Policy Responses to Demographic Change
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Transcript of Policy Responses to Demographic Change
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Policy Responses to Policy Responses to Demographic Demographic
Change Change
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Population Policies
Pro-natalist / Expansive
Anti-natalist / Restrictive
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Why would a country want Why would a country want a pro-natalist policy ?a pro-natalist policy ?
http://www.aishbaltimore.com/zz/family/rebbitzen/The_Joys_of_A_Large_Family.asp
http://www.imb.org/southern-africa/images/Malagasy_children.jpg
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Why would a country want Why would a country want an an
anti-natalist policyanti-natalist policy ? ?
http://www.upiasia.com/thumbnails/63232c7d88b2a81dfa3c881741f3ac7a.jpg
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Population PoliciesPopulation Policies
• Expansion Policies –Encourage large families –Tax incentives
• Eugenic Policies –Policies designed to favor one sector over another
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• Restrictive Policies – Toleration of unapproved birth control– Prohibition of large families
Population PoliciesPopulation Policies
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Population ControlPopulation Control• Obstacles
– Manufacture/distribution expense
– Religion– Low female status– Preference for male
children
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Birth Control Programs
• One family/one child policies– Female infanticide– Social compensation fees
• Sterilization• Loss of status• Termination
healthcare/food coupons
• Free birth control• Increased literacy
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Limitations of Population Limitations of Population Policies Policies
• Urbanization and industrialization more effective than restrictive properties
• Education of women helps more than sex education (1 year education = reduces fertility by 5-10 percent)
• Restricting immigration ages a population
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Japan vs. China
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Japan – Post Japan – Post WWIIWWII
• Refugees return from colonies• Soldiers return home to families • American occupation improved
medical stuff• Birth rate increased and death
rate dropped
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Japan – Eugenic Japan – Eugenic Protection ActProtection Act
• Legalized abortions for social, medical, and economic reasons
• Contraceptives were made available
• Enormous abortions brought down the birth rate – BR +34 per 1000 in 1947 – BR 18 per 1000 in 1957
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Japan – Expansionary Japan – Expansionary PolicyPolicy
• 1991 – government encouraged parents to have larger families
• Immigration restrictions limit influx of younger workers
• Will probably use technology to improve productivity
• Japan on the road to negative growth
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Japan – Aging Crisis
• 23,000 – Centenarians
• Grows by 13% annually
• Oldest member 114
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Japan – Economic Impact
• Under 100 million people by the middle of the century
• 30 million fewer workers at a time when the number of elderly will have almost doubled
• By 2050, if the birth rate remains the same people over 60 will make up over 30% of the population
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China – Under Mao • Mao Zedong was
against population control
• Following Mao’s death in 1979 the government introduced population controls
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China – One Child Policy China – One Child Policy
• 1979 Policy to encourage couples to have one child
• Applied loosely at first, which did not work
• Restrictions tightened in 1982• Created dramatic reduction in the
birth rate
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One Child Policy 1979
- rewards start once 1 child contract is signed
Rewards
•free medical care •free daycare and schooling•guaranteed job for child•bonuses for parents•extra maternity leave•better housing•bigger old age pension
Penalties
•must repay financial benefits•educational, medical benefits, & guaranteed jobs are withdrawn•parents’ wages reduced
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Penalties and hardships of the one-child policy
• Farming families had no extra labor and defied authorities
• Gov’t fired offenders from jobs
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80,000 Family Planning Workers
Practice birth control for the revolution
source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html
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source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html
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source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html
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Millions of dollars have been spent on
education and on advertising.
http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html
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http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html
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Carry out family planning Implement the basic national policy
http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html
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Clever and pretty healthy and lovely
source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html
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http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.htmlhttp://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html
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http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html
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http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html
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Why do the posters often suggest an association between economic prosperity
and happy 1 child families ?
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China – Social Impact China – Social Impact
• Female infanticide• Over 300,000 more males survive
than females• Future males will substantially
outnumber females • Social consequences are unknown
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How many missing girls are there in the under 20 categories ?How many missing girls are there in the under 20 categories ?
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China – Relaxation of Policy
• 1984 – regulations loosened • Weakened enforcement • Peasants with rising incomes
would pay the fines for births • 2000 Growth rate = .9%
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The End!