Policy Proposals for Migration and Development The World Bank 24 April 2007.
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Transcript of Policy Proposals for Migration and Development The World Bank 24 April 2007.
Policy Proposals for Migration and Development
The World Bank24 April 2007
• Gaining from Migration: Policy
Proposals for a New Labour Mobility
System, September 2007
• Migration and Development: Should
They Stay or Should They Go?, October
2007
Migration at the OECD Development Centre
Gaining from Migration: Key Outputs
– Migration, employment, growth
– Challenges for integration– Diaspora networks– Migration and
development
Evaluative reviews: what do we know about…
Policy Briefs: synthesising policy
lessons regarding…
Final Report (proposals for managing a new mobility
system)
Sub-Saharan Africa, Central America, Central Europe
Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Moldova Ghana, Mali Morocco, Turkey Ecuador India
Regional and Country Case Studies
Key Messages: Policy Innovations
1. Look at migration policies through a development lens
2. Integrate international migration into development strategies
3. Overhaul the organisation of migration management
4. Make policies more coherent for more effective management
The Migration Life Cycle
Phase
Labour supply
Productivity
Remittances
Growth PovertyReduction
Exit - - 0/- 0/- -Adjustment 0/- ? 0/+ 0/- 0/-Consolidati
on 0 + + + +Networking 0 + 0/+ + +
Return + ? - ? ?
Migration’s Effect on Growth and Poverty Reduction
Source: OECD (2007)
(1) Look at migration policies through a development lens
Percent of Tertiary Educated Population in OECD Countries
<2%<5%<10%<20%>20%
Source: OECD Database on Expatriates and Immigrants, 2004
Less-educated migrants don’t come from the poorest
countries
6 7 8 9 10 11
Log GDP per capita 2000
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
Lo
g lo
w s
kill
em
igra
tio
n r
ate
to
EU
Source: Data from OECD Database on Expatriates and Immigrants, 2004; WDI; authors’ analysis.
Mobility of the low-skilled: greater poverty reduction?
• The low skilled are more likely to be poor themselves
• Labour-market effect: creates vacancy• Remittances sent by the low-skilled:
– Benefit poorer households and regions– Insurance value, more valuable to the poor
• Low-skilled remit more
Europe attracts fewer highly educated migrants
Source: OECD Database on Expatriates and Immigrants, 2004
Low
MiddleHigh
Low MiddleHigh
Europe America0
5
10
15
Mill
ion
s
Non-OECD
OECD origin
Smart visa policies for legal migration and development
• Proliferation of temporary employment schemes: joint management in 57 out of 92 countries.
• Limitations of specific duration guest worker programmes
• Multiple entry visas: device to ease return and circularity.
• Continuous and active monitoring of contracting arrangements.
• Pre-departure training and language courses.
Reported Remittances Sent per Migrant (2000)
EU
GCC
E Asia
NIC
sUS
Other O
ECD
Develo
ping R
eg.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
US
$
Source: IMF Balance of Payments Statistics and UN Trends in Migrant Stock.
Remittances: how to expand benefits?
• Remittances not a substitute for development assistance.
• Lower the cost of transfers: a priority for EU Member States.
• Provide improved access and innovative financial instruments.
• Codéveloppement: involve migrants and their associations
(2) Integrate international migration into development
strategies
Integrating International Migration into Development
StrategiesFor sending countries: integrate migration into
macroeconomic, human resource management, higher education, infrastructure and “South-South” policy initiatives
Major developing country diasporas in the EU
Foreign-born or foreign (*) populationsSource: OECD International Migration Outlook 2006.
Enabling Diasporas• Social and economic integration
– Knowledge of job opportunities– Accessing social services
• Vectors of trade and investment– Transnational networks create trade
opportunities– Preference for home-produced goods
• Development co-operation– Engage diasporas networks to facilitate return
migrants– Migrant networks to foster “virtual return” – Co-development projects
(3) Overhaul the organisation of migration
management
Overhauling the Organisation of Migration
Management• National level: inter-ministerial
initiatives to promote co-ordination of development and migration policies
• Supra-national level: stronger systematic consultations …
Migration management: Decision making in the EU
JHA Council(27 EU interior ministers)
General Affairs Council(27 EU foreign ministers)
SCIFA(Interior/justice reps)
High-Level Working Group onAsylum and Immigration
(Interior/justice reps)
AsylumFrontiers &False Documents
CIREFIVisa
Coreper II(Commitee of PermanentRepresentatives of the
member states)
Migration &Expulsion
Working parties
(4) Make policies more coherent for more effective
management
Complementarity of flows
Cogneau and Lambert (2006)
Policy coherence: what role for aid?
• Aid cannot really slow migration…but it can serve as a catalyst to:–diffuse the benefits of migration– facilitate adjustment
• Aid channelled to investments in infrastructure can facilitate domestic labour market integration.
• Aid channelled to capacity building can mitigate the negative impact of the brain drain.
Policy coherence: what role for trade policies?• EU and OECD trade policies have a
significant impact on living standards and income in low income countries and hence affect migration patterns.
• More coherence is needed between EU and OECD trade and migration policies.
• The international community needs to consider the scope of GATS Mode 4 to encompass low-skilled workers.
Effective partnerships
Partnerships: a vehicle for maximising gains and minimising risks of international migration?
OECD countries commit themselves to rethinking migration policies conducive to development, and development assistance for capacity building
Sending countries commit themselves to mainstream migration and remittances into national development strategies
For more info: www.oecd.org/dev/migration
Thank you for your attention!
Merci de votre attention !Bedankt !
Mnogo blagodarya!Multumesc!