Policy

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MPW 1133MALAYSIAN STUDIES

The Malaysian Main PoliciesGroup members:

No. Name ID No.

1 Hazimah binti Halil MEC 111028

2 Sheratul Asyikin bt Zamarudin MEC 111058

3 Noralliff bin Norijan MEC 111054

TTO’s Name:

Mohd Ariff Shah bin Muhammad Dzazuli

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Overview

Vision

2020

National

Education

Policy

Youth Policy

Women

Policy

New Economic

Policy

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Vision2020

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Statement of a goal for Malaysia to pursue in order to attain a development nation status by 2020.

Was contained in working paper Malaysia – Melangkah ke Hadapan.

Dr. Mahathir Mohamed – Delivered in conjunction with the launching of the Malaysia Business Council (February 1991).

It outlined challenges of a:- Changing political Economic Social scenario National and Internationally

Malaysia must be able to overcome the 9 basics challenges to continue: - Enjoy prosperity Political stability Economic growth Social harmony

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ChallengesChallenge 1:

• Creating an integrated and united Malaysian society – Share common vision.

• Many other national objectives would not be possible without it.

• Nation-state divided by factors:- Region & ethnicity would be diverting much of its time Energies to conflict management instead of

development for the benefits of the peoples.

• This is the common process of nation-building.

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Challenge 2:

• To promote a Malaysian society that is free, resilience, self-confidence.

• It is not enough to be free, that is to have independence (people must feel the freedom and the benefits of being free).

• It is therefore equally important – They develop a sense of self-confidence and resilience in facing up to the challenges.

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Challenge 3:

• To build a democratic society that is matured and can be a model to other developing countries.

• The high level of maturity and tolerance among its many ethnic groups has been evidenced – (since) The independence and the country only needs to enhance them.

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Challenge 4:

• To create a society with high moral and ethnical values and one that is deeply religious.

• Early1970s – Malaysia has sets its target towards this aim with the launching of the national ideology (The Rukunegara).

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Challenge 5:

• To create a liberal and tolerance society - The various ethnic group are free to practice their own culture, custom and belief system (Pledging loyalty to the country).

• Even the socio-cultural differences – But they able to live side by side peacefully.

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Challenge 6:

• To create a scientific and progressive society – Highly receptive to dynamic change as well as forward looking.

• Country should not only be the user of technology BUT should also be a contributor to the scientific and technology community.

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Challenge 7:

• To create a caring Malaysian society.

• This involves the promotion of a caring culture – Places community interests above individual needs.

• The accomplishment of this goal – (would) Require the strengthening of the family system with a caring value.

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Challenge 8:

• To create a just society where the benefits of development are justly distributed.

• It is a society characterises by genuine partnership between members of the various ethnic communities in the field of economy.

• To ensure – The various ethnic communities are no identified by their economic function and are therefore not divided by these differences.

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Challenge 9:

• To create a prosperous nation whose economy is:-

Competitive Dynamic Active Resilience

• This is important as outline in the previous challenges are to be accomplished.

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National Education

Policy

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• Started before independent with the Razak Report -1956.

• May be divided into 4 major phases of development:-

i. Razak Report – 1956ii. Rahman Talib Report – 1960iii. Aminuddin Baki – 1964iv. Cabinet Report – 1979v. Education Bill – 1995

• Each of these reports contained unique recommendations.

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Razak Report - 1956

• The Education committee was formed to formulate a national education system – Chaired by Tun Abdul Razak.

• The terms of reference for this Committee:-

i. To devise a national education systemii. To promote the use of Malay as the language

of instruction in schoolsiii. Ensure that the language and culture of other

ethnic groups were also protected

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Recommendations:

• Recommendation of Razak Report 1956 became the basis for the Education Ordinance 1957.

• Some of the major recommendations contained:-

The creation of a School Board of Governors for all school. The classification or identification of schools into:-

i. Privateii. Government-aidediii. Publiciv. National-type

Malay and English be a compulsory subjects in both primary and secondary schools. (Other language may be taught based upon needs and demand)

The formation of one scheme of service for teachers and all teachers will be henceforth go through the same training process.

The creation of the school inspectorate.

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Objectives:

• The Razak Report had other objectives within the context of nation-building.

• For examples:-

i. The promotion of national integration and unity through a common education system.

ii. The creation of a society that are:- Discipline Skilled Tolerant Liberal Progressive

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Rahman Talib Report - 1960• The Education Committee under Rahman Talib was formed after the 1959 general election .

• The formation of this committee - To implement one of the recommendation contained in the Razak Report (Required a study be undertaken not later than 1959)

• Although the Committee under RT was generally satisfied with the implementation of recommendation contained in Razak Report, the committee still has their own recommendations.

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Recommendations:

Malay be used as the language of instruction in schools and universities.

Free education in national primary school beginning in 1962.

Transition class for students from vernacular schools who wish to switch to national secondary school – (where) Malay was the language of

instruction.

Emphasis on vocational and technical education in order to produce skilled labor.

Emphasis on moral and religious education for spiritual development.

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Strategies:

•The RT Report became the basis of the Education Act 1961.

• The National Education Policy 1961 arose from both earlier reports (Razak Report and Rahman Talib Report)

•The major strategies in the National education Policy:- All government-aided primary school were reclassified as

either national or national-type primary schools.

Trade schools were introduced and increased in numbers.

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Cont.

Use of Malay as the main language of instruction in all schools and institution of higher learning.

Use of textbooks based on the local Malaysian background.

Preparation of a new primary school curriculum that placed emphasis on reading, writing and arithmetic.

Preparation of new secondary school curriculum that emphasized the integration of intellectual, spiritual, emotional and physical development.

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Aminuddin Baki Report - 1964

• Due to the lack of response from parents for their children to enter trade schools as another path to getting the Lower Certificate Education – this type of school was closed.

• An education system offering multiple skills/knowledge – Was introduced at the lower secondary school level and scheduled to begin in 1965.

• The public examination for selection to enter secondary school was abolished (Pupils who completed the first 6years of education eligible to enter lower secondary school).

• This was line with the earlier policy to extend schooling to those aged at least 15years.

• Removed classes were also introduced – (especially) For pupils from national-type primary schools who wished to switch to the national school.

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Objectives:

• Some of the aims of the multiple skills education:-

To prepare students to enter different fields or job market.

To prepare students to pursue different courses that fir their ability and interest.

To extend the dropout age to 15, thus providing at least 9years of basic education.

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Cabinet Committee Report - 1979

• Was formed in 1974 .

•(aim) To re-examine the national education Policy – To ensure that the national objective of creating an integrated and united Malaysian society.

• The Report of the Cabinet Committee was published in 1979.

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Strategies:

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•Emphasis on the important of education especially the skills relating to reading, writing and arithmetic.

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•Emphasis on the important of spiritual education as well as disciplines.

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•Emphasis on the curriculum to be based on local content or background.

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•The provision of upper secondary education by two routes, namely through academic or vocational.

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• The opportunities to receive education for the first 11 years.

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•The efficiency in educational administration in order to ensure the quality of education as a whole.

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The Education Bill -1995

• The last major policy on education – Built upon previous policies.

• Meant to further strengthen and streamline the education policy.

• In order to tailor the requirement of education to contemporary challenges – That Malaysia is facing at different juncture.

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Strategies:• The Education Bill 1995, called for the following to be emphasized in the National Education Policy:

Provision is made to supervise private education.

Technical and vocational schools to be upgrade.

Pre-school education to be a part of the national educational system.

Primary education to be between 5 - 7 years.

The National Education Philosophy is to be the basis of the National education policy.

The need for the national educational system – To produce world-class education in line with the national aspiration and Vision 2020.

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YouthPolicy

GERMAN-MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE (MPW 1133)

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The youth group is increasingly getting attention

They could contribute a lot and positively to national development

The government realized this, only recently that more concerted focus and efforts have been undertaken to address the needs and aspiration of this group of young people

First launched of the National Youth Policy was in 1985

The National Youth Policy that sought to organize and supervise various programmes beneficial to the young people

Background:


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The basic principles of this policy were as follow:

• To instill the spirit of Rukunegara

• To promote the spirit of unity, volunteerism and autonomy

• Promoting participation in the process of national planning

• The acquisition of high moral value and the emphasis on the importance of health and mental alertness

• The possession of knowledge that is both broad and in-depth

Objectives:

32GERMAN-MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE (MPW 1133)

Enhance the spirit of volunteerism and patriotism

Develop partnership with GOs, NGOs, the private sector and international networking

Provide a support from NGO’s and GO’s

The entrepreneurship development programmes that help provide a start-up capital for small business ventures

Provide vocational training as alternative routes to pursue or develop careers

Provide ideal ground for leadership training that help sharpen their leadership abilities

Strategies:

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Women Policy


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Women’s role in the economy has not always been recognized

Their roles and contribution to the economy and even politics should not be underestimated

A significant role played by the Women’s Wing a major political party in securing independence

The policy introduced in 1989 was in line with the government’s recognition of the potential contribution of women development and economy

The government introduced the Ministry of Women and Family Development in the early 2000’s

Background:


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The main objectives of NWP were:

o To ensure an equitable partnership between men and women in the securing of information and resources, in addition to accessing opportunities and benefits from development

o To integrate women into all sectors of development based on their needs and capability so as to raise the quality life, eradicate poverty and eliminate illiteracy as well as ensure that the nation continue to prosper

Objectives:


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•The strengthening of Women’s Affairs Unit (HAWA) as a national development agency and its placement in the Ministry of National Unity and Social Development

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•The need to ensure that policies and actions of government agencies relating to policy formulations and legislations include the contribution and implications towards women

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•The need for education and training to raise the awareness of the relevant government administrations on issues relating to women

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•The need to encourage the participation of non-governmental agencies in programmes and actions relating to women development

Strategies:

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New Economic

Policy

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Background:

•The New Economic (NEP) is master policy.

• It was introduced in 1971 as a direct result of the 1969 ethnic riot.

•The master policy was also introduced in conjunction with the launching of the Second Malaysia Plan, 1971-1975.

• NEP had two-fold aim and that was to eradicate poverty irrespective of ethnic origin and restructure the Malaysian society in order to erase ethnic identification with their economic function.

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Objectives:

To be accomplished through the distribution of opportunities based on a formula that was derived from the proportion of each ethnic group in the total national population.

55% of the opportunities and equity would be allocated to the Malay and the indigenous.

30% of similar opportunities should be made available to the Chinese who constituted about 30% of the total population.

10% to the Indians and about 5% to the rest.

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Strategies: The National Vision Policy (NVP) replaced the NDP that

expired in 2000. NVP combined the critical thrust of development that were outlined in previous master policies such as the NEP and NDP with the singular aim of promoting national integration and unity. Eradication of poverty, the restructuring of society and sustainable development continued to be emphasized in NVP. There were seven thrust areas that were specifically outlined by the NVP:-

Build a resilient society that: High sense of patriotism Displays a high level of political maturity Accommodative as well as caring and have positive

values High quality of life as well as a resilient economy

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Promote the emergence of a just society through the eradication of poverty and the reduction of inequalities between and within ethnic communities.

Sustain high economic growth through strengthening resources of growth, financial and corporate institutions and the management of macro economy.

Increase the level of competitiveness in the face of challenges of globalization and liberalization.

Develop the knowledge economy as a strategic step to increase value-added to all sectors of the economy and at the same time to optimize creative thinking of the peoples.

Strengthen human resource development in order to produce a work force that is efficient and productive as well as knowledgeable.

Continue sustainable development of the environment in order to sustain long-term growth.

Cont.

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Effort was concentrated on Malays and indigenous who have been left behind.

It was to ensure that Malays and indigenous group achieve some level of competitiveness.

Extra Effort were to be taken for the Malays and indigenous in order to raise their level of participation at least about 30% level initially.

This was the target that was hoped to be achieve by 1990.

Activities:

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References

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MALAYSIAN POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT. Authhor : Jayum A. Jawan Publication : Karisma Publication SDN. BHD Year published : 2003

MALAYSIA’S VISION 2020. Authhor : Ahmad Sarji Publication : Pelanduk Publications Year published : 1993

21st CENTURY MALAYSIA (Challenges and Strategies in Attaining Vision 2020). Authhor : Micheal Yeoh Publication : Asean Academy Press LTD Year published : 2002

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Policy

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