part to join Bumar?

The restructuring and consolidation of the whole of the Polish defense industry within Bumar is not a key issue for me. If we are to define any clear departure from the previous concepts, that’s the one for me: we would no longer see restructuring and consolidation of the national defense industry as our core strategy. I want Bumar to focus on five crucial strategic directions. That would be another acronym, because it’s helpful, allows everybody to memorize these key issues. So that would a SPIKE. Everybody knows what a spike is, but it is also one of our key products, the ATGM we manufacture, and that’s another reason why I chose that acronym. What does the SPIKE mean to me? Let’s start with “S” for synergy, integration and cooperation to find ways to fur-ther bond the Bumar as a group, finding synergy, find-ing those points, that add together to form an additional value, a cooperation-based community. So, for internal policy, that means integration versus disintegration. In-tegrated products against single-based products, chain of supply versus “everybody fend for himself”, coopera-tion against doubling-up and wasting resources for in-

An Interview with Krzysztof Krystowski, President of Bumar Sp. z o.o.

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on the world’s

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ternal competition for competition’s sake. Second issue – by no means lined up in degrading value, they are all equally important to me – is “P” for Product. Product that is market-attractive. Bumar shouldn’t be and can’t be a miniature Ministry of Treasury to run the defense industry! And that was precisely, what it was becom-ing when restructuring and consolidating the industry was our main goal. It was like trying to perform a mis-sion, that is not meant for a commercial company, but for a state institution, kind of state-run foster fund for defense industry restructuring and consolidation. I don’t feel like I’m having such a mission, and I can’t see one like that for Bumar. This mission is going beyond what a market company is meant for. If a company would try to double-up the ministry, it would never achieve a com-mercial success. And so, my objectives are product and market place. My Bumar would concentrate on design-ing and manufacturing products, and not on bringing the outsiders to fold against their will. Next goes “I” for Innovation. That’s self-explanatory, but that innovation also means focusing on strategic priorities. It simply can-not go on forever like that, with Bumar pushing forward development of 50 products at a time. Well, Bumar is big on the national scene, but we’re just a mid-sized com-pany by European standards – and plainly speaking, we just can’t afford such diversity. One has to set up priori-ties and focus on what’s really important. So innovation – yes, but rational. Then comes “K” for client. Here’s the intersection, so to speak, of the “ABC” and “SPIKE” poli-cies. The client issue connects with management issues. That’s confidence building, based on proper relation-ship with the client. And finally it’s “E” for Efficiency. This is an absolute key issue for any company, especially for us, for there are multiple areas of ill-efficiency or even inefficiency in our Group. That comes with the history of the companies, we have to consider difficult times many companies went through. Yes, that’s granted, but this is history now, and it can’t explain current ineffectiveness. I see a necessity for implementing a thrift budget. Not only an expenditure budget, but separate budget plan to be met by each individual company. If a company would not value each cent it is given, then no matter how much money the proprietor pumps into it for op-eration, research and development, all would come to be wasted in the end.

You asked about Huta Stalowa Wola. If we assume Bumar to be a commercial company, and that’s what I intend it to be, it should never press the proprietor by demanding what he is to do next. So, any future fusions involving Bumar, are State Treasury’s business, not mine. The owner would do, what he deems appropriate, and that’s his natural right. For me it’s the cooperation what counts, not the ownership issue. We absolutely have to cooperate within the national defense industry, Bumar and other companies or scientific institutes. We have so much interaction, so many common interests, that it is for our own good to cooperate for shared success and profits. Everybody is uniting now for furthering common projects – not necessarily on capital basis. Development of an advanced final product is such a huge financial burden, that only a consortium is able to carry it out. It’s much too much for a single company to heave. The defense market

is a specific place. To put it figuratively, you can only make one deal in three years with the military – but it is a huge contract then. Now let’s assume there’s three competitors and they fight each other. In effect, only one wins, and the winner takes all the money, while the competitors come out empty-handed. Next deal brings a winning hand to another winner. If there’s some bad-lucked company that never won anything, this company is soon in deep trouble, on the verge of extinction. It’s much better to have 1/3 contract each year, than to wait in fear for the all-out vic-tory every three years. That’s why even the most dogged competitors sometimes come to cooperate. We, here in Poland, do not compete doggedly. We simply can’t. We

In April 2012 The Supervisory Board of Bumar sp. zo.o has appointed Mr. Krzysztof Krystowski for the position of the President of the Management Board of Bumar sp. z o.o.

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are owned by the same proprietor, all within the same group, called the Republic of Poland. Even if we’re not, I’m always open for cooperation, with every company, state-owned or private. The only thing that matters is whether this cooperation furthers the prosperity of the Bumar Group. If cooperation is the method to achieve that pros-perity, I’d cooperate. But if the fierce competition would prove more efficient for that matter, I’d fight, even though personally I don’t believe this a viable way in a long term. Furthermore, we have to find international cooperation, absolutely. We have to find every possible opportunity for the Bumar Group to partake in cooperative projects, even as a sub-supplier of tiny pieces – but in a large, important, integrated project, not necessarily on Polish market.

Does that means the end of underestimating Cen-tral and Eastern European markets and larger ex-tent of cooperation there, hitherto neglected by the consecutive Bumar boards?

Absolutely, though of course that necessitates a prior analysis. But I never say never. Bumar has similar prob-lems with choosing the markets to explore, as it has with the choice of the products to develop. Up to this mo-ment, the Bumar Group acted like it was possible for it to operate effectively on all world’s markets at the same time. The markets were not selected, while maintaining presence on each and every marketplace of the world generated sizeable costs, called for managerial efforts – at the same time running a high risk of not making any profit at all. Recent years were not overly successful for the Bumar abroad. I mean, the effort was in no pro-portion to the achievements.

I mentioned products before. Today we have certain products. Having what we have, we got to find out where

Interview by Andrzej Kiński and Andrzej Ulanowski.

Edited by Norbert Bączyk.

these products can be sold best. We shape our products range according to the needs of the MoND, and that’s obvious because as I said, the MoND is our No.1 client. Nevertheless, we are guilty of “selectively analyzing” our products. I mean, we were making a dedicated product, designed and shaped according to the specification of our No.1 client – and then we assumed his specs to be the best there is, sure to sell our product anywhere else. So we have to incorporate variables in our product as early as design phase, to enable changes, that would conform to the other clients’ specifications as well. It’s time we stop blaming lack of export successes entirely on sales people. If we offer a product, that misses the client’s specification, no amount of talent on the part of the salesman can sell it.

Bumar has got to grow more modest. It doesn’t mean we have to start underestimating ourselves, though. You got to know your value, but you also got to know your place. The export sales should cease to be a part of com-pany’s promotional effort. They are to become a natural part of the commercial activity, and not be estimated by their promotional value. Export is not a tool to show how wise and sage the board is – it is but a money-mak-ing activity. We have to find, as Bumar, product niches to fit in, to find product or services where we can of-fer advantageous product – and make money. We can’t beat them all in everything, but we have to find areas, where we can be effective and earn our keep. These don’t have to be the large final products, that make the media headlines. Yes, sure, that’s all important, but one can as well become a successful manufacturer of that tiny, small component, that all these big-time sellers, key players, would scramble to buy from you.

Thank you for the interview. n

President of Bumar Krzysztof Krystowski ( in the middle ) with Chairman of Bumar Żołnierz Ryszard Kardasz (on the left ) and Sławomir Kułakowski President, Polish Chamber of National Defence Manufacturers ( on the right ) during debate devoted to the Polish defence industry, held at the European Economic Congress 2012 in Katowice.

BUMAR AMMUNITION

BUMAR AMUNICJA Division was established on 16th July 2009. The biggest division in Bumar Group comprises 8 companies of ammu-nition and rockets production profile. Bumar Amunicja Division of-

fers guided and unguided missiles, different types and purposes small arms ammunition, mortar and artillery ammunition(ammunition caliber from 5,56mm up to 155 mm), grenades, gunpowder, propellants as well as standard explosives and its wide compositions. The leading company within Ammunition Division is Bumar Amunicja S.A. Mr Waldemar Skow-ron is the Director of Bumar Amunicja Division.

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BUMAR AMUNICJA S.A. (FORMER ZM MESKO S.A.)

ZM DEZAMET SA

FPS BOLECHOWO SP. Z O.O.

ZPS PIONKI SP. Z O.O.

ZCH NITRO-CHEM SA

ZPS GAMRAT sp. z o.o.

BZE BELMA SA

ZM KRAŚNIK SP. Z O.O.

on the world’s

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ZPS GAMRAT SP. Z O.O.Zakłady Przemysłu Specjalnego „GAMRAT” sp. z o.o. pro-duces pyrotechnical products, artillery powders, rocket propellants, artillery nitroglycerine tube powders, hetero-geneous rocket propellants, pyrotechnical products.

BZE “BELMA” S.A.Bydgoskie Zakłady Elektromechaniczne “BELMA” S.A. is a manufacturer of inter alia mines, scatterable mines dis-pensers, flame – proof button switch, distributors and canisters for mining industry, flame – proof connecting boxes, flame – proof cam and button switches, electro-pneumatic relays, mine canisters, mine dispensers, dis-tributors for mines.

ZM KRAŚNIK SP. Z O.O.Zakłady Metalowe KRAŚNIK sp. z o.o. produces bearings, metal elements and ammunition shells: 73mm, 120mm, 122mm, 125mm. n

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BUMAR AMUNICJA S.A.Bumar Amunicja S.A. (former MESKO S.A.) is a manufac-turer of pistol, revolver ammunition, rocket systems, fuses, primers, flash-explosive grenades, antiaircraft Missile Set GROM and 98mm mortar ammunition with demolition –fragmenting projectile. Company produces ammunition caliber 5,56mm, 7,62mm, 9mm, 12,7mm, 20mm, 23mm, 30mm and 35mm. Bumar Amunicja renders the services of demilitarization of outdated combat resources.

DEZAMET S.A. Zakłady Metalowe Dezamet S.A. manufactures 60mm and 98mm mortar ammunition, hand and riffle grenades, 40mm ammunition for hand and automatic grenade launchers, 40mm individual and underbarrel grenade launchers, air bombs, fuses, 81mm launchers system.

FPS BOLECHOWO SP. Z O.O.Fabryka Produkcji Specjalnej Bolechowo sp. z o.o. is a man-ufacturer of ammunition belts, chests, 40mm, 73mm 2A28, 128mm, 152mm and 122mm grenade launcher cartridges, extended range missiles, ammunition belts and chests for: 40mm, 73mm, 90mm, 100mm, 120mm, 122mm, 125mm.

ZPS PIONKIZakłady Produkcji Specjalnej Pionki sp. z o.o. manufactures 125mm tank ammunition, nitrocellulose propellants, flares, signal ammunition, large line charges launchers, 120mm ammunition, large line charges.

ZCH NITRO-CHEM S.A.Zakłady Chemiczne „NITRO-CHEM” is a manufacturer of explosives for military use, artillery ammunition, aerial bombs, trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexogen (RDX), octogen (HMX), tritonal in solid pieces, dinitrotoluene (DNT), TNT boosters.

BUMAR SOLDIER

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The Bumar Soldier Division comprises 5 companies dealing with production of sol-dier equipment and personal protection. Within the division we develop the Future Soldier system in line with the most advanced trends in the industry: from vests,

through solder’s personal armament to communication systems on the contemporary battlefield. The leader of the division is Przemysłowe Centrum Optyki S.A. Ryszard Kardasz is the Director of the Bumar Soldier Division. The main tasks of the Bumar Soldier Division comprise running economically justified activity and necessary for gaining competitive advantages on the world armament market, consolidation and restructuring of the en-terprises of the consortium participants’ companies, including also through concentra-tion of production capacity and capital transformations; co-ordination in the scope of production tasks planning within the system of long-term and annual plans as well as supervision of implementation of material and financial plans and achieving assumed economic objectives; ensuring continuous technical development of products like: products using night vision and thermo vision technology, rifles, machine guns and per-sonal guns, as well as soldier’s individual protection equipment and other manufactured by the consortium’s participants; building a common chain of products and produc-tion values in the consortium’s companies; running common marketing activity in the scope of manufactured products and services rendered on the home and international markets.

PCO SA

FABRYKA BRONI „ŁUCZNIK”-RADOM SP. Z O.O.

ZM TARNÓW SA

PSO MASKPOL SA

OBRSM SP. Z O.O.

on the world’s

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PCO S.A.Przemysłowe Centrum Optyki SA in Warsaw is a manufac-turer of optoelectronic products, observation and sights devices using laser, night vision and thermo vision tech-nologies for military use.

Fabryka Broni “Łucznik” – RADOM sp. z o.o.Arms Factory „Łucznik”– RADOM manufactures guns like: BERYL rifle and MINI-BERYL gun cal. 5,56 mm x 45 NATO, sub-machine guns PM-98/PM-06 GLAUBERYT cal. 9 mm x 19 PARA, personal guns P99 and RAD cal. 9 mm x 19 PARA and sport-ing guns as well as training sets and also renders wide gun-smith services.

ZM TARNÓW SAMechanical Plant Zakłady Mechaniczne TARNÓW manufactures and offers a wide range of products and services for civil and military use, including 7,62 mm and 12,7 mm machine guns, sniper rifles, antiaircraft systems and 40 mm grenade launchers.

PSO MASKPOL SAProtection Equipment Enterprise „MASKPOL” from Konieczki is a manufacturer of equipment and protective clothes for the army and police, masks, helmets, vests, shields, spike barriers, gas mask filters and soldier’s individual equipment.

OBR SM sp. z o.o.Research and Development Centre of Mechanical Equip-ment in Tarnów specializes in constructing and build-ing as well as testing towed, self-propelled and marine antiaircraft artillery sets and short range missile and gun systems, as well as serial production 60 mm mortars and 23 mm barrel inserts for tank team training. n

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BUMAR ELECTRONICS

Bumar Elektronika S.A. was created on December 30, 2011 by merging three companies: Przemysłowy Instytut Telekomunikacji S.A. Centrum Naukowo-Produkcyjne Elektroniki Profesjonalnej RADWAR S.APrzedsiębiorstwo Produkcyjne Podzespołów Elektronicznych „DOLAM” S.A.

The company is a successor to many years’ experience and achievements of those leading producers and suppliers in the market of professional electronics.

Bumar Elektronika is the biggest and the most important Polish R&D center in the area of defense radar and command & control technologies. Its activity covers full development line, from product concept, through manufacturing to delivery and logistic support.

BUMAR ELEKTRONIKA S.A.

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The main products lines are:Active and passive radar systemsAutomated command support systemsAnt-aircraft gun and missile systemsIdentification (IFF) systemsSubsystems and componentsRoad traffic monitoring systems

The products of Bumar Elektronika S.A. have been delivered and implemented in the Armed Forces, Border Guard and Police.

The company’s mission is to create innovative solutions in the area of electronics, the computer science technolo-gies to support security of people and infrastructure.

The strategic project of Bumar Elektronika S.A. is The Shield of Poland – a multi-layered antiaircraft and antimis-sile defense system for Poland. n

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BUMAR LAND

This division comprises companies of manu-facturers of track and combat vehicles. Here PT-91 battle tank as well as the newest

Group’s product – Multitask Combat Platform ANDERS are produced. The Division’s leader is ZM BUMAR-Łabędy S.A.

ZM BUMAR-ŁABĘDY SA

OBRUM SP. Z O.O.

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OBRUM sp. z o.o.Ośrodek Badawczo-Rozwojowy Urządzeń Mechanicznych „OBRUM” sp. z o. o. is a direct research and development, mo-dernization company as well as production and implemen-tation base of the defence industry, implements a number of research and development as well as implementation projects for the purposes of the country’s defence.

ZM BUMAR – ŁABĘDY SAMechanical Plant Zakłady Mechaniczne „BUMAR-ŁABĘDY” SA from Gliwice is a manufacturer of military equipment and armaments, including heavy armoured equipment – PT-91 battle tanks, WZT-3 armoured recovery vehicles and PMC-90 bridges. The Mechanical Plant also manufactures heavy equipment and construction machines like: cranes, excavators, mining loaders and welded constructions. n

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Company Profiles

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Auto-Hit for the Army Auto-Hit Sp. z o.o.Auto-Hit Ltd.

The professionals were quick in recognizing the assets of the Auto-Hit Atlas 30S trailers. In September 2006 during the MSPO Military Equipment Fair in Kielce, the recovery set, including this trailer was awarded the coveted Defender Award.

Auto-Hit is a privately-owned Polish company, that won a great deal of renown and regard while earning for herself a strong position at the difficult military equipment market.

The Auto-Hit was created in the early 1990s in Tychy. Their first steps on the automotive market were taken in 1995, when the company was authorized to dis-

tribute Fiat cars and vans. After first two years, in 1997, Fiat was pleased with them enough to widen the spectrum of the co-operation and let them distribute the IVECO-brand trucks. At the same time, while intensifying the sales, Auto-Hit took a great deal of time to built partnership with their customers – based on the sound assumption, that only the customer satisfactorily served throughout the whole period of vehicle’s service life would buy an-other one – or more. And they did, giving the Auto-Hit peace of mind and financial stability needed to diversify the offer. The Special Production Division was created in 2000 specifically to cater for the needs of the military. The SPD sold the Fiat vans and the IVECO trucks to the Army, and then took care of the post-sale servicing, while co-operating with other companies supplying specialized superstructures and semi-trailers. High quality and com-petitive prices of the products and services offered by the Hit-Auto, as well as the superb abilities of the sales person-nel, enabled the Auto-Hit to quickly rise to the position of one of the most important utility vehicle suppliers for the Polish Army. In subsequent years, despite the strong competition, the Auto-Hit year per year won the second or at least third place in military vehicles sale numbers. With the Army needing vast quantities of various vehicles, the company recognized the potential of fulfill the mili-

tary needs at a moment’s notice, while maintaining both the competitive prices and the high quality level – a de-cision was made to step-up the level of services offered to the military. A decision was made to start specialized military vehicle modifications and production of the spe-cial transport vehicles tailored to the specific needs. As an effect, the Auto-Hit, from just a military equipment dealer, became the major manufacturer, while the military mar-ket activity of the company now encompasses different facets. One is the ready automobile sales – as always. At the same time the Company has launched its own manu-facturing plant at Skepe. The first vehicles to emerge from there were the NS600W Atlas semi-trailers. These are the 60-ton capacity low riders designed for heavy combat ve-hicles road transfer. The Army was quick to acknowledge the merits of the Atlas, and they became one of the Auto-Hit’s trademark products. The company designers con-sulted the Polish Army and tailor-suited other semitrailers to military requirements. The first of the new breed were shown in 2006 – two 30-ton capacity three axle semi-trail-ers. One, the Atlas 30W, was ordered by the Polish Navy, and serves the logistic support of the naval ships in ports. The other, called the Atlas 30S, was in fact a modified ver-sion of the 30W with several novel features valuable for the military use, making it all the more versatile and easy to operate. The 30S has a variable height front end, enabling the fifth wheel receiver to be set at heights between 1240 and 1640 mm, in 100 mm increments to enable various tractors to be used. Moreover, the width of the transport platform can also be changed from 2540 to 3200 mm by extending the perpendicular beams and setting loading platforms between them. This enables the trailer to carry not only standard but oversized loads as well. The third

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The third outstanding feature of the Atlas 30S is the way it makes loading and unloading an easy chore for the crew, by using two-stage folding loading ramps with pneumatic-assisted spring actuation.

NS 600 W semi-trailer enables transportation of a tracked and wheeled vehicles of total weight up to 60 T in various road conditions. Applied steering axles makes the vehicle exceptionally maneuverable.

outstanding feature of the Atlas 30S is the way it makes loading and unloading an easy chore for the crew, by using two-stage folding loading ramps with pneumatic assisted spring actuation. The professionals were quick in recognizing the assets of the Auto-Hit Atlas 30S trailers. In September 2006 during the MSPO Military Equipment Fair in Kielce, the recovery set, including this trailer was awarded the coveted Defender Award.

Auto-Hit continues the developments of the semi-trailers family. The new solution is NS-700W, the semi-trail-er with 70 tons payload, the answer for the requirements of either domestic market, as well as specific foreign cus-tomer.

The Company offer includes also NS500WN, the semi-trailer with specific design, allowing the transportation of the elevated military equipment like the 155mm Howitzer “Krab” or the Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Gun System “Loara”.

Other military activity areas of the Company are con-nected with vehicles modification. Various class and types of vehicles are undergoing modifications to become fit for the tough service. For example, in the heavy class, the IVECO EuroTrakker/Trakker series MP720E48 WT 6x6 trucks are being modified to the heavy semi-trailer and ballast tractors. In the course of the modification suitable special equipment is installed, including two winches behind the cab, as well as additional stowage bins, and spare wheel on a special derrick.

As of now the Auto-Hit has 150 employees, including 30 graduates. They are all top class specialists, and still honing their skills to design even better products. The spectacular progress of the company wouldn’t be possi-ble without one more asset of the Auto-Hit: a great deal of flexibility in managing. This company is efficiently led, all the decisions are taken fast, and by virtue of the “flat” or-ganizational structure, are as fast to implement. That’s why what other companies find to be a hard challenge – to prepare a modification or an advanced technical product for the exacting customer in no time, at low cost despite the small quantity ordered – for the Auto-Hit became just a day-to-day routine. And at the same time, the company remains open to suggestions and remarks from the mar-

ketplace – to propose even better products and solutions, even more suited to the demands of the customer, at the even more competitive prices, and even faster. With all the volume of sales and production, the Auto-Hit pays much respect to the quality – since the very beginning. The ISO9002 quality management certificate was won as early as 2000, and in 2005 the AQAP system was imple-mented. n

You can contact us:Auto-Hit Sp. z o.o.

ul. Oświęcimska 323, 43-100 Tychyphone +48 22 810 14 35, fax +48 22 810 14 45

e-mail: [email protected] www.autohit.com.pl

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30 Years for Maritime Security and Safety!

Promienica – Influence Magneto-Acoustic Sweep

Systems for Sea Mines Disposal

– Ukwiał and Toczek.

RKS 8000 Transceiver.

CTM was founded to meet the existence needs of defence industry supporting centre, operating mainly for the benefit of the maritime

security, in the process of developing and implementing of modern technical and technological solutions. At that time, the basic activity of CTM was connected with work for the Polish Navy in range of research, development and implementation of modern technical solutions in the area of armament and maritime systems.

During the past few years, there has been global and national revaluation of priorities in the area of security. The predominant risks are identified as asymmetric threats. To counteract those threats requires involvement of many institutions connected with the national security system. Following these tendencies, CTM joined in the process of developing new technologies and technical solutions in or-der to support counteracting those threats and dedicated to different institutions responsible for national security.

Thirty years of consistent prosperity allowed CTM to build and establish competencies mainly in the following areas:

Command, Control and Communication Systems;Data Exchange Systems, including Systems for Radio Communications;Underwater Weapon Systems;Maritime Infrastructure Protection Systems (incl. har-bours) in the aspect of asymmetric threats.Plans for the forthcoming years are to develop compe-

tencies of CTM’s personnel, as well as the scientific infra-structure, in order to offer solutions meeting all modern requirements and standards to the institutions responsible for national security, the maritime security in particular. n

Ośrodek Badawczo-RozwojowyCentrum Techniki Morskiej SA

R &D Marine Technology Centre

You can contact us:

Ośrodek Badawczo-Rozwojowy Centrum Techniki Morskiej SA

ul. Dickmana 62, 81-109 Gdyniaphone +48 58 666 53 00, +48 58 666 53 18;

fax +48 58 666 53 04e-mail: [email protected] www.ctm.gdynia.pl

OBR Centrum Techniki Morskiej S.A., the research, development and implementation institute is celebrating its 30th anniversary this year. It is a great opportunity to look back and summarize achievements as well as formulate commitments and make new plans for the future.

The substance of research, design and implementation works carried out by CTM evolved over the last 30 years, as well as the Polish Navy’s requirements.

The activities of CTM are strictly directed to meet the above mentioned needs and present ready solutions, when called upon. In areas such as data exchange sys-tems or command systems, also other branches of the Po-lish Armed Forces are recipients of CTM’s offers.

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Etronika Ltd. specializes in design and manufacturing of electro-optical systems for defense and security sector. Our company has developed a large number of devices realated to classical optics, infra-red and laser technologies: day sights, night vision devices, laser range finders and thermal cameras for military, industrial and SAR application.

ETRONIKA — Eyes on Target

The company has expanded technical capabilities and almost complete manufacturing process is carried out at Etronika facilities including manufacturing

optical, electronic, and mechanical modules.

OUR OFFERModernization of night visiondevices from active into passive:periscopes for tank drivers: TWNO-2M,TWNE-1 PAM, TWNE-4PAM; tank commander’s periscope: TKN3-M, gunner’s periscope: 1 PN22M1 /M2-M, BPK-2-42- PAM, TPN-1M; gun sights: NSP3-R, NSPU-R, and PPN-R; from night vision to thermal imaging: tank commander’s periscope: TKN3-T; gunner’s periscope: 1 PN22M1 /M2-T, BPK-2-42- T, TPN-1-T.

Classical optics:periscopes,protractor sights,boresight collimators,classical sights.

Optoelectronic devices:thermal cameras,thermal gun sights,day-night sight and cameras,diode and laser range finders,ranging and imaging units for fire control systems. n

You can contact us:

ETRONIKA Sp. z o.o.office: ul. Mińska 25, 03-808 Warszawa

tel. +48 22 810 02 38production facility: ul. Okuniewska 1

05-070 Sulejówek, tel./fax: +48 22 870 64 96e-mail: [email protected] www.etronika.plmini thermal camera KTL-30

day/night commander’s periscope PWWC-N2

thermal sight VIKI

thermal/day sight ACRAB

thermal/day camera KTD-60

NV sight NSP3-R

NV sight NSPU-R

thermal/day tank sight TKN-3-T

sensor system ZIG-T-3

7878

You can contact us:

JAKUSZ Przemysłowa 40 83-400 Kościerzynaphone: +48 58 686 85 27, fax +48 58 686 49 09

e-mail: [email protected]

Directions of Development of Jakusz Company

Owing to experience and careful analysis of the market we have focused on the development of technolo-gies offered towards ecology and services.

JAKUSZ–ECOLOGYImplementation of Environmental Management Sys-tem ISO 14001:2005;Positive result of environmental impact assessment of Jowisz installation for disposal of small arms ammuni-tion;Development of new methods of munitions disposal designed to meet specific customer needs (e.g. am-munition cal. 12,7 mm or 14,5 mm usually is destroyed but in our offer there is also the installation for its disas-sembling to recover all components);Development of high efficiency static kiln Solar equipped with advanced system for post-detonation gases treatment (according to European standards concern-ing emission gases to atmosphere);

Development of methods for recovery and utilization of energy generated in the processes of munitions dis-posal;

Our mission is to design demilitarization processes where obtained products are completely safe for opera-tors and the environment and also adapted for use in civil industry.

JAKUSZ–SERVICESStrengthening the market position as a supplier of in-stallations for munitions disposal;Plans to expand the company’s offer by the services provided anywhere in the world where munitions are stored (development of our own, mobile demilitariza-tion systems);Plans to develop of company’s infrastructure to enable implementation of demilitarization services in Po-land. n

White phospohrus melting-out.

The main group of products of Jakusz company are technologies for safe demilitarization. Our most important achievement in this field is implementation of containerized system PLANETARIUM in Republic of Azerbaijan. The Planetarium system is a tailor-made solution designed for disposal of over 170 types of munitions. Due to application of environmentally friendly technologies the system was approved to GreenEvo project – Green Technology Accelerator implemented by the Ministry of Environment.

Booster pressing.

Disassembling of ammunition cal. 14,5 mm.

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Directions of Development of Jakusz Company

The institute is involved in the innovative work in the following areas:Designing and Integration of Aeronautical Systems;Logistics Systems;Safety and Reliability;Unmanned Aerial Vehicles;Training Systems, including E-learning;Air Armament;Airfield and Road Infrastructure;Substitute Fuels, Working Liquids and Lubricating Oils;Biocomponents in POL’s Engineering Products.

The development strategy of the Institute is aimed at increasing research potential through co-operation with national, European and non-European partners. Among main development priorities of the Institute there is parti-ciping in projects realised within the 7th Framework Pro-gramme, especially in specific program-mes such as Trans-port (including Aeronautics), also Security and Space.

AFIT offers what follows:– certification (state) tests of aeronautical systems intro-

duced into service with the military aviation, including: aircraft, air armament, air weapons, avionics;

– design, development and tests of unmanned air vehi-cles, and new applications thereof;

– investigating into the feasibility of extending service lives of air weapons after the manufacturer/deliverer-guaranteed warranty periods have expired;

– design, manufacturing, upgrading, and servicing of aero-engines dedicated diagnostic systems;

Integration of avionics systems.

VTOL UAV “Koliber”.

You can contact us:

Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczychul. Księcia Bolesława 6, 01-494 Warszawa

phone +48 22 685 10 13 fax +48 22 836 44 71 e-mail: [email protected] www.itwl.pl

“Flying” Institute Instytut Techniczny Wojsk LotniczychAir Force Institute of Technology

Helmet Mounted Display.

The Air Force Institute of Technology is a scientific and research organisation which has been operating under the current name for 55 years. First and foremost, it is engaged in research and tests of military aircraft and broadly understood problems of flight safety. The Institute’s outcome of great significance in Poland and abroad, comprises hundreds of research works and scientific studies, as well as new designs and developments that have been applied in the aviation of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland.

– tests of aero-engines to prolong installation lives and TBOs;

– upgrade of air armament systems;– development of devices and systems to provide flying

control officers, navigators, air traffic controllers, pilots, etc. with instruction and training to assist improve-ment of skills;

– development and maintenance of computer systems intended to support management of aircraft mainte-nance and flight safety;

– upgrading and integration of avionics;– development of flight recorders/flight data decoding

systems;– non-destructive testing of structures and objects;– development of stationary and mobile terrain-surveil-

lance systems;– consultancy and technical advice in the field of air-

field/road building;– development of technologies of production of synthe-

tic, mineral, bio-components-based utilisation fluids;– certification tests of fuels and lubricants used through-

out the operational phase of aeronautical systems.

The intention to maintain high quality of our develop-ments and services has encouraged AFIT to implement the quality management system consistent with both the NATO AQAP 2210 and PN-EN ISO 9001 standardisation documents. The Institute was awarded the NATO Com-mercial and Government Entity (NCAGE) Code 0481H, as well as the State concession for economic activities in manufacture and trading weapons and munitions, and in the manufacture and trading military/police-intended products and technologies. n

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You can contact us:

TARGI KIELCE S.A.ul. Zakładowa 1 25-672 Kielce

tel. +48 41 365 12 22fax +48 41 345 62 61

e-mail: [email protected] www.mspo.pl

MSPO World Class ExhibitionA few hundred exhibitors, state-of-the-art military equipment, prestigious distinctions and awards, official delegations form all over the world and the guests of honour – the four days of the 19th edition of the exhibition held in Targi Kielce will be marked with defence issues, military accessories and armaments.

The 19th International Defence Industry Exhibition MSPO, the event which has been granted with the honorary patronage of the Min-ister of National Defence will be held in Targi Kielce from 5th to 8th

September 2011. This is one of the three major events in Europe and the only event of this kind in Poland. The exhibition is targeted not only at business sector insiders and professionals.

The International Defence Industry Exhibition which has been held since 1993 is the showcase for the latest developments in defence industry as well as for the logistic solutions and systems which serve the purpose of safety provision and are utilised by rescue services. Year after year the meet-ing brings together the increasing number of exhibitors and fair visitors from around the world. 360 exhibitors form 26 countries partook in the last year’s edition; and at their disposal they had six exhibition halls including the E hall; the most advanced exhibition hall in Poland which had been put into operation in August 2010, as well as the vast open-air exhibition space. Last year’s exhibition attracted over 13 thousand guests.

MSPO for everybody The first day of the event is awaited by the companies which supply

their products to the army, as the unique and unparalleled on the national scale exhibition held in Kielce offers the companies an excellent, and very often the only chance to present the offer dedicated to the defence indus-try sector. The most important national policy and decision makers, whose responsibility is to purchase the equipment and armaments for the Repub-lic of Poland Armed Forces have already announced that they will partake in MSPO. It has become the tradition of the fair that the representatives of the Ministry of Defence RP and various types of armed forces who devel-

op the plans of the armament and army equipment acquisition hold meetings with the suppliers of the state-of-the-art products. Together they discuss the army’s demand for equipment as well as the production requirements.

The Exhibition of the Polish Armed Forces has become an inseparable element of the In-ternational Defence Industry

Exhibition. This year’s event is organised by the Inspectorate of Support for the Armed Forces in conjunction with the Land Forces and the Military Police. The Fair visitors can become familiar with what is the best in Polish army – from the networked socio-technical equipment and armament for an individual soldier to combat vehicles and self-propelled cannons.

European Defence Agency at MSPOThis edition of MSPO is truly exceptional – the National Exhibition will

not be held this year. Polish Presidency in European Union has resulted in the participation of the European Defence Agency (EDA) in this year’s edition of the International Defence Industry Exhibition. The Agency is the inter-governmental organisation which operates in the homogenous European Unions structure. The Agency will make the MSPO guests familiar with their activities, which can be presented as four basic functions: specifi-cation of cooperation between EU institutions in the process of developing defence capabilities, promotion and coordination of armaments co-opera-tion and harmonisation process, the support for the joint defence research

and technology programmes and promotion of multinational programmes of European defence cooperation. Following the example of previous years, MSPO will be accompanied by the whole array of conferences and meetings, and among them the International Seminar on supply security organised by EDA (European Defence Agency) and the conference devoted to “Outsourcing in the army” hosted by the company Fraikin Polska plc.

European standards, world-class reputationKielce attracts global defence sector corporations and companies which

are ranked at the top positions of the biggest business rankings: Bae Sys-tems, Boeing, MBDA, Raytheon, or Thales offers constitute almost one third of the products on display. On the second day of this year’s exhibition the THALES and SAAB companies will hold a special presentation of their offer in the E exhibition hall.

Polish companies which provide their products and services to the army make up the largest group of the MSPO exhibitors. It has been a long established tradition that our national defence industry concern – Bumar Group brings the largest number of novelties to the Fair. Bumar, the leading supplier and exporter of armaments and army equipment produced in Poland comprises 27 production and trade companies from the Polish defence industry, they specialise in ammunition, radar, missile and armoured-vehicle production.

Awards and distinctionsThis year the exhibitors will also be presented with awards and distinc-

tions; and among them the Award of the Republic of Poland President for the best product which serves the purpose of the RP Armed Forces soldiers safety improvement. The MSPO Programme Council awards the prestigious DEFENDER awards – the symbol of soldiers’ recognition to the defence industry. MSPO 2011 will also feature extraordinary awards and mentions presented by the Minister of National Defence, the Minister of Interior and Administration as well as by the Minister of Economy. n

In 2010 exhibition has been opened by the President of Poland, Bronislaw Komorowski.

Bumar Group presentation.

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– designing of training ammunition, aerial target imita-tors and fuses for training and service ammunition.

Missiles – prognostic reports for missile systems development

trends; – research, development and design works on new de-

velopments of missile systems for training and prac- tising;

– functional and acceptance tests of antitank and anti-aircraft guided missiles and short range rockets.

Radar Systems – jammers; – Doppler and microwave technology; – testing of ground radar stations and operational – tactical recognition and command systems; – measurements for Environment Protection Authorities.

Service – theory of systems – models and projects for subsys-

tems and components on servicing and using of ex-plosive ordnance;

– technical diagnostics - methods for evaluation and diagnostic examinations, quality assurance and prognosis, explosive ordnance safety and functional reliability;

– evaluation and post-incidental expert reports for ex-plosive ordnance;

– using of missiles and rockets at decreased range di-mensions;

– testing of combat effectiveness for rockets and mis-siles and prognostic reports for extension of their service life time;

– repair technologies, upgrading works and non-de-structive testing of rockets and missiles. n

Integration of the Polish Armed Forces with the NATO military structures has been bringing some new chal-lenges and the Institute copes with them successfully.

Weapon certification and testing with quality assurance systems were implemented according to European stan-dards. Five testing labs received the accreditation from the Polish Accreditation Centre and Institute, which is au-thorised to issue certifications for more than 150 items.

Institute Laboratory – The Group of Testing Laboratories The Testing Laboratory for Small Arms and Protective Screens,The Artillery Equipment, Ammunition and Rocket Sys-tem Laboratory,The Warfare Agents Testing Laboratory, The Radar and Command Systems, Electronic Warfare and Microwave Technology Laboratory,The Ordnance Testing Laboratory in Field Conditions.

The Institute creates a scientific background for the Army, its main goal is to maintain the highest level of specialisation in domains which decide about art of tech-nology level of weapon systems and equipment for the Armed Forces and which due to the prestige and eco-nomical reasons should be manufactured in country.

Institute is involved in:scientific – research and development works; new design and upgrading projects; prognostic and expertise reports; functional tests; standardisation and unification; software for command and fire control systems.

Offer Small Arms and Aircraft Weapon Systems – analyses and prognostic reports for small arms; – research, development and design works on small

arms weapons and ammunition; – aircraft and small arms weapons testing; – methodological and experimental works on service

life extension of aircraft and small arms weapons; – aircraft and small arms weapons expert reports and

analyses. Artillery – analyses and prognostic reports for artillery weapon

systems; – research and design works on artillery weapon systems; – testing and upgrading of artillery systems; – designing, upgrading and testing of artillery ammu-

nition;

Wojskowy Instytut Techniczny Uzbrojenia

Military Institute of Armament Technology

You can contact us:Military Institute of Armament Technology

ul. Prymasa Stefana Wyszyńskiego 7, 05-220 Zielonkatel. (+48) 22 761 44 01, fax: (+48) 22 761 44 45

e-mail: [email protected] www.witu.mil.pl

Military Institute of Armament TechnologyMilitary Institute of Armament Technology is the leading scientific – research centre that has been creating new developments for 85 years to be used by the Polish Armed Forces.

For over 55 years Wojskowe Zakłady Mechaniczne Joint Stock Company has been significantly involved into development and progress within Polish Army, what eventually resulted in mutual cooperation during peacekeeping missions. For all these years the Company has believed that, the Client requirements and the vision is priority of high quality and constant progress. In order to perform our goals successfully, Wojskowe Zakłady Mechaniczne Joint Stock Company implemented new solutions, technologies and has been focused on acquiring knowledge, as a result of which, production of 4th generation KTO Rosomak vehicles’ family has began.Through development of our strength we contribute it to our Clients, what makes Them mores competitive in undertaken missions.

KTO ROSOMAK – Medical Evacuation Vehicle

KTO ROSOMAK – Infantry Fighting Vehicle

Wojskowe Zakłady MechaniczneJoint Stock CompanyPowstańców 5/7 Street41-100 Siemianowice ŚląskiePolandphone: +48 32 228 57 51fax: + 48 32 228 12 52e-mail: [email protected]

Pimco Sp. z o.o.

Our current production includes the CHERDES® fam-ily of detection systems. These are primarily used in AMVs such as the ROSOMAK (PATRIA) 8 x 8 wheeled

type and the PT91 main battle tank. ROSOMAKs withs our CHERDES® I (NSN 6665-43-0004252) and CHERDES® II (NSN 6665-43-0008569) detectors are currently in use with the Polish Mission Forces in Afghanistan, as well as having served in Iraq and Chad, while the CHERDES® II, specially adapted for more extreme climate conditions, is installed in the PT91 tanks used by the army of Malaysia.

The CHERDES® II range of chemical, radiological and nuclear blast threat detection systems are modular in design, allowing for the separate units to be installed within the limited space available in AFVs. Chemical and radiological detection is simultaneously carried out from both inside and outside of the vehicle. They can also be installed in 24/7 mode for fixed sites to provide round-the-clock threat detection of military bases, government buildings etc. These instruments provide very quick and accurate detection of all the above-mentioned threats with minimum false alarm level.

We are currently completing the development of a third generation system called CHERDES® III, and new generation of biological warfare detector, which detects biological threats in a real-time. CHERDES® III will be the smallest and the most compact CBRN system of the CHERDES® family.

Pimco Sp. z o. o. is a Polish company with many years of experience in the manufacture and supplying special CBRN equipment, including the detection of chemical warfare and toxic industrial chemical agents, radiological and biological threats, and tactical nuclear weapon detection.

You can contact us:Pimco Sp. z o.o.

ul. Żołny 63 02-815 Warszawa, Polandphone +48 22 643 23 58

fax +48 22 20 35 140 e-mail: [email protected]

www.pimco.pl

Our equipment has EU and NATO certificates. Pimco Sp. z o.o. has the concession no. B-021/2004, issued by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the ISO 9001:2000 cer-tificate no. 309/S/2008 and the AQAP 2110:2006 cer-tificate no. 309/A/2008. We also have the Certificate of Assurance Number (NAMSA) no 102/2009 issued by the Armed Forces Procurement Department of the Ministry of National Defense of Poland. n

CHERDES® III

CHERDES® II

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History of the Polish Chamber of National Defence Manufacturers has only 12 years.

The initiative of representatives of the Polish Defence Industry, especially Mr. Roman MUSIAŁ president of the ZM MESKO from Skarżysko Kamienna on Sep-

tember 11th, 1995 during the establishing meeting in Kiel- ce, the resolution on creating of the Chamber was accept-ed. Representatives of the 67 companies, with presence of gen. Henryk MIKA of the Polish MoD and col. Sławomir KUŁAKOWSKI of the Presidential State Security Office, elected temporary board of the Chamber and auditing commission.

The first President of the Chamber became Mr. Roman MUSIAŁ and to the board Mr. Edward APONIUK, Mr. Leszek CICHOCKI (Vice-president), Mr. Krzysztof JURKIEWICZ (Vice-president), Mr. Ryszard KARDASZ, Mr. Henryk MYŁEK, Mr. Sławomir RESZKA were elected to the bone.

Friendly attitude of the Ministry of Industry and Trade and the Ministry of Defence and hard work of Mr. Janusz BRANDT, Mr. Sławomir RESZKA and Mr. Krzysztof JURKIE-WICZ led to court registration of the Polish Chamber of National Defence Manufacturers as the nationwide or-ganisation (115 founding companies).

The Court registration on April 18th, 1996 started new history of the economic self-government defence branch in Poland.

The statue’s obligation of the Chamber are: initiating activities to improve the technological level and quality standards of products manufactured by the companies (national defence suppliers) activating co-operation ef-forts, inspiring efforts aimed to increase of the domestic defence production and export, inspiring and support-ing process of restructurisation and modernisation of the domestic defence industry and its preparations for inte-gration with European structures. Important part of the Chamber’s activities is to expertise and opinionmaking and to conduct training for representatives of Polish de-fence industry and to facilitate their contacts with foreign partners. The Chamber conductes exchange of technical, organisational and commercial experiences.

Currently the Chamber has over 190 members, includ-ing private as well as state-owned companies. Among them are potentates as well as small enterprises. During

Chamber of Arms Polish Chamber of National Defence ManufacturersPolska Izba Producentów na Rzecz Obronności Kraju

the 6 years at the Chamber’s activities co-ordinat majority of joint appearances of the Polish defence industry on in-ternational exhibitions (in years 1999–2005 the Chamber organised 23 national stands of the Polish defence indus-try) also the Chamber was the organiser of many econom-ic missions to e.g. to India, Indonesia, Norway, Malaysia, Singapore, UK, Greece, Turkey, Romania, Moldova, UAE.

The Chamber is the initiator of the military-industrial co-operation among Visegrad Group.

Its part were two editions of Forum of Defence Industries of Poland and Czech Republic (1999 and 2001), 1st Forum of Defence Industries of the Visegrad Group (2001) in Warsaw, 2nd and 3rd Forum (2002–2004) in Trencin, Slovakia.

Except co-operation agreement with the Ministry of Defence (12th August 1999), the Chamber formalised con-tacts with defence industry associations of some of the European and Asian countries by signing separate agree-ments with them (e.g. France, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, United Kingdom, Norway, Ro-mania, Spain, Portugal, Italy, USA, Indonesia).

In 1999 the Chamber published the Polish Defence Industry Catalogue, its next edition is currently in prepa-ration. Additionally the Bulletin is published frequently, bimonthly “Polish Defence Industry” and quarterly “Eco-nomic-Defence Review” and extraordinary promotional publications (e.g. in Polish, English, Czech and Slovakian language) are also published. In 1998 the Chamber was selected for representing the Polish defence industry in

NATO Industrial Advisory Group (NIAG) and since the December 2000 is actively taking part in the Group meetings.

Since August 22nd, 2005 the Chamber initiate In-ternal Control System ac-cording to the law about turnover of the products, technologies and serv-ices important for national security and to keep in-

ternational peace and security. The Chamber received the ISO 9001:2001 and the IQNet certificate (No. PL-JW-172/1/2005 valid up to August 21st, 2008). On October 20th, 2005 the Chamber received concession of Polish Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration for special equipment turnover (No. B-062/2005), on December 27th, 2005 the Chamber received the NATO Commercial and Government Entity Code (N-CAGE No. 1082H). n

The Chamber’s stand on DEFEXPO’08 in New Delhi, India.

President of the Polish Chamber of National Defence Manufacturers Mr Sławomir Kułakowski with Vice Admiral Andrzej Karweta – Commander in Chief of the Polish Navy, died in a presidential plane crash near Smoleńsk.

You can contact us:

Polska Izba Producentów na Rzecz Obronności Kraju

ul. Fort Wola 22, 00-961 Warszawa phone +48 22 634 47 78; fax +48 22 634 47 78

[email protected] www.defence-industry.pl

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Polish Leader in Tactical Radio Communication

R3507 Software Defined Radio.

RADMOR SA RADMOR J-S Co.

RADMOR offers comprehensive services – from net-work design, to delivery, assembly and servicing of equipment. Radiotelephones produced by RADMOR

operate in radio communication networks all over the country. They are used not only by policeman and fire- man but also by health services, taxis and other organizations. The devices produced in RAD-MOR can be used in already existing systems as well as for building new networks. Radmor’s radiotelephones appear always in the places where reliable communication is needed for ef-ficient work.

Our civil equipment is suitable for building both modern trunking networks (TETRA, DMR) and conventional dispatcher systems. Our radiotelephones operate in 40 MHz, 80 MHz, 160 MHz and 450 MHz frequency bands.

Military equipment offered by RADMOR enables building modern tactical digital radio communication systems. RADMOR exports its equipment and technology to many countries. Our customers, apart from Polish Military Forces, are other armies such as: Lithuanian, Latvian, Czech, Slovak, Estonian, Iraqi, Indonesian and North African countries.

Design modernity and production processes assure constant, high quality of the equipment. RADMOR has 64 years of experience (established in 1947) and is

stable partner. Military equipment offered by RAD-MOR meets MIL-STD-810E and STANAG 4204

specifications.RADMOR delivers to the Polish

Army handheld radios R3501 (designed and produced in RADMOR) as well as manpack and vehicle radios of PR4G

system produced under Thales license. Personal Soldier Radio

R35010, produced by RAD-MOR, is designed to provide

digital audio communication and data transmission between mem-

bers of squad or combat team. The equipment enables building modern digital systems of tactical radio-communication.

Company products range includes:military handheld, manpack and vehicle radioscommunication systems: conventional and trunkinghandheld, mobile and stationary radiotelephonesF@stnet radios training simulator for e-learningrepeatersaccessories: power packs, selective call blocks, microphone/speakers and various types of antennas. n

F@stnet radios training simulator for e-learning.

You can contact us:

RADMOR SAul. Hutnicza 3, 81-212 Gdynia, Poland

phone +48 58 69 96 621 fax +48 58 69 96 622e-mail: [email protected]

www.radmor.com

RADMOR is the leading manufacturer of radio communication equipment in Poland. We offer equipment designed and manufactured according to the most modern world technologies. The quality of products and compliance with international standards are the important elements of today’s market. In 2000 RADMOR got the NATO Certificate AQAP-110 and in 2004 we obtained certificate AQAP 2110.

RRC9210 Manpack radio.

in Fire Support Coordination Centres and integration with advanced C4I systems up to the division level. The TOPAZ system has been successfully introduced to the Polish Army Land Forces and fielded throughout the country in a dozen of army units on several types of artillery guns.

Based on the FCS TOPAZ the Mortar Fire Control Sys- tem was created. The SKO-M system is a fully integrated digital fire control system destined for application at mortar platoon level. The purpose of the system is to provide sensor-to-shooter mortar fire control with improved reaction time and efficiency in any weather and time of day conditions. The SKO-M system can be easily employed on any mortar platform.

The cumulated experience of the company that has been gained in the fields of tactical communication, ve-hicle platform integration and specialized software de-velopment qual-ifies WB Electronics to take leading role in BMS development works for any army. This experience is supported by in-depth knowledge of latest standards

Company competence has been developed in over a decade of market activity in the process of continuous improvement of the offered products and broad-

ening the offer range.Today’s WB Electronics offer includes rugged comput-

ers, digital BMS-ready communication system for military vehicles, C4ISR software and integration skills as well as un-manned systems for surveillance and reconnaissance tasks.

WB Electronics high-tech solutions for the military sector bring power of integrated multi functional system providing on-the-move, real time battle command information to the computerised command posts.

An example of the company’s capabilities could be an integrated artillery battalion level Fire Command System. Artillery FCS is an automated mobile command and control system of vehicle based command posts providing automated planning and mission execution capabilities within field artillery battalion.

The WB Electronic’ solution deployed in the Polish Ar- my as “TOPAZ” features all typical C4I system functions enhanced with artillery-related functional modules. TOPAZ is an advanced field artillery tactical data system supporting all field artillery functional areas related to fire missions

FlyEye miniature unmanned aerial vehicle designed by WB Electronics.

World Class Electronics and Communications Supplier for Present & Future Combat SystemsWB Electronics is Poland’s leading supplier of advanced electronics systems for defence applications and a member company of WB Group, which associates also the following companies: Radmor, Flytronic, Mindmade and Arex. WB Electronics excels in design, development, integrating and manufacturing of network centric systems for C4ISR applications. Company area of expertise include software development, system design, electronic design and integration of defence electronics. WB Electronics also makes simulators of its products and provides training to the military users.

and command and control tasks. TOPAZ system has universal modular hardware and software structure allowing further modifications and re-developing the system for different platforms and command levels allowing further modifications and re-developing the system for different platforms and command levels allowing its deployment

Tytan Polish future soldier system with wrist control panel

from WB Electronics.

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and protocols that implementation is necessary comple-ment to this kind of systems.

WB Electronics offer has been recently further extended by the products of the daughter company Flytronic. Flytronic is involved in the field of unmanned platforms. FlyEye mini-UAV offered by WB Electronics is the latest result of the two companies cooperation. FlyEye features innovative ideas that makes that UAV unrivalled leader in its class.

WB Electronics is also involved in the Polish individual soldier program, being responsible for communication and C4I area.

WB Electronics extensively relies on its own products when designing systems and making installations. These products are crucial to system’s performance and reliability. The company offers range of rugged military computers, servers, tactical routers and communication devices, voice communication devices that allow building any tactical communication network optimised to the application. These universal products can find application in virtually any modern military system, command post or a vehicle, newly built or modernized.

A worldwide renowned product of WB Electronics is one of its best-selling systems – FONET, the digital vehicular intercom. FONET intercom system can be installed in any track or wheeled vehicle to provide voice and data communication functionality to every individual crew member. That digital, software controlled and VoIP enabled intercom is dedicated for any military vehicle platform ranging from wheeled 4x4 and 8x8 APC through MBT’s, self propelled guns to complex command or EW vehicles. FONET constitutes the tactical communication backbone onboard a vehicle. Its networking capabilities can be also well employed in shelter installations.

Today WB Electronics has in its portfolio more than 50 different IT and communication devices and a vast li-brary of defence software applications. WB Electronics’

products have been successfully used in moderniza-tion programmes of armed forces throughout the world. Company is able to respond quickly and allocate engi-neering resources to meet customer specifications by providing dedicated software and tailoring the hardware.

WB Electronics is an ISO 9001 and AQAP 2110 certified company. WB Electronics is duly certified by Polish authorities to trade in military equipment on the international markets.

You can contact us:

WB Electronicsul. Poznańska 129/133

05-850 Ożarów MazowieckiPhone: +48 22 731 25 00

Fax + 48 22 731 25 01e-mail: [email protected] www.wb.com.pl

WB Electronics is open to market opportunities emer- ging from armies and industrial partners worldwide. Cus-tomer satisfaction remains the principal goal of the com-pany’s management. n

Field tests of SCOM mortar fire control system.

The wrist control panel during field test.

Jasmine as a Ready, Proven and Comprehensive C3I System to Support Land Forces Activities

The Company’s Flagship Product – is Network Cen-tric Data Communication Teleinformatic Plat-form JASMINE (also called JASMINE System or

JASMINE). This solution since 2005 is delivered to the Polish Armed Forces. The system is dedicated to command support of military operations. It is comprised of specialized hardware and software. The product of its kind is currently the only solution (in Poland and also in the wide world). The system is comprehensive, versatile, compact (technology, hardware, software and component – mainly in terms of: HMS, BMS, and DSS). It is reliably proven, scalable, ready to use. The unique product in many aspects and internation-ally highly respected. Belongs to a group of C4ISR systems (Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelli-gence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance).

The platform just today significantly:support command and management processes and military operations at all levels down to dismounted soldier;create the situational awareness of troops, including headquarters and staffs, i.a. by creating the Common Operational Picture – COP;increase security of troops and their elements includ-ing soldiers and vehicles;enable a construction of military, mobile networks in an IP technology (Internet Protocol).JASMINE is a system based on a component model,

in accordance with NATO Network Enabled Capability, which recommends data sharing between distributed

Registered Partnership TELDAT has successfully operated on the defence market since several years. It is known designer, manufacturer of the most modern in the world comprehensive and specialized teleinformatics solutions dedicated to security and defence in the international scale.

decision nodes. This is why the system’s elements were designed to be operated and used on all military levels, from the highest to a dismounted soldier level.

The JASMINE since few years has been exploited as reference solution for the systems being used in other armed forces of NATO countries.

JASMINE System is produced in four versions:shelter and portable version – HMS JASMINE (Head-quarters Management System);mobile version – BMS JASMINE (Battlefield Manage-ment System);dismounted soldier version – DSS JASMINE (Dis-mounted Soldier System).Network Centric Data Communication Platform

JASMINE includes other unique and valuable (also in the world scale) products deployed and produced by our company as follows:

C3IS JASMINE System (C3IS JASMINE) it is a com-prehensive multilevel system, operates from opera-tional level (HMS C3IS JASMINE) down to dismount-ed soldier (DSS C3IS JASMINE). The system provides the opportunity to support the command process for infantry command posts as well as for armored troops (BMS C3IS JASMINE);JASMINE Web Portal is a software module of C3IS JASMINE System used at the operational and tactical level. JASMINE Web Portal is a network application dedicated to cooperate with HMS JASMINE version which provides the Users the access to the functional-ities of the C3IS JASMINE System. It also enables to create the Common Operational Picture. This solution uses web services technology (Web Services), which provides Users an access to shared operational infor-mation by the use of the common web browsers. The

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main purpose of this solution is to support the com-mand processes by the use of a centralized portal, en-abling the effective staff collaboration of all involved in this process groups and sections of the operational level (or on depends of the other tactical level needs);Battlefield Replication Mechanism (BRM) pro-vides efficient data transmission even across the nar-row band (HF and VHF) radio;Gateway MIP B2/B3 – the only such component on an international scale provides a cooperation opportunity between both different standards systems describing theatre of operations. This solution is evaluated as a re-markable achievement, also in the scale of NATO;Multiprotocol NATO Friendly Force Information Proven HUB (Multiprotocol NFFI Proven HUB) the only one in the world was proven and certified possible to be use instead of operational NFFI HUB developed by NC3A. Moreover HUB of the JASMINE System is enable to operate simultaneously multiple versions of NFFI, for this reason it makes this product unique;JASMINE Modules Management (JMM) provides simple and transparent way to configure the JASMINE System beginning from the network layer through services supporting the command process and opera-tional activities;Information Exchange Gateway JASMINE (IEG JAS- MINE) ensures secure data information transfer be-tween different security domains and it is an answer of TELDAT Company for NATO IEG concept. It consists of newly developed hardware modules, as: Firewall Box, IEG FS JASMINE (Functional Services) and IEG CS JASMINE (Core Services);Data Communications Resources Management System KTSA (SZZT KTSA) enables a real time moni-toring of wide area networks with different security levels. Provides tools enabling expert analysis within the IP networks;Safe Exchange Information System (SEIS) – one of the widest IT systems, working reliably in Polish Armed Forces. The comprehensive and unique system in Eu-rope for safe and reliable exchange of information. Made in the most modern technologies, especially IP data and VoIP. It allows the transmission of: alarms, orders, reports and other documents in data com-munication networks. It gives the possibility to trans-fer data to selected recipients of information (signals) anywhere in the world;

Tactical terminals nowadays are the newest TELDAT solutions and currently the products of its kind in Poland and unique in the world. They meet all military standards in terms of climatic and environmental conditions as well as shock resistance. The terminals can operate under water two hours at a depth of 1 m. C3IS JASMINE (including his modules: HMS, BMS

and DSS C3IS JASMINE) is the system only one in Poland and one of the few in the world that meet completely all the following interoperability standards:

MIP DEM Baseline 2 & 3 (Multilateral Interoperability Programme Data Exchange Mechanism);MIP MEM Baseline 2 & 3 (Multilateral Interoperability Programme Message Exchange Mechanism);NFFI (NATO Friendly Force Information) V.1.3 (IP1, IP2 – STANAG 5527), SIP3, Multiprotocol HUB;ADatP-3 Baseline 11C/F, 12.2 & 13 (STANAG 5500);APP6-A, APP6-B (Tactical symbols), MIL STD 2525B, MIL STD 2525C, MIP Implementation Rules;WMS (WebMapService), WFS (WebFeatureService);JIPS (JCOP Information Product Services), NVG (NATO Vector Graphics) 1.4 & 1.5;C2IEDM & JC3IEDM (STANAG 5525);Plans & Orders (STANAG 2014);Battlefield Directory (STANAG 4644).JASMINE and its particular components are imple-

mented and exploited in Polish Armed Forces. They are used and tested (in many cases as the national solutions) in the following undertakings:

during the overseas military missions and Multilateral Interoperability Programme (MIP);the biggest exercises organized by Allied Command Transformation (ACT) with the aim to assess to use the systems in NATO Response Forces, specialized NC3 Agency and USEUCOM;in tests carried out by NC3A and CELAR in France labo-ratories. n

You can contact us:TELDAT Sp.J.

ul. Cicha 19-27, 85-650 Bydgoszcz, Polandphone +48 52 341 97 00

fax +48 52 341 97 40e-mail: [email protected]

www.teldat.com.pl

Electronics Equipment from Zielonka

The Military Electronics Works use up-to-date CAT-based construction technology, digital control of metal processing machines and laser cutters. The

modern electronic systems are manufactured by means of automatic surface assembly machines. All that means precision in making of all elements and rapid transition from the design stage to the actual construction of the complete prototype and a quick start of production. High level of research and development works and the stan-dard of production are confirmed by the international quality certificates; ISO 9001 and AQAP-2110. In 2007 the Works celebrated 55th anniversary. The company came a long way from innovations and improvements of radio equipment imported from USSR to comprehensive mod-ernization of the whole defense systems.

The last decade was marked by close cooperation with Military University of Technology and other research institutes. The Military Electronics Works started the close cooperation with military electronics enterprises in the western world and have changed entirely. A good example of cooperation with Military University of Technology and companies in the west is the modernization of the entire anti-aircraft missile system S-125 set to the Neva-SC stan-dard, which was the only fully successful attempt to bring the new combat quality to the widely spread system. The plant has replaced all the wholly stationary systems with mobile units and it has been carried out. It is also the birth place of all crucial elements, in particular the digital mis-sile guidance system, which replaced the old vacuum-tube equipment. The military electronics works, which now have about 220 employees, has changed its profile and has undergone transition and became the manufacturer, cru-cial to the transformation of the armed forces to the NATO standards. The Works specialty today is the equipment for reconnaissance and electronic warfare, command and communications, air defense, protection of information and facilities, and special purpose electronics. In the last decade the technology of renovation was modernized. New tech-nologies were introduced, such like production of micro-wave structures, SND sampling, micro-processing technology, electro-optics tech-nology, and infrared tech-nology. Procedures of elec-tromagnetic compatibility measurement and testing were implemented. The factories’ metrological labo-ratory is licensed as an in-dependent measurement center of SNWI-1 group. The company also cooperates with the military university of technology in the mak-ing of subsequent modern-ization of the POST-3M Lena

3M reconnaissance and electronic combat system in order to expand its efficiency and durability. The modernization process of all units to conform to the Lena 3MD standard was practically completed in 2002. The construction of successive systems, MSR-W and MSR-WL was started. The works created, in cooperation with military university of technology the unique complex reconnaissance and elec-tronic combat system for land operations, Przebiśnieg then favoured by the prizes of „Defender” granted at the Interna-tional Defence Industry Fairs in Poland in 2007.

The company received the certificate for the construc-tion and implementation of the helicopter radio elec-tronic reconnaissance system SRR-10 Procjon 3 built on PZL W-3 Sokół helicopter. That unique solution effective-

ly combines complex reconnaissance sub-systems on board of the aircraft. At present the military elec-tronics works are also working on modern and very efficient special reconnaissance devices. Access control devices and special objects techno-

logical security system are also being created in the Works in Zielonka. The latest product offered by Military Elec-tronics Works is the Laser Warning Receiver (LWR-H) for all types of military helicopters of the Polish Army. At present time is installed on Procjon 3 helo.

Recently the works have offered many solutions to the civilian market too. The prototypes of endoscope and up-to-date, which are to replace metal detection devices in traditional screening systems. In the age of combat against terrorism such a scanner capable of reviewing objects which the examined person had swallowed are in demand all over the world. The derivate of the device is the medical x-ray scanner. It insures the instant diagnosis of accident victims. The military electronics works have the vast experience, excellent staff with unique qualifica-tions, and up-to-date machinery seem to be a very good partner, both to the armed forces and the civilian market.

According to the decision of Ministry of Treasury and with approval of the Ministry of National Defence of Po-land, on January 1st, 2008 the state company was trans-formed into the stock company with State as a holder of 100% of the company’s shares. The reorganisation had been dictated by State Factories Privatisation Act and the company will remain under direct supervision of the Min-istry of National Defence. n

Automated VHF/UHF Communication Intelligence and Przebiśnieg Jamming System favoured by the prizes of „Defender 2007” granted at the International Defence Industry Fairs in Poland.

LWR-H laser warning receiver for military helos of the Polish army.

The Military Electronics Works J-S Co. in Zielonka are today a modern enterprise capable of independent design, research and production of the most complex armament systems and military equipment.

Wojskowe Zakłady Elektroniczne SAMilitary Electronic Works

You can contact us:Wojskowe Zakłady Elektroniczne SA

ul. 1 Maja 1, 05-220 Zielonkaphone +48 22 781 99 71

fax +48 22 771 82 07e-mail: [email protected] www.wze.com.pl

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Missile Technology Upgrade Centre (Wojskowe Zakłady Uzbrojenia S.A.)

Obsolete analogue systems have been replaced with microprocessor digital technology. There have been in-troduced passive thermal-optoelectronic technologies intended for the target detection and recognition, as well as land navigation systems with satellite support and the latest generation IFF identification system.

Wojskowe Zakłady Uzbrojenia S.A. modernizations resulted in: the increase in the resistance of the systems against passive and active jamming, the increase in target detection in radar and optoelectronic channels, precise IFF „friend-foe” identification in Mark XII Mod 4 standard with the possibil-ity of extending it to Mark XIIA, the increase in radar and electronic jamming resistance, the increase in radar and

electronic camouflage, the increase in radar and visual information imaging on digital in-dicators, precise defining the terrain situation and the application of the modern elements base. Thanks to the above, spare parts necessary for the running operation have been provided for.

The upgrades have undergone a thorough examination and have been performed for the

Polish Armed Forces, for the Hungarian Army and Bundes- wehr and for United Kingdom’s Royal Air Force. It can be stated that the effects of the upgrades are really impressive taking into account the financial resources that have been invested. Thanks to the combat capability growth as to the characteristics the equipment may be classified as one gen-eration better in comparison with the former version. n

The Company has reached a significant position in the international group of the companies that are special-ized in upgrading missile armaments and is one of the

European market leaders in terms of overhauls of anti-air-craft missile systems. Wojskowe Zakłady Uzbrojenia S.A. ser-vices and products are of Polish Army and European, Asian and African Armies’ interest.

Wojskowe Zakłady Uzbrojenia S.A., as a professional company, is implementing innovative solutions and new technologies, based on international standards as to the devel-opments of missile defense technology. Wojskowe Zakłady Uzbrojenia S.A., has designed, produced and implement-ed the upgrades of such anti-aircraft missile systems as 9A33BM2/3OSA (SA-8), 2K12KUB (SA-6), 2K11KRUG (SA-4) and S 200WEGA (SA-5). The systems have been adjusted to meet the requirements of the modern battlefield, which made it possible to use them in operation.

The upgrades radically change the quality of the systems, which has been achieved by replacing Russian defense industry assemblies with Wojskowe Zakłady Uzbrojenia S.A.’s solutions and through removing operational vari-ance. The application of the latest technological solutions improves tactical-technical parameters and significantly increases in the reliability of the system.

The missiles launcher of the SA-6 anti-aircraft missile system integrated with RIM-162 ESSM missiles.

Wojskowe Zakłady Uzbrojenia S.A. has been conducting its business activity since1960 and belongs to the group of few NATO companies that carried out the upgrades of the post soviet missile Systems and adjusted them to operate with the integrated air defense systems of the Alliance. Wojskowe Zakłady Uzbrojenia S.A. is specialized in upgrades and main overhauls of the anti-aircraft missile systems, especially preliminary detection radar systems, guidance systems and self-made identification systems.

You can contact us:Wojskowe Zakłady Uzbrojenia S.A.

ul. Parkowa 42, 86-300 Grudziądz, Polandphone +48 56 64 46 200, fax +48 56 46 23 783

e-mail: [email protected] www.wzu.pl

The modernised OSA (SA-8) anti-aircraft missile combat vehicle after testing and certification performed by experts of the International AIMS Program Office of US Department of Defence on the Polish range and that confirms an interoperability of the IFF system produced by Wojskowe Zakłady Uzbrojenia S.A. with NATO MARK XII system on SA-8 and SA-6 platforms.

The opto-electronic head (thermovision camera, TV camera, laser range finder) that replaces a previous used TV sight in modernised anti-aircraft missile systems and this way guarantees thermovisual detection, laser distance measurement and increases a range of passive target detection for these sets.

99

Armour

Weapon Systems

Communication and Electronic Technologies

Aviation and Air Defence

Naval

Uniform, Personal Equipment and Logistics

Engineering Equipment

Research & Development Institutions

Index of Companiesin alphabetical order

100

1 LOGISTICS ŻURALSKI ul. Wynkówko 2076-200 Słupsk

phone +48 59 811 27 40fax +48 59 842 52 53

[email protected] www.1logistics.com.pl

Zenon Żuralski

AGENCJA ROZWOJU PRZEMYSŁU S.A. (INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT AGENCY Joint-Stock Co.)

ul. Wołoska 702-675 Warszawa

phone +48 22 460 36 00 +48 22 460 37 00

fax +48 22 460 37 01

[email protected]

Wojciech Dąbrowski

AMZ – KUTNO Sp. z o.o. (AMZ – KUTNO Ltd.)

ul. Sklęczkowska 1899-300 Kutno

phone +48 24 357 99 00fax +48 24 357 99 01

[email protected]

Jarosław Stachowski

AUTO-HIT Sp. z o.o.(AUTO-HIT Ltd.)

ul. Oświęcimska 323 43-100 Tychyul. Zagójska 704-160 Warszawa

phone +48 22 810 14 35fax +48 22 810 14 45

[email protected]

Urszula Strykier

AUTOSAN S.A.(AUTOSAN Joint-Stock Co.)

ul. Lipińskiego 10938-500 Sanok

phone +48 13 465 01 26fax +48 13 465 04 00

[email protected]

Adam Smoleń

Bumar sp. z o.o.(BUMAR Ltd.)

Al. Jana Pawa II 1100-828 Warszawa

phone +48 22 311 25 12fax +48 22 311 26 42

[email protected]

Krzysztof Krystowski

Bumar Amunicja S.A. ul. Legionów 12226-111 Skarżysko-Kamienna

phone +48 41 253 30 00fax +48 41 252 02 80

[email protected]

Waldemar Skowron

Bumar Żołnierz S.A. ul. Nowaka-Jeziorańskiego 2803-892 Warszawa

phone +48 22 515 75 06fax +48 22 613 78 44

[email protected] www.pcosa.com.pl

Ryszard Kardasz

Bumar Elektronika S.A. ul. Poligonowa 3004-051 Warszawa

phone +48 22 486 52 25 fax +48 22 486 55 04 [email protected] Ireneusz

Żmidziński

BZE BELMA S.A.(BELMA ELECTROMECHANICAL COMPANY Joint-Stock Co.)

ul. Łochowska 6985-395 Bydgoszcz

phone +48 52 363 62 01fax +48 52 363 62 03

[email protected]

Artur Łysakowski

CENREX Sp z o. o.(CENREX – TRADING COMPANY Ltd.)

ul. Podwale 2300-952 Warszawa

phone +48 22 332 72 00fax +48 22 332 72 22

[email protected]

Andrzej Nałęcz

CONSAFE LOGISTICS Ltd. ul. Poleczki 1202-822 Warszawa

phone +48 22 768 70 00fax +48 22 768 70 99

[email protected] www.consafelogistics.pl

Marcin Bondara

DGT Sp. z .o.o.(DGT Ltd.)

ul. Młyńska 783-010 Straszyn

phone +48 58 682 07 00fax +48 58 683 29 25

[email protected]

Andrzej Adler

EADS PZL WARSZAWA–OKĘCIE S.A.(EADS PZL WARSZAWA–OKĘCIE Joint-Stock Co.)

Al. Krakowska 110/11400-971 Warszawa

phone +48 22 577 22 02fax +48 22 577 22 03

[email protected]

Władysław Skorski

FABRYKA BRONI ŁUCZNIK - RADOM Sp. z o.o.(ŁUCZNIK – RADOM – ARMS FACTORY Ltd.)

ul. 1905 Roku 1/926-600 Radom

Secretary:+48 48 380 31 00Sales department:+48 48 380 31 21

[email protected]

Tomasz Nita

FPS Sp. z o.o.(FPS – SPECIAL PRODUCTION PLANT Ltd.)

ul. Obornicka 1Bolechowo62-005 Owińska

phone +48 61 892 32 01 +48 61 892 32 26

fax +48 61 892 32 05

[email protected] www.pfs.com.pl

Piotr Mazurek

FUMIS – BUMAR Sp. z o.o.(FUMIS – BUMAR FACTORY OF MACHINERIES AND SPRINGS Ltd.)

ul. Legionów 2234-100 Wadowice

phone +48 33 823 30 81 to 83fax +48 33 823 46 32

[email protected]@ fumis-bumar.com.plwww.fumis-bumar.com.pl

Jan Tyrka

HAMILTON SUNSTRAND POLAND ul. Hetmańska 12035-078 Rzeszów

phone +48 17 888 20 00fax +48 22 888 22 51 www.hamiltonsunstrand.com.pl Roman

Staszewski

HUTA STALOWA WOLA S.A. ul. Kwiatkowskiego 137-450 Stalowa Wola

phone +48 15 813 41 11fax +48 15 842 19 08

[email protected]

Krzysztof Trofiniak

INTERMET Sp. z o.o.(INTERMET Ltd.)

ul. Jerzego z Dąbrowy 477-300 Człuchów

phone +48 59 834 48 39 [email protected]

Ryszard Stachowiak

Company name Address Phone/fax e-mail and website Chairman Profile

101

INSTYTUT LOTNICTWA(INSTITUTE OF AVIATION)

Al. Krakowska 110/11402-256 Warszawa

phone +48 22 846 00 11fax +48 22 846 44 32

[email protected]

Witold Wiśniowski

INSTYTUT PRZEMYSŁU ORGANICZNEGO(IPO – INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY)

ul. Annopol 603-236 Warszawa

phone +48 22 811 12 31fax +48 22 811 07 99

[email protected]

Urszula Wykrzykowska

INSTYTUT TECHNICZNY WOJSK LOTNICZYCH(AIR FORCE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY)

ul. Księcia Bolesława 601-494 Warszawa

phone +48 22 685 20 01fax +48 22 836 44 71

[email protected]

Ryszard Szczepanik

INSTYTUT TECHNOLOGII BEZPIECZEŃSTWA „MORATEX”(MORATEX – THE INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL TEXTILES)

Skłodowskiej-Curie 390-965 Łódź

phone +48 42 637 37 63fax +48 42 636 92 26

[email protected]

Elżbieta Witczak

JAKUSZ – SYSTEMY ZABEZPIECZEŃ BANKOWYCH

ul. Przemysłowa 40 83-400 Kościerzyna

phone +48 58 686 31 01fax +48 58 686 49 09

[email protected]

Bogdan Jakusz

LUBAWA S.A.(LUBAWA Joint-stock Co.)

ul. Staroprzygodzka 11763-400 Ostrów Wielkopolski

phone +48 62 737 5700fax +48 62 737 5708

www.lubawagroup.comwww.lubawagroup.com

Piotr Ostaszewski

MIĘDZYNARODOWE TARGI GDAŃSKIE S.A.(THE MILITARY FAIRS IN GDAŃSK)

ul. Beniowskiego 580-382 Gdańsk

phone +48 58 554 92 13 +48 58 554 93 28

fax +48 58 552 2243

[email protected]

Balt Military Project Manager: Marek Buczkowski

MORSKA STOCZNIA REMONTOWA S.A.(MORSKA SHIPYARD Joint-Stock Co.)

ul. Ludzi Morza 1672-602 Świnoujście

phone +48 91 321 62 41fax +48 91 321 61 44

[email protected]

Jacek Szafrański

NITROERG S.A. (NITROERG Joint-Stock Co.)

ul. Chemików 13343-150 Bieruń

phone +48 32 216 09 00 +48 32 392 81 02

fax +48 32 392 81 00

[email protected]

Józef Dulian

OPTIMUM – LASOTA i S-ka s.j.(OPTIMUM – LASOTA & Co. Registered Partnership)

ul. Suwak 402-676 Warszawa

phone +48 22 84 35 142fax +48 22 84 35 142

[email protected]

Dariusz Tymiński

OŚRODEK BADAWCZO-ROZWOJOWY SPRZĘTU MECHANICZNEGO Sp. z o.o.(OBR SM – The Mechanical Equipment R&D Centre Ltd.)

ul. Kochanowskiego 30 33-100 Tarnów

phone +48 14 629 60 44fax +48 14 629 60 46

[email protected]

Krzysztof Jagiełło

OŚRODEK BADAWCZO-ROZWOJOWY URZĄDZEŃ MECHANICZNYCH OBRUM(OBRUM – RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTRE FOR MECHANICAL APPLIANCES)

ul. Toszecka 10244-117 Gliwice

phone +48 32 301 92 05fax +48 32 231 58 87

[email protected]

Jerzy Olek

OŚRODEK BADAWCZO-ROZWOJOWY CENTRUM TECHNIKI MORSKIEJ OBR – CTM (MARINE TECHNOLOGY R&D CENTRE)

ul. Dickmana 6281-109 Gdynia

phone +48 58 666 53 18 +48 58 666 53 00

fax +48 58 666 53 04

[email protected]

Andrzej Kilian

PHUP PRODUCTS – M. KUPCZAK ul. Legionów 3562-800 Kalisz

phone +48 62 757 66 59fax +48 62 757 66 59

[email protected]

Bogusław Kupczak

PHZ CENZIN Sp z o.o.(CENZIN – FOREIGN TRADE ENTERPRISE Ltd.)

ul. Czerniakowska 81/8300-957 Warszawa

phone +48 22 841 12 63fax +48 22 841 12 66

[email protected]

Dariusz Antosik

PIMCO Sp. z o.o.(PIMCO Ltd.)

ul. Żołny 6302-815 Warszawa

phone +48 22 643 23 58fax +48 22 203 51 40

[email protected]

Bohdan Peterson

POLSKA IZBA PRODUCENTÓW NA RZECZ OBRONNOŚCI KRAJU(POLISH CHAMBER OF NATIONAL DEFENCE MANUFACTURERS)

ul. Fort Wola 2200-961 Warszawa

phone +48 22 634 47 78 +48 22 634 47 79 +48 22 836 84 24

fax +48 22 634 47 78

[email protected]

Sławomir Kułakowski

POLSKIE ZAKŁADY LOTNICZE Sp. z o.o.– PZL – MIELEC/A SIKORSKY COMPANY

ul. Wojska Polskiego 3 39-300 Mielec

phone +48 17 788 79 21fax +48 17 788 78 29

[email protected]

Janusz Zakręcki

PRZEMYSŁOWY INSTYTUT MOTORYZACJI(AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY INSTITUTE)

ul. Jagiellońska 5503-301 Warszawa

phone +48 22 811 14 21fax +48 22 811 60 28

[email protected] www.pimot.org.pl

Andrzej Muszyński

PRZEMYSŁOWY INSTYTUT MASZYN BUDOWLANYCH Sp. z o.o.(CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT RESEARCH INSTITUTE Ltd.)

ul. Napoleona 2 05-230 Kobyłka

phone +48 22 786 18 31fax +48 22 786 18 30

[email protected] www.pimb.com.pl

Andrzej Machniewski

PRZEMYSŁOWY INSTYTUT, AUTOMATYKI I POMIARÓW – PIAP(INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR AUTOMATION AND MEASUREMENTS)

Al. Jerozolimskie 20202-486 Warszawa

phone +48 22 874 03 43fax +48 22 874 01 06

[email protected] www.piap.pl

Jan Jabłkowski


102

PSO MASKPOL S.A.(MASKPOL – PROTECTION EQUIPMENT ENTERPRISE Joint-Stock Co.)

Konieczki42-140 Panki

phone +48 34 317 97 02fax +48 34 317 98 31

[email protected] www.maskpol.com.pl

Krzysztof Dędek

RADIOTECHNIKA-MARKETING Sp. z o.o.(RADIOTECHNIKA-MARKETING Ltd.)

ul. Fabryczna 20, Pietrzykowice55-080 Kąty Wrocławskie

phone +48 71 327 07 00fax +48 71 327 08 00

[email protected]

Marek Dras

RADMOR S.A.(RADMOR Joint-Stock Co.)

ul. Hutnicza 381-212 Gdynia

phone +48 58 69 96 621fax +48 58 69 96 622

[email protected] www.radmor.com.pl

Andrzej Synowiecki

SMART Sp. z o.o.(SMART Ltd.)

Al. Jana Pawa II 581-345 Gdynia

phone +48 58 661 17 50fax +48 58 660 46 82

[email protected] www.smart.gda.pl

Zdzisław Uherek

SSR GRYFIA S.A.(GRYFIA Joint-Stock Co.)

ul. Ludowa 1371-700 Szczecin

phone +48 91 424 23 53fax +48 91 424 23 19

gryfi [email protected] www.gryfia.com.pl

Patryk Michałek

STOCZNIA REMONTOWA NAUTA SA(NAUTA SHIPREPAIR YARD Joint-Stock Co.)

ul. Waszyngtona 181-342 Gdynia

phone +48 58 621 21 22fax +48 58 621 22 79

[email protected]

Andrzej Szwarc

TARGI KIELCE(KIELCE TRADE FAIRS)

ul. Zakładowa 125-672 Kielce

phone +48 41 365 12 98fax +48 41 365 12 79

[email protected]@targikielce.pl

MSPO Project Manager Agnieszka Białek

TELDAT H. KRUSZYŃSKI, M. CICHOCKI Sp.J.(TELDAT Registered Partnership)

ul. Cicha 19/27 85-650 Bydgoszcz

phone +48 52 341 97 00 fax +48 52 341 97 40 [email protected]

www.teldat.com.pl

Henryk Kruszyński Marek Cichocki

TRANSBIT Sp. z o.o.(TRANSBIT Ltd.)

ul. Łukasza Drewny 8002-968 Warszawa,

phone +48 22 550 48 00fax +48 22 550 48 10

[email protected]

Dariusz Faliński

UNIMOR RADIOCOM Sp. z o.o.(UNIMOR RADIOCOM Ltd.)

ul. Budowlanych 46C80-298 Gdańsk

phone +48 58 762 30 02 +48 58 762 30 04

fax +48 58 762 30 01

[email protected]

Dariusz Białkowski

WAMTECHNIK Sp. z o.o.(WAMTECHNIK Ltd.)

ul. Techniczna 205-500 Piaseczno

phone +48 22 701 26 00fax +48 22 701 26 01

[email protected]

Katarzyna Kerschke- -Habeck

WB ELECTRONICS Sp. z o.o.(WB ELECTRONICS Ltd.)

ul. Poznańska 129/13305-850 Ożarów Mazowiecki

phone +48 22 731 25 00fax +48 22 731 25 01

[email protected]

Piotr Wojciechowski

WOJSKOWE CENTRALNE BIURO KONSTRUKCYJNO-TECHNOLOGICZNE(CENTRAL MILITARY BUREAU OF DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY)

ul. Kaliskiego 200-908 Warszawa

phone +48 22 683 94 91fax +48 22 666 81 62

[email protected]

Artur Kołosowski

WOJSKOWE ZAKŁADY MECHANICZNE SA(MILITARY MECHANICAL WORKS Joint-Stock Co.)

ul. Powstańców 5/741-100 Siemianowice Śląskie

phone +48 32 228 57 51fax +48 32 228 12 52

[email protected] Adam Janik

WOJSKOWE ZAKŁADY MOTORYZACYJNE SA(MILITARY MOTORIZATION WORKS Joint-Stock Co.)

ul. Dąbrowskiego 262/28060-406 Poznań

phone +48 61 857 61 10fax +48 61 847 47 46

[email protected]

Janusz Potocki

WOJSKOWE ZAKŁADY ELEKTRONICZNE SA(MILITARY ELECTRONIC WORKS Joint-Stock Co.)

ul. 1 Maja 105-220 Zielonka

phone +48 22 781 99 71fax +48 22 771 82 07

[email protected] Edward Żak

WOJSKOWE ZAKŁADY INŻYNIERYJNE(MILITARY ENGINEERING WORKS)

ul. 15 Pułku Piechoty Wilków 308-530 Dęblin

phone +48 81 880 15 01fax +48 81 880 15 02

[email protected] Jan Gędek

WOJSKOWE ZAKŁADY LOTNICZE Nr 1(MILITARY AVIATION WORKS No. 1)

ul. Dubois 11993-465 Łódź

phone +48 42 681 55 60 +48 42 681 55 64

fax +48 42 681 33 18

[email protected] Jan Piętowski


ul. Szubińska 10785-915 Bydgoszcz

phone +48 52 362 86 00fax +48 52 362 86 90

[email protected]

Alfred Załużny


Księcia Bolesława 1/301-452 Warszawa 42

phone +48 22 685 23 01fax +48 22 836 45 21

[email protected]

Jan Piotrowski

WOJSKOWE ZAKŁADY ŁĄCZNOŚCI Nr 1(MILITARY COMMUNICATIONS WORKS No. 1) 05-130 Zegrze phone +48 22 784 12 36

fax +48 22 784 13 36 [email protected]

Witold Leszczyński

WOJSKOWE ZAKŁADY ŁĄCZNOŚCI Nr 2(MILITARY COMMUNICATIONS WORKS No. 2)

ul. Fabryczna 1255-003 Czernica

phone +48 71 318 01 86fax +48 71 381 01 11

[email protected]

RyszardSzablewski

WOJSKOWE ZAKŁADY UZBROJENIA SA(MILITARY ARMAMENT WORKS Joint-Stock Co.)

ul. Parkowa 4286-304 Grudziądz

phone +48 56 644 62 00fax +48 56 462 37 83

[email protected]

Zdzisław Juchacz

WOJSKOWY INSTYTUT CHEMII I RADIOMETRII(MILITARY INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY AND RADIOMETRY)

Al. Chruściela 10500-910 Warszawa

phone +48 22 681 33 95 +48 22 516 99 09 +48 22 681 41 20

fax +48 22 673 51 80

[email protected]

Roman Jóźwik

WOJSKOWY INSTYTUT ŁĄCZNOŚCI(MILITARY COMMUNICATION INSTITUTE)

ul. Warszawska 22A05-130 Zegrze

phone +48 22 688 55 55fax +48 22 774 63 03

[email protected]

Marek Suchański


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WOJSKOWY INSTYTUT TECHNICZNY UZBROJENIA(MILITARY INSTITUTE OF ARMAMENT TECHNOLOGY)

ul. Wyszyńskiego 705-220 Zielonka

phone +48 22 761 44 01fax +48 22 761 44 45

[email protected]

Ryszard Kostrow

WOJSKOWY INSTYTUT TECHNIKI INŻYNIERYJNEJ(MILITARY INSTITUTE OF TECHNICAL ENGINEERING)

ul. Obornicka 13650-961 Wrocław 43

phone +48 71 347 44 40fax +48 71 347 44 50

[email protected] www.witi.wroc.pl

Leszek Bogdan

WOJSKOWY INSTYTUT TECHNIKI PANCERNEJ I SAMOCHODOWEJ(MILITARY INSTITUTE OF ARMOURED AND AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY)

ul. Okuniewska 105-070 Sulejówekskrytka pocztowa 45

phone +48 22 783 19 28 +48 22 681 10 12

fax +48 22 681 10 73

[email protected]

Marek Szudrowicz

WSK PZL KALISZ S.A.(PZL KALISZ Joint Stock Co.)

ul. Częstochowska 14062-800 Kalisz

phone +48 62 504 61 00fax +48 62 504 67 77

[email protected]

Bogdan Karczmarz

WYTWÓRNIA SPRZĘTU KOMUNIKACYJNEGO PZL-RZESZÓW Spółka Akcyjna(PZL-RZESZÓW Joint-Stock Co.)

ul. Hetmańska 12035-078 Rzeszów

phone +48 17 854 66 00fax +48 17 862 07 50 www.wskrz.com Marek

Darecki

WYTWÓRNIA SPRZĘTU KOMUNIKACYJNEGO PZL-ŚWIDNIK S.A.(PZL-ŚWIDNIK Joint-Stock Co.)

Al. Lotników Polskich 121-045 Świdnik

phone +48 81 751 20 71 +48 81 468 09 01

fax +48 81 751 21 73 +48 81 468 09 18

[email protected]

Mieczysław Majewski

ZCH NITRO-CHEM S.A.(NITRO-CHEM – CHEMICAL PLANT Joint-Stock Co.)

ul. Wojska Polskiego 65A85-825 Bydgoszcz

phone +48 52 361 78 46fax +48 52 361 11 24

[email protected]

Tomasz Ptaszyński

ZM BUMAR-ŁABĘDY S.A.(BUMAR-ŁABĘDY – MECHANICAL PLANT Joint-Stock Co.)

ul. Mechaników 944-109 Gliwice

phone +48 32 734 51 11fax +48 32 734 65 11

[email protected] www.bumar.gliwice.pl

Andrzej Szortyka

ZM BUMAR – MIKULCZYCE S.A.(BUMAR – MIKULCZYCE MECHANICAL PLANT Joint-Stock Co.)

ul. Handlowa 241-807 Zabrze

phone +48 32 373 86 00fax +48 32 271 37 42

[email protected]

Marek Kwiatek

ZM DEZAMET S.A.(DEZAMET – MECHANICAL PLANT Ltd.)

ul. Szypowskiego 139-460 Nowa Dęba

phone +48 15 848 14 23fax +48 15 846 26 19

[email protected]

Leszek Pabian

ZM KRAŚNIK Sp. z o.o.(KRAŚNIK – MECHANICAL PLANT Ltd.)

ul. Fabryczna 623-210 Kraśnik

phone +48 81 825 71 79 +48 81 825 75 87

fax +48 81 825 7538 [email protected] Dariusz

Szlafka

ZM TARNÓW S.A. (TARNÓW – MECHANICAL WORKS Joint-Stock Co.)

ul. Kochanowskiego 3033-100 Tarnów

phone +48 14 630 62 00fax +48 14 630 62 04

[email protected]

Krzysztof Jagiełło

ZPS GAMRAT Sp. z o.o.(GAMRAT Ltd.)

ul. Mickiewicza 10838-200 Jasło

phone +48 13 491 42 35fax +48 13 491 50 10

[email protected]

Andrzej Cholewiak

ZAKŁADY PRODUKCI SPECJALNEJ Sp. z o.o. (ZPS – SPECIAL PRODUCTION PLANTS Ltd.)

ul. Zakładowa 726-670 Pionki

phone +48 48 385 21 75fax +48 48 385 22 55

[email protected]

Arkadiusz Szulecki

ZSP NIEWIADÓW S.A.(NIEWIADÓW Joint-Stock Co.)

Os. Niewiadów 4997-225 Ujazd

phone +48 44 719 20 00fax +48 44 719 20 16

[email protected] Jan Sitek


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Polish Defence Yearbook 2012

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Transcript of Polish Defence Yearbook 2012