POL661: Environmental Law Lecture Booklet

7/30/2019 POL661: Environmental Law Lecture Booklet

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FCXN\V@CBV EI XSLAGO XEAGOW

XEA99>

Cbyg|eb`cbvna An{Acov|c @nvc|gnas

Odnf M" @oKg|c! Naa \gkdvs \csc|ycf

G" Fe [c Bccf ve X|evcov vdc Cbyg|eb`cbv5

Ynacs nbf \cnsebs

Acov|c Eyc|ygc{

[c lckgb e| ctxae|nvgeb ei cbyg|eb`cbvna an{ {gvd vdc l|enfcsv ei vexgos! fgsossgbkvdc ynac mfk`cbvs nbf |nvgebnacs vdnv `gkdv nxxaw ve vdc ~csvgeb ei x|evcovgbk vdccbyg|eb`cbv" Oebsgfc| vdnv vdc|c gs be `nbfnvc ve x|evcov vdc cbyg|eb`cbv> nbf cycbvdc yc|w gfcn skkcsvs vdc cbyg|eb`cbv gs se`cvdgbk vdnv bccfs x|evcovgbk" Gb e|fc| ie| sve bfc|svnbf vdgs gb k|cnvc| fcvnga! {c bccf ve ig|sv dnyc se`c bfc|svnbfgbk ei{dnv vdccbyg|eb`cbv novnaaw gs ${c bccf ve dnyc se`c nk|cc`cbv eb vdc vc|` cbyg|eb`cbv'!nbf vdcb {c bccf ve oe`c ve se`c bfc|svnbfgbk eb {dw vdc cbyg|eb`cbv `gkdv lc gbbccf ei x|evcovgeb" [c lcgbk vdgs ctxae|nvgeb lw fgsossgbk ynacs vdnv `gkdv lcoebbcovcf ve vdc cbyg|eb`cbv! ieaae{cf lw se`c ctxae|nvgeb ei vdc |cnsebs vdnv `gkdvctgsv ve x|evcov vdc cbyg|eb`cbv"

Eyc|ygc{ ei Cbyg|eb`cbvna An{

_e! {dnv gs cbyg|eb`cbvna an{ |cnaaw5 [caa! {c onb svn|v {gvd vdc elyges"Cbyg|eb`cbvna an{ `sv fcna {gvd nv acnsvv{e vdgbks= vdc cbyg|eb`cbv! nbf vdc an{" Ns{c `eyc vd|ekd vdc `nvc|gnas {c {gaa kngb n xc|sxcovgyc eb vdc `ngb sg`gan|gvgcs nbffgiic|cbocs lcv{ccb {dnv {c vc|` vdc cbyg|eb`cbv nbf {dnv {c gfcbvgiw {gvd ns vdcan{" Ie| be{ gv `nw siigogcbv ve onvcke|g}c vdcsc v{e oebocxvs ns ieaae{s=

> Ie| ctn`xac! vdc|c gs be oebsvgvvgebna |c~g|c`cbv icfc|naaw vdnv snws vdc keyc|b`cbv`sv x|evcov vdc cbyg|eb`cbv $vdc se|oc ei icfc|na cbyg|eb`cbvna xe{c| novnaawoe`cs i|e` vdc Oe``c|oc Oansc ei vdc S"_" Oebsvgvvgeb'" Oebv|nsv vdgs {gvd vdcLgaa ei\gkdvs $ig|sv vcb n`cbf`cbvs ve vdc S"_" Oebsvgvvgeb'! {dgod fcvngas sxcogigo |gkdvs nbfx|evcovgebs vdc ogvg}cbs dnyc nkngbsv keyc|b`cbv novgeb" S"_" Ogvg}cbs dnyc n |gkdv vei|ccfe` ei sxccod! nssc`law! vdc |gkdv ve lcn| n|`s! nbf evdc| cb`c|nvcf |gkdvs"De{cyc|! vdc|c gs be |gkdv ve n oacnb nbf dcnavdw cbyg|eb`cbv gb e| Oebsvgvvgeb"Vds! {c `sv aeej ve vdc xeagvgona x|eocss $ackgsanv|c `esvaw' ve scc gi vdc|c gs n{gaagbkbcss ve ctx|css sod |gkdvs gb e| bnvgebna xeagow lw xnssgbk an{s vdnv o|cnvc sodx|evcovgebs ie| vdc cbyg|eb`cbv"


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Xnkc < ei >>3

Cbyg|eb`cbv= Fcigbcf gb n bnv|na scbsc" \canvcs ve bnv|na scvvgbks x|g`n|gawvd|ekd elsc|ynvgebs nbf sogcboc" Lnscf `ngbaw eb elmcovgyc o|gvc|gn! `cnbgbkvdc sc ei elsc|ynvgebs nbf vdc sogcbvgigo `cvdef gbie|` s ei {dnv vdccbyg|eb`cbv gs nbf de{ e| novgebs `gkdv gbiacboc gv"


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Xnkc ? ei >>3

Ns we onb scc i|e` vdc g`nkc! vdc skkcsvgeb gb vdgs ygsna |cx|cscbvnvgeb gs vdnv vdc an{$|cx|cscbvcf ns vdclac seogcvw |covnbkac' gs oebsv|ngbcf lw vdc cbyg|eb`cbv$|cx|cscbvcf ns vdc k|ccb cbyg|eb`cbv |covnbkac'" Vdgs skkcsvs vdnv e| seognagbsvgvvgebs n|c lebf lw elmcovgyc bnv|na swsvc` inove|s" Vds! e| seogna exvgebs n|cag`gvcflw cbyg|eb`cbvna oebsv|ngbvs: e| nlgagvw ve `njc odegocs gs ag`gvcf lw

lnojk|ebf cbyg|eb`cbvna oebfgvgebs"

?

Sbfc| sod n x|cs`xvgeb! {c onb scc vdnv an{ gsse`c{dnv slsc|ygcbv ve vdc cbyg|eb`cbv! nv acnsv {dcb {c oebsgfc| {dnv `sv kgyc{nw {dcb vdc v{e oe`c gbve oebiagov sod vdnv d`nb {caalcgbk gs xanocf nv |gsj" [cdnyc òd k|cnvc| oebv|ea eyc| odnbkgbk e| an{s $ns ctx|cssgebs ei e| seogcvna be|`s'vdcb {c fe eyc| odnbkgbk lnojk|ebf cbyg|eb`cbvna oebfgvgebs ve sgv e| bccfs" Vds!{c `nw igbf cbyg|eb`cbvna an{s oe`c gbve ctgsvcboc ns n {nw ei odnbkgbk e|ctxcovnvgebs ns {c oe`c ve bfc|svnbf vdc g`xnovs ei e| novgebs $o||cbv x|cic|cbocs'eb lnojk|ebf cbyg|eb`cbvna oebfgvgebs"6

EJ! vdnv gs igbc! lv {dnv gs vdc oebvctvie| {dnv {c {gaa lc acn|bgbk5 Vdc ig|sv |cnfgbk$_vebc' nvvc`xvs ve kcv we ve vdgbj nlev vdc xeagowg`xagonvgebs s||ebfgbk vdc

fcycaex`cbv ei cbyg|eb`cbvna an{" Vdc slsc~cbv |cnfgbk gb vdc Ig|csvebc vctvnvvc`xvs ve kcv we ve svn|v vdgbjgbk nlev de{ ve fcigbc vdc cbyg|eb`cbv $i|e` scyc|naxc|sxcovgycs'" G {gaa dgkdagkdv se`c ei vdc xegbvs dc|c! lv G nase {nbv ve vnjc n sagkdvawfgiic|cbv nxx|enod nbf scc gi gv {gaa ngf gb we| bfc|svnbfgbk" Vdc nxx|enod lckgbs {gvdn ~goj s``n|w ei vdgbjgbk nlev xeagow gb oebvctv! nbf vdcb èycs eb ve n fgsossgebeicbyg|eb`cbv" _e vdc kena dc|c gs ve oe`c ve nb bfc|svnbfgbk ei {dnv xeagow `cnbs gbvdc oebvctv ei cbyg|eb`cbvna an{= vdc _vebc |cnfgbk dcaxs {gvd vdc xeagow oebvctv i|n`gbkvdc ~csvgeb ei cbyg|eb`cbvna an{! {dgac vdc Ig|csvebc gbv|efove|w `nvc|gnas dcaxs svdgbj nlev {dnv {c `cnb {dcb {c sc vdc {e|f cbyg|eb`cbv gb n xc|sebna nbf acknaoebvctv"

? Nb ctn`xac `gkdv lc e| nlgagvw ve `njc seogna odegocs vdnv |csav gb vdc fck|nfnvgeb einb g`xe|vnbv |cse|oc! agjc {nvc| ie| d`nb oebs`xvgeb $f|gbjgbk! lnvdgbk! cvo"'"Xevnlac {nvc| gs bcocssn|w ie| d`nb ctgsvcboc $nbf {caalcgbk'" Vds! e| seognafcogsgebs n|c bcocssn|gaw lebfcf lw vdcg| g`xnov eb {nvc| ~nagvw" Gi {c naae{cf d`nbnovgygvgcs ve oebvgbnaaw fck|nfc {nvc| ~nagvw ve vdc xegbv {dc|c d`nbs oeaf bevoebs`c oacnb {nvc|! vdcb {c {eaf lc xanogbk e|scaycs gbve n xesgvgeb {dc|c e|s|ygyna gs nv-svnjc" Vds! e| seogna fcogsgebs vdnv `gkdv gboafc novgygvgcs vdnv dn|`{nvc| ~nagvw n|c lebfcf$ag`gvcf' lw e| bccf ie| oacnb {nvc|" Lnojk|ebfcbyg|eb`cbvna oebfgvgebs scv vdc lnscagbc ie| oacnb {nvc|! nbf e| novgebs n|c vdcbfg|covcf lw n oebsgfc|nvgeb ei vdcsc lnojk|ebf oebfgvgebs $de{ òd oacnb {nvc| gsnynganlac' nbf vdc g`xnovs ei e| novgebs eb vdcsc oebfgvgebs"

6 Ie| ctn`xac! o||cbv an{s vdnv naae{ ie| oe`xnbgcs ve fgsodn|kc odc`gonas gbve{nvc|{nws `nw lc elsc|ycf eyc| vg`c ve fck|nfc {nvc| ~nagvw" Gi vdc {nvc| ~nagvwlcoe`cs vd|cnvcbcf ve vdc xegbv ei g`xnovgbk d`nb {caalcgbk! vdcb e| odegoc gs ve navc|e| o||cbv an{s $e| x|cic|cboc ve naae{ vdc f`xgbk ei odc`gonas' se vdnv {c onbx|evcov {nvc| ~nagvw: vdc bc{x|cic|cboc ie| ag`gvgbk odc`gona f`xgbk ns n `cnbs$kena' ei x|evcovgbk {nvc| ~nagvw `nw lc sccb ns nb cbyg|eb`cbvna an{"


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Xnkc 6 ei >>3

Vdgbjgbk nlev Xeagow

G |cnaaw agjc vdc Fcle|nd _vebc xgcoc! `ngbaw lconsc gv kcvs ve vdc dcn|vei nb g`xe|vnbv~csvgeb s||ebfgbk vdc slmcov eicbyg|eb`cbvna an{" Gbfccf! gi {c n|c ve bfc|svnbfde{ vdcsc an{s on`c nlev! {c bccf ve jbe{ se`cvdgbk nlev vdc xeagow x|eocss" Ie| nb

gbv|efovgeb ve vdcsc `nvc|gnas! G {nbvcf ve ieos eb {dnv _vebc vc|`s c~gvw" Ns sdcbevcs! ibfn`cbvna ~csvgebs ie| oebsgfc|nvgeb gb cbyg|eb`cbvna gsscs gboafc=

Gb n {e|af ei ag`gvcf |cse|ocs $vdgbj ei vdc xgc ctn`xac'! {de kcvs {dnv! e|!de{ n|c ag`gvcf |cse|ocs fgsv|glvcf n`ebksv n xn|vgoan| k|ex ei xcexac5

Eboc {cyc csvnlagsdcf {de kcvs {dnv $lnscf eb {dnvcyc| o|gvc|gn {c `gkdvnxxaw'! vdc bctv ~csvgeb ve nbs{c| gs {dcb fe vdcw kcv vdcg| sdn|c5

Igbnaaw! {c onb nsj vdc ~csvgeb eide{ n|c vdcsc |cse|ocs ve lc fgsv|glvcf: de{fe vdc aojw ic{ {de kcv noocss ve n ag`gvcf |cse|oc novnaaw kcv vdcg|

fgsv|glvgeb5 [dnv o|gvc|gn `gkdv {c csvnlagsd ve fgygfc vdc xgc ei |cse|ocs xve vdc ic{5

Acv s vdgbj nlev vdgs ~csvgeb i|e` n l|enfc| xc|sxcovgyc ie| n `e`cbv" @esv ei sbfc|svnbf vdc o||cbv gssc s||ebfgbk vdc $xc|ocgycf'son|ogvw gb ega {e|af{gfc" Gi wesnw {c fcsc|yc ae{c| kns x|gocs $`njc vdgs vdc xeagow kena'! vdcb vdc|c n|c n ic{ {nws einodgcygbk vdgs kena lnscf eb vdc ag`gvcf |cse|oc ei ega" [c onb= $>' ae{c| e| sc eikns $fco|cnsc fc`nbf': $


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Xnkc 3 ei >>3

bcknvgyc ciicovs eigbfsv|gna novgygvgcs eb vdc ng| ~nagvw ei `nbw ogvgcs nivc| [[GG $AesNbkcacs gs ebc dgsve|gona ctn`xac'" Ogvg}cbs fc`nbfcf keyc|b`cbv novgeb" Keyc|b`cbv!gb v|b! fclnvcf vdc gssc ve oe`c x {gvd n seavgeb" Nxeagow |csxebsc {ns fcvc|`gbcfve |ckanvc vdc se|ocs ei ng| xeaavgeb"

; Vdgs xeagow |csxebsc {ns on||gcf ev vd|ekdvdc xnssnkc ei n an{! vdc Oacnb Ng| Nov" Vdc Oacnb Ng| Nov gb v|b! |ckanvcf vdc {nw gb

{dgod xeaavgeb {ns kcbc|nvcf nbf c`gvvcf gbve e| nv`esxdc|c $ebc ei vdc xn|vs ei e|cbyg|eb`cbv'"

Ns we onb scc i|e` vdgs ctn`xac! vdc an{ {ns fcycaexcf ve g`xac`cbv n sxcogigo xeagow|csxebsc ve fg|vw ng|" Naa ei vdc an{s we {gaa lc |cnfgbk nlev vdgs sc`csvc| {c|cfcycaexcf ve g`xac`cbv n sxcogigo xeagow" Ns we |cnf vdcsc nlev vdcsc an{s! v|w nbfgfcbvgiw vdcxeagow ~csvgebs vdnv {c|c lcgbk oebvc`xanvcf gb vdc x|eocss ei fcycaexgbkvdc an{! gboafgbk de{ vdesc ~csvgebs on`c ve lc"4 Oebsgfc| vdc ~csvgebs xescf lw_vebc gb vdc |cnfgbk" Onb we igbf vdc c~gvnlac |csav gb vdc an{s5 Fe vdc an{s! eblnanboc! nodgcyc n acyca eiing|bcss5 Vdcsc n|c ~csvgebs vdnv n|c oebsvnbvaw fclnvcf gbvdc xlago n|cbn" G gbygvc we ve nbnaw}c vdcsc ~csvgebs i|e` vdc nbnawvgona svnbfxegbv

skkcsvcf gb vdc _vebc |cnfgbk" Vdc dexc gs ve kngb fccxc| gbsgkdvsgbve vdc |cnsebs {dwcbyg|eb`cbvna an{s ctgsv vefnw"

Cbyg|eb`cbvna An{ \canvcs ve N Xanoc= Vdc Cbyg|eb`cbv

Vdc fcigbgvgeb {c kgyc ve vdc vc|` cbyg|eb`cbv gs nb g`xe|vnbv xn|v gb bfc|svnbfgbk vdcx|xesc ei cbyg|eb`cbvna an{" Ns Ig|csvebc xegbvs ev! vdc vc|` cbyg|eb`cbvonb lcfcigbcf gb n yn|gcvw ei {nws" Ie| se`c! gv |canvcs ve bnv|na scvvgbks! bveodcf lw

;Vdgs gs nb ctn`xac ei |ckanvgbk d`nb novgebs $vdc se|oc ei xeaavgeb' |nvdc| vdnb

|ckanvgbk vdc lnojk|ebf oebfgvgebs ei vdc cbyg|eb`cbv $fc`nbfgbk vdc Cn|vd kcv lcvvc|nv nlse|lgbk vdc xeaavgeb xanocf gb vdc ng|'"

4 Ie| ctn`xac! vdgbj nlev vdc |eac eisogcboc gb dcaxgbk s gfcbvgiw cbyg|eb`cbvna gsscs"_ogcboc onb `ebgve| e| cbyg|eb`cbv $vd|ekd elsc|ynvgeb ns `cbvgebcf cn|agc|' nbfvdcb onaa e| nvvcbvgeb ve odnbkcs vdnv n|c elsc|ycf gb e| bnv|na swsvc`" Gb `nbw {nws!sogcboc gs lcgbk scf dc|c ve onaa e| nvvcbvgeb ve vdc lnojk|ebf oebfgvgebs ei e|cbyg|eb`cbv! {dgod! gi we nk|cc {gvd vdc igk|c agsvcf cn|agc| gb vdgs acov|c! csvnlagsdcsvdc evc| ag`gvs ei e| xevcbvgna d`nb novgebs" [dcb lnojk|ebf bnv|na oebfgvgebsodnbkc! {c n|c xv eb bevgoc ei n xevcbvgna x|elac`" Ctnovaw {dnv vdgs bevgoc v|gkkc|s gbvc|`s ei e| seogna gbsvgvvgebna |csxebsc fcxcbfs eb n yn|gcvw ei inove|s! gboafgbk vdcjbe{b oebbcovgeb lcv{ccb vdc odnbkc nbf d`nb lcdnyge|: se`c odnbkcs agjcgbo|cnscf yeaonbe c|xvgebs n|c agjcaw evsgfc ei d`nb novgygvw nbf e| onxnogvw veoebv|ea" Ie| vdesc odnbkcs vdnv n|c agbjcf ve d`nb novgebs $agjc on|leb ie|ogbk'! {c dnycexvgebs" [c onb vnjc n x|enovgyc nxx|enod ve vdc x|elac` $nss`gbk vdc x|elac` gsoebv|eaanlac nbf bev xnsv n vd|csdeaf'! e| {c onb {ngv nbf scc msv de{ lnf vdc gssclcoe`cs" [dc|c vdc x|elac` kcvs ve vdc xegbv ei fg|covaw niicovgbk d`nb {caalcgbk $agjcvdc ng| ~nagvw gb Aes Nbkcacs'! {c `nw fcogfc ve vnjc novgeb" E|`codnbgs` ie| vnjgbknovgeb onb lc gb `nbw ie|`s! lv e|ie|`na x|eocss gb vdc Sbgvcf _vnvcs gs snaaw vdco|cnvgeb ei n an{ vdnv |ckanvcs ng| xeaavgeb! agjc vdc Oacnb Ng| Nov"


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Xnkc 9 ei >>3

d`nbs" Ie| evdc|s! gv ieoscs n|ebf d`nb dcnavd $vdgbj xlago dcnavd gsscs lnf ng|!fg|vw {nvc|! ctxes|c ve odc`gonas'" Ie| evdc|s! vdc cbyg|eb`cbvdns n sogcbvgigo`cnbgbk $vdc elmcovgyc svfw ei coeswsvc`s! nbg`na lcdnyge|! ocaa lgeaekw! cvo"'" Be`nvvc| {dnv we| fcigbgvgeb! we sdeaf nk|cc vdc cbyg|eb`cbv gs g`xe|vnbv ve s nsd`nbs ${c igbf g`xe|vnboc gb vdc cbyg|eb`cbv vd|ekd e| xc|sebna ctxc|gcbocs'"

@nbw ei we {gaa igbf we|exgbgebs nlev de{ cbyg|eb`cbvna an{ sdeaf lc scf gsgbiacbocf dcnygaw lw we| xc|sebna ynac swsvc`" G igbf bevdgbk {|ebk {gvd vdgssvnvc`cbv nbf lcagcyc gv gs v|c" De{cyc|! ns we `eyc vd|ekd vdgs oe|sc G nsj we vegbie|` we| ynacs {gvd nb excb `gbf! lnscf eb vdc gbie|`nvgeb x|cscbvcf" @esvg`xe|vnbvaw! G nsj vdnv we sxxe|v we|exgbgebs {gvd inovs" Fe bev vcaa `c vdccbyg|eb`cbv gs g`xe|vnbv lconsc we snw se" Ctxangb {dw vdc cbyg|eb`cbv gs g`xe|vnbv!nbf lnscf eb {dnv oebvctv$g"c"! g`xe|vnbv ve {de` nbf ie|{dnv|cnseb5'" Vd|ekd vdgsx|eocss we| bfc|svnbfgbk ei we|ynacs |canvcf ve we| fcigbgvgeb ei cbyg|eb`cbv{gaa lcoe`c lcvvc| bfc|sveef $ns nb gbie|`cf x|eocss' ns we lckgb ve msvgiw we|iccagbks {gvd |nvgebna n|k`cbvs lnscf eb inovs nbf cygfcboc $se`cvdgbk vdnv gs

ibfn`cbvna gb vdc an{'"

I|e` n x|novgona svnbfxegbv! {c onb snw vdc cbyg|eb`cbv!ie| cbyg|eb`cbvna an{x|xescs! gs kcbc|naaw fcigbcf vd|ekd nb nbvd|exeocbv|go $d`nb-ocbvc|cf' xegbv-ei-ygc{" Vds! cbyg|eb`cbvna an{s {gaa vcbf veieos eb novgebs%og|o`svnbocs vdnv vcbf vednyc nb g``cfgnvc nbf%e|slsvnbvgnag`xnov eb d`nbs"7 Oag`nvc odnbkc gs nb ctn`xac{dc|c cbyg|eb`cbvna an{s n|c lcgbk fcycaexcf gb |csxebsc ve n xdcbe`cbeb vdnv fg|covawg`xnovs d`nbs" [dw5 Bev lconsc {c n|c oe`xacvcaw oebygbocf {c bccf ve fcna {gvd gv$ve snyc vdc cbyg|eb`cbv'! lv lconsc gv xescs n xevcbvgna |gsj ve d`nb {caalcgbk">8 Vevdgs cbf! we `nw scc vdc ieaae{gbk dgc|n|odwe|x|ge|gvgcs agsv |ckn|fgbk {dnv `nbwcbyg|eb`cbvna an{s n|c `cnbv ve x|evcov=

Dgkdcsv X|ge|gvw= G``cfgnvc vd|cnvs ve d`nb dcnavd $Dn}n|fes _lsvnbocs Nov!Oacnb Ng| Nov! Oacnb [nvc| Nov':

7Ns bevcf cn|agc|! {c vcbf ve fcycaex cbyg|eb`cbvna an{s ns n |cnovgyc xeagow

`codnbgs`! {dgod `cnbs {c ig|sv gfcbvgiw g``cfgnvc vd|cnvs ve d`nb lcgbks nbf vdcbo|cnvc an{s vdnv `gvgknvc vdesc vd|cnvs: vdgs x|eocss gs snaaw cbdnbocf $`cnbgbk vdcfcycaex`cbv ei cbyg|eb`cbvna an{s nbf vdc sv|cbkvd ei vdesc an{s dnxxcbs insvc|' {dcbvdc vd|cnv gs levd g``cfgnvc nbfslsvnbvgna" [dc|c n vd|cnv gs bev fcc`cf g``cfgnvc$cycb gi vdc xevcbvgna vd|cnv gsslsvnbvgna! agjc vdc g`xnovs ei iv|cscn acyca |gsc l|ekdveb lw oag`nvc odnbkc'! {c vcbf ve fgsoebv vdc vd|cnv nbf {ngv ie| k|cnvc| oc|vngbvw nlevvdc vd|cnv x|ge| ve vnjgbk novgeb" Nkngb! vdgs x|eocss gs `esvaw vdc |csav ei n |cnovgebn|wnxx|enod ve cbyg|eb`cbvna an{ ns n |csxebsc `codnbgs` ve cbyg|eb`cbvna x|elac`s"

>8 De{cyc|! gi vdc g`xnovs ei oag`nvc odnbkc n|c bev g``cfgnvc! vdcb vdc |cnovgebn|wbnv|c ei cbyg|eb`cbvna an{ fcycaex`cbv `nw x|edglgv g``cfgnvc novgeb ${c `nw bevscc cbyg|eb`cbvna an{s fcycaexcf ~gojaw nbf oe`x|cdcbsgycaw ve fcna {gvd vdc gssc eioag`nvc odnbkc'"


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Xnkc ; ei >>3

_coebfn|w X|ge|gvw= _coebfn|w ciicovs ve agygbk oebfgvgebs%ssvngbnlgagvw$Bnvgebna Cbyg|eb`cbvna Xeagow Nov! Bnvgebna Ie|csv Nov':

Ae{c| X|ge|gvw= Cbyg|eb`cbv ie| cbyg|eb`cbv snjc $Cbfnbkc|cf _xcogcs Nov!@n|gbc @n``na X|evcovgeb Nov! [gafc|bcss Nov'">>

Igbnaaw! acv s ieos eb vdc oe`xactgvw fgsossgeb gb vdc vctv |ckn|fgbk vdc cbyg|eb`cbv"I|e` nb coeswsvc` xc|sxcovgyc! vdc cbyg|eb`cbv |canvcs ve n igbgvc sxnoc $vdcCn|vdswsvc`'">< Lcgbk igbgvc! vdc|c gs n ag`gv eb vdc n`ebv eibeb|cbc{nlac |cse|ocs {c onbctv|nov" Ns {c k|e{ gb xexanvgeb! e| g`xnovs eb vdc coeswsvc` $csxcognaaw gboafgbkvdgbks agjc {nsvc' dnyc n an|kc| g`xnov eb vdc cbyg|eb`cbv" Vds! vdc|c `nw lc n bccf veoebv|ea e| dnlgvs gb se`c `cns|c" Ctn`xacs eian{s vdnv onb lc scf ve oebv|ea e|dnlgvs n|c ns sg`xac ns igbcs ie| agvvc|gbk $ve oebv|ea v|nsd'! ve nxnw-ns-we-ke v|nsdswsvc` $|c~g|gbk we ve xnw ie| cnod lnk ei v|nsd noo`anvcf cboe|nkcs |cowoagbk'!ve |ckanvgebs eb de{ gvc`s n|c o|cnvcf nbf xnojnkcf lw x|efoc|s $sgbk |cowoacf`nvc|gna ebaw! cvo"'" [dcb sod an{s n|c ng`cf nv x|efogbk n lcbcigv ie| vdc

cbyg|eb`cbv! vdcw agjcaw onb lc anlcacf cbyg|eb`cbvna an{s $cycb {dcb vdcw n|c lnscfeb vnt an{s! cvo"'" Vds! vdc igcaf eicbyg|eb`cbvna an{ onb v|aw lc ctxnbsgyc.

Vdc lnsgs ie| vdcsc jgbfs eicbyg|eb`cbvna an{s vcbf ve ieos eb n swsvc`s nxx|enodvdnv ygc{s bnv|c ns n scv ei gbvc|novgebs lcv{ccb bnv|na swsvc` oe`xebcbvs" Vdc lnsgsie| o|cnvgbk cbyg|eb`cbvna an{s gs ve ygc{ vdesc gbvc|novgebs $|c`c`lc| e| sogcboc-lnscf elsc|ynvgebs' nbf fcvc|`gbc de{ vdesc gbvc|novgebs n|c lcgbk niicovcf lw d`nblcdnyge|" N ygsna ctn`xac ei ygc{gbk bnv|c ns n scv ei swsvc` oe`xebcbvs gs sde{bdc|c=

>> Bevc= vdc dgc|n|odw x|eygfcf nleyc gs bev `cnbv ve gbfgonvc nb novna x|cic|cboc vdnvinaas gbve nbw gbfgygfna lcagci swsvc`! lv |nvdc| n kcbc|na x|cic|cboc |ciacovgbk {dnvseogcvw nk|ccs sdeaf lc vdc |eac ei keyc|b`cbv gb x|evcovgbk cbyg|eb`cbvna |cse|ocs" Gbevdc| {e|fs! vdc kcbc|na xlago nk|ccs keyc|b`cbv sdeaf lc x|g`n|gaw oeboc|bcf {gvdd`nb {cain|c ig|sv! cycb {dc|c `c`lc|s ei vdc kcbc|na xlago lcagcyc x|evcovgbk{gafc|bcss ynacs n|c msv ns g`xe|vnbv nbf `nwlc bcocssn|w ie| x|evcovgbk d`nb{cain|c"

>< Vdgs nss`xvgeb eiigbgvc sxnoc ieaae{s vdc x|cs`xvgeb gb vdc cn|agc| igk|c vdnv vdccbyg|eb`cbv scvs vdc evc| ag`gv lw {dgod d`nb gbsvgvvgebs $seogcvw' nbf novgebs$coebe`w' ibovgeb"


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Xnkc 4 ei >>3

Vdc lebfn|gcs ei vdc swsvc` n|c |cnaaw {dnv scvs x vdc gbsgkdvs gb bfc|svnbfgbkswsvc` fwbn`gos" Ie| ctn`xac! bevc vdc evc| lebfn|w gb vdc igk|c nleyc= gv scxn|nvcsvdc jgbfs ei gbvc|novgebs vdnv eoo| lcv{ccb vdc evsgfc nbf gbsgfc ei vdc lebfn|w" Vdcinov vdnv vdc lebfn|w ctgsvs `cnbs vdnv {c onb gbiacboc vdc `njcx ei vdc swsvc` lwnavc|gbk vdc oe`xesgvgeb ei oebocbv|nvgebs {gvdgb nbf evsgfc vdc lebfn|w"

>?Gb vdc

igk|c nleyc! vdc an|kc oe`xebcbvei vdc swsvc` gs fcigbcf gb agkdv lac" [gvdgb vdgs an|kcoe`xebcbv vdc|c n|c s`naac|sloe`xebcbvs gb k|ccb vdnv dnyc n fgiic|cbv oe`xesgvgeb

vdnb vdc an|kc oe`xebcbv $lconsc vdcw dnyc vdcg| e{b lebfn|gcs ag`gvgbk {dnv kecsgbve nbf iae{s ev ei vdc oe`xebcbv'" De{cyc|! {dnv gs o|gvgona gs ve bfc|svnbf vdnv vdclebfn|gcs vdc`scaycs csvnlagsd vdc lcdnyge| ei vdc swsvc`: gi vdc lebfn|gcs fgf bevctgsv! vdcb vdc swsvc` {eaf nov nbf aeej fgiic|cbv i|e` gvs o||cbv svnvc" Vdgs acnfs ve vdcieaae{gbk gbsgkdv=

Vdc {nw n swsvc` ibovgebs onb odnbkc lw navc|gbk vdc oe`xesgvgeb eioe`xebcbvs {gvdgb vdc swsvc`"

Eboc vdgs gbsgkdv gs bfc|sveef! vdc g`xe|vnboc eic~gagl|g` nbf xdnsc sdgivsonb lcbfc|sveef" Vdc gfcn lcdgbf c~gagl|g` nbf xdnsc sdgivs gs |cgbie|ocf gb vdc Ig|csvebc

vctv {gvd vdc |gffac ei vdc agaw xnf" Vdc |gffac gs `cnbv ve dgkdagkdv vdc beb-agbcn|!fwbn`go $ctxebcbvgna' odn|novc|gsvgos ei vdc cbyg|eb`cbv" Lconsc ei vdcsc odn|novc|gsvgos

>? Vdc ctvcbv ve {dgod {c onb navc| vdc oe`xesgvgeb ei {dnv gs {gvdgb nbf evsgfc vdclebfn|w fcxcbfs eb vdcxc|`cnlgagvw ei vdc lebfn|w gvscai" Gi n lebfn|w dns n ae{xc|`cnlgagvw! vdcb oebocbv|nvgebs gbsgfc nbf evsgfc ei vdc lebfn|w n|c onxnlac eik|cnvc| odnbkc: vdc exxesgvc gs vdc onsc {dc|c n lebfn|w dns n dgkd xc|`cnlgagvw"


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Xnkc 7 ei >>3

{c eivcb onbbev scc n odnbkc gb vdc swsvc` $cycb {gvd ctocaacbv sogcbvgigo elsc|ynvgebs'bvga vdc odnbkc gs vee anvc" Vee anvc gb vdgs onsc |cic|s ve vdc xegbv {dc|c vdc bnv|naswsvc` dns èycf lcwebf n vd|csdeaf svnvc nbf gs be{ nv n bc{ c~gagl|g`! `cnbgbk vdcswsvc` exc|nvcs gb n ibfn`cbvnaaw fgiic|cbv {nw vdnb gv fgf x|cygesaw" Vdc |gffac nsjsde{ òd vg`c gs aciv lcie|c vdc agaw xnf oe`xacvcaw oeyc|s vdc xebf {dcb vdc agaw xnf

oeyc|s dnai ei vdc xebf5 Vdc nbs{c| gs > fnw lconsc vdc agaw xnf felacs gb sg}c cyc|wfnw $|nvdc| vdnb k|e{gbk nv n svnlac! agbcn| |nvc'" [dnv Ig|csvebc gs kcvvgbk nv gs vdnv ebocvdc agaw xnf oeyc|s vdc cbvg|c xebf! vdc|c gs be vg`c aciv ve |csxebf ve vdc x|elac` nbf vdccoeswsvc` ei vdc xebf gs ibfn`cbvnaaw odnbkcf $gv dns kebc vd|ekd n xdnsc sdgiv'" Gbswsvc`s vdce|w! vdgs sdgiv gs |cx|cscbvcf ygsnaaw gb vdc ieaae{gbk igk|c=

Gb cbyg|eb`cbvna an{ $ns n `nvvc| ei xeagow'! {c {nbv ve o|cnvc an{s vdnv x|cycbv vdcgbgvgna c~gagl|g` svnvc i|e` lcgbk g`xnovcf lw sv|csscs ve vdc swsvc` gb sod n {nwvdnv vdc swsvc` èycs lcwebfvdc swsvc` vd|csdeaf $lconsc vdc |csav {eaf lc vdc bc{c~gagl|g` svnvc $|cf fevvcf agbc' nbf vdnv svnvc `nw lc yc|w fgiic|cbv ie| d`nb oeìe|vnbf {caalcgbk">6 Vds! i|e` nswsvc`s xc|sxcovgyc! {c `nw aeej nv cbyg|eb`cbvna an{nbf oebsgfc| gvs x|exc| xanoc gb nfynbogbk cbyg|eb`cbvna xeagow" Ie| ctn`xac! bfc| nswsvc`s nxx|enod! sdeaf cbyg|eb`cbvna an{ lc |cnovgyc gb bnv|c5 Gi gv gs na{nws

>6 Oebsgfc| n ibfn`cbvna odnbkc gb vdc vc`xc|nv|c fgsv|glvgeb ei vdc Cn|vd lnscf eboag`nvc odnbkc" Gi vdgs ibfn`cbvna odnbkc lcoe`cs xc|`nbcbv $n bc{ c~gagl|g` svnvc'!vdcb vdc lnojk|ebf oebfgvgebs ei bnv|c $gboafgbk oag`nvc' vdnv {c n|c scf veibfn`cbvnaaw odnbkc ns {caa" Vdgs onb acnf ve fgs|xvgebs gb e| be|`na $ctxcovcf'xnvvc|bs ei |ngb! f|ekdv! sve|`s! cvo"! {dgod onb navc| vdc {nw gb {dgod {c dnycfcycaexcf e| xnvvc|bs ie| `ccvgbk e| lnsgo bccfs $ieef! {nvc|! sdcavc|! oensvna agygbk!cvo"'"


10/115

Xnkc >8 ei >>3

|cnovgyc! vdcb {dnv n|c vdc odnbocs ei onvodgbk nb cbyg|eb`cbvna x|elac` gi {c onb ebawscc vdc x|elac` {dcb gv gs agjc vdc agaw xnf oeyc|gbk dnai ei vdc xebf5 [gaa {c dnyccbekd vg`c ve x|cycbv vdc x|elac` gi {c ebaw dnyc ebc fnw ve |cnov5 E| sdeaf {c lcè|cx|enovgyc gb e| nxx|enod ve cbyg|eb`cbvna an{ fcycaex`cbv se vdnv {c n|c fegbke| lcsv ve cbs|c vdc bnv|na swsvc` svnws {gvdgb n |nbkc vdnv gs oeìe|vnlac ie| d`nb

ctgsvcboc nbf {caalcgbk5 Gb `nbw {nws vdcsc ~csvgebs n|c nv vdc yc|w dcn|v ei vdc xeagowbnv|c ei cbyg|eb`cbvna an{"

Oeboasgeb

[dcb {c oebsgfc| vdc cbyg|eb`cbv! {c `sv dnyc se`c bfc|svnbfgbk ei {dnv gv gs"$[gvdev sod nb bfc|svnbfgbk! {c dnyc agvvac gfcn ei {dnv {c n|c v|wgbk ve x|evcov'" _e!{dnv cboe`xnsscs vdc fcigbgvgeb eicbyg|eb`cbvie| d`nb x|xescs5 Ns we onb scci|e` vdc |cnfgbks! vdc|c n|c `nbw xessglac fcigbgvgebs" Agbjcf ve vdcsc fcigbgvgebs gs vdcxeagow x|eocss" Eboc {c fcvc|`gbc {dnv gs {e|vd x|evcovgbk $ng|! {nvc|! cvo"'! {c `svfcvc|`gbc x|ge|gvgcs" Vdcxeagow x|eocss dcaxs s ve gfcbvgiw= {de kcvs {dnv! {dcb fe vdcw

kcv gv! nbf de{ fe vdcw kcv gv$`nwlc nase {dw fe vdcw kcv gv'" Gi {c bfc|svnbf vdc xeagowlcdgbf n kgycb an{! {c dnyc n lcvvc| bfc|svnbfgbk ei vdc an{ gvscai" Vdgs gs lconsc vdcan{ gs kcbc|naaw vdc cbf |csavei vdc xeagow x|eocss" [c onb snw vdc an{ gs vdc|c veg`xac`cbvn kgycb xeagow"

E|fcigbgvgeb ei vdc cbyg|eb`cbv gs n jcw xn|v ei xanogbk vdc |eac ei cbyg|eb`cbvna an{gbve oebvctv" @esv g`xe|vnbvaw! gi {c gboafc gb e| fcigbgvgeb n oebsgfc|nvgeb eibnv|naswsvc`s $nbf vdsswsvc`s vdgbjgbk'! vdcb {c `sv oebsgfc| vdc g`xnov ei gbiacbocs ebe| cbyg|eb`cbv ve bnv|na swsvc`s" Vdgs gboafcs oebsgfc|gbk {dcb ve nov ve x|cycbv nxevcbvgna xdnsc sdgiv ve vdc bnv|na swsvc`: n|c {c ve lc x|enovgyc gb e| fcycaex`cbv nbfg`xac`cbvnvgeb ei cbyg|eb`cbvna an{! e| n|c {c ve lc |cnovgyc5 [c {gaa scc `nbw ei e|

o||cbv cbyg|eb`cbvna an{s $novnaaw èsv' dnyc lccb fcycaexcf gb |csxebsc $|cnovgyc' vecbyg|eb`cbvna x|elac`s" Cycb se! vdesc |cnovgyc an{s nase on||w x|enovgyc `cns|cs">3Ie| se`c cbyg|eb`cbvna x|elac`s! vdc nlgagvw ve igt vdc ctgsvgbk x|elac` ctgsvs" Ie|evdc|s {c agjcaw dnyc ve vdgbj nlev vdc gbiacboc ei c~gagl|g` svnvcs nbf xdnsc sdgivs veoebsgfc| gi n |cnovgyc xeagow {gaa lc onxnlac ei igtgbk vdc x|elac`" Sbfc| n swsvc`snxx|enod! gi gv scc`s vdc|c gs agvvac agjcagdeef ei igtgbk vdc x|elac` vdcb `nwlc {c bccfve vnjc x|enovgyc `cns|cs gb de{ {c ke nlev fcycaexgbk nbf g`xac`cbvgbk e|cbyg|eb`cbvna an{ sv|nvckgcs"

CBF EI _COVGEB"

>3 Ie| ctn`xac! vdc Oacnb [nvc| Nov {ns fcycaexcf gb |cnovgeb ve d`nb novgygvgcs vdnvfck|nfcf {nvc| ~nagvw" De{cyc|! vdc Nov gboafcs x|eygsgebs ie|levd|csve|gbkvdc~nagvw ei vdc bnvgebs {nvc|s $|cnovgyc' nbf `ngbvngbgbkvdc ~nagvw ei vdesc {nvc|s gbvevdc iv|c $x|enovgyc'"


11/115

Xnkc >> ei >>3

GG"Fe [c Bccf Cbyg|eb`cbvna An{5

[dc|c Fe Cbyg|eb`cbvna An{s Oe`c I|e`5

Gbv|efovgeb

Vdesc {de dnyc svfgcf coebe`gos `nw bfc|svnbf vdc n|k`cbvs inye|gbk n i|cc-`n|jcv nbnawsgs eicbyg|eb`cbvna gsscs" [dnv vdgs `cnbs! nv gvs dcn|v! gs vdc|c gs bebccf ie|keyc|b`cbv ve |ckanvc vdc cbyg|eb`cbv ${c fe bev bccf cbyg|eb`cbvna an{s'"\nvdc|! vdci|cc `n|jcvxanoc ei gfcns onb lcvvc| oebv|ea vdc ~nagvw ei vdc cbyg|eb`cbv"@nbw gbiacbvgna vdgbjc|s dnyc nfyeonvcf vdgs xesgvgeb"

>9Ei oe|sc! {c fe dnyc

keyc|b`cbv |ckanvgeb ei vdc cbyg|eb`cbv $evdc|{gsc {c {eaf bev lc |cygc{gbkcbyg|eb`cbvna an{s dc|c'" Nsgfc i|e` evdc|v|nbsnovgeb oesvs! vdc novna nèbv ei vdcicfc|na lfkcv vdnv gs sxcbv eb vdc cbyg|eb`cbvgs nbbnaaw n|ebf ?#" Vdnv gs bev veesgkbgigonbv n b`lc| oebsgfc|gbk evdc| sxcbfgbkx|ge|gvgcs sod ns fcicbsc $H 4\ckanvgeb gs vdc ibfn`cbvna oebv|ea `codnbgs` ie| cbyg|eb`cbvna an{s" @esv ei vdccbyg|eb`cbvna an{s we {gaa lc |cygc{gbk gb vdgs oe|sc ieaae{ vdc oe``nbf-nbf-oebv|eaie|` ei |ckanvgeb {dc|c n oe``nbfcsvnlagsdcs n xn|vgoan| kena! nbf vdcb vdc an{fcycaexs `codnbgs`s eioebv|eave cbs|c vdc oe``nbf $kena' gs |cnodcf" Ie| ctn`xac!vdc Oacnb Ng| Nov csvnlagsdcs ng| ~nagvw svnbfn|fs $vdc oe``nbf' nbf vdcb scvs ie|vd{nws gb {dgod vdc keyc|b`cbv onb cbie|oc vdesc svnbfn|fs $vdc oebv|ea'" Bevc vdgs ie|èi keyc|b`cbv gbvc|ycbvgeb! ygn |ckanvgeb! gs ibfn`cbvnaaw fgiic|cbv i|e` vdc x|gynvc`codnbgs`s ei oebv|ea inye|cf lw i|cc `n|jcv sxxe|vc|s sod ns Oensc" Gb n x|gynvcoebv|ea {e|af! vdc ctvcbv ei keyc|b`cbv gbvc|ycbvgeb gb cbyg|eb`cbvna niing|s {eaf lc vecbie|oc vdc oebv|novna elagknvgebs vdnv {c|c csvnlagsdcf lcv{ccb x|gynvc xn|vgcs nivc| vdc|gkdvs ei vdc xn|vgcs {c|c oacn|aw csvnlagsdcf" _e! ie| ctn`xac! gi ebc gs kgycb e{bc|sdgxeyc| n bnv|na |cse|oc $snw {nvc| ~nagvw'! vdnv xc|seb onb oebv|nov {gvd evdc|s {de`gkdv dn|` vdnv |cse|oc ve lc fg|covaw oe`xcbsnvcf ie| vdc dn|`" Vdc nèbv xngfsdeaflc nb noo|nvc |ciacovgeb ei vdc nèbv ei dn|` eoo||gbk" Vds! ebaw ciigogcbvnèbvs ei cbyg|eb`cbvna dn|` {eaf lc naae{cf ve eoo| lconsc vdc `n|jcv ie|ocs{eaf jccx vdc nèbv ei cbyg|eb`cbvna dn|` gb-odcoj" Ei oe|sc! {c onb oebv|nsv vdgsoebocxv {gvd e| cn|agc| fgsossgeb eibnv|na swsvc` fwbn`gos nbf odnbkcs gbc~gagl|g` svnvcs: gs gv agjcaw vdnv vdcsc gbfgygfna v|nbsnovgebs {gaa lc onxnlac ei sccgbkvdc nkk|cknvc cbyg|eb`cbvna dn|` eoo||gbk gb vg`c ve x|cycbv vdc dn|` $agjc vdc agaw xnfctn`xac'5


12/115

Xnkc >< ei >>3

Nss`gbk vdc nbs{c| gs wcs! n oaescaw oebbcovcf ~csvgeb gs= {dc|c fecs keyc|b`cbv kcvvdc xe{c| ve cbnov sod oebv|eas5 Levd ei vdcsc ~csvgebs n|c nv vdc dcn|v ei e|`nvc|gnas ie| vdgs efac" Ns we ctxae|c vdcsc `nvc|gnas! vnjc vdc vg`c ve oebsgfc| vdcsc~csvgebs! ns {caa ns vdc xeagow g`xagonvgebs skkcsvcf i|e` vdc x|cyges èfac"$Vdgbj= Gs vdc|c n lcvvc| {nw ve oebv|ea cbyg|eb`cbvna dn|`s5 @nwlc vdc|c gs.'>7

Fe [c Bccf Cbyg|eb`cbvna An{s5

Ns we |cygc{ vdc dgsve|gona nooebv gb vdc Ig|csvebc vctv! n ic{ vdgbks sdeaf lcoe`cnxxn|cbv" Ig|sv! e| oe`lgbcf gbo|cnscs gbxexanvgeb nbf vcodbeaekw $vd|ekd vdcgbfsv|gna |cyeavgeb' dnyc gbo|cnscf e| kcbc|na |nvcs ei oebs`xvgeb" Vdgs gb v|b dnsdgsve|gonaaw acf s ve vdc xegbv {dc|c {c bccf ve nooebvie| e| novgebs! xn|vgoan|aw nse| novgebs g`xnov bnv|na swsvc`s" Gb vdc Sbgvcf _vnvcs! |ckanvgeb ei vdc cbyg|eb`cbvgs vdc x|cic||cf xlago ie|` ei nooebvgbk" Nb ctn`xac `nw dcax xanoc vdgs svnvc`cbv gbveoebvctv"

Fe we sxccf5 $Lw sxccfgbk! G `cnb v|nycagbk eyc| vdc xesvcf sxccf ag`gv acvs snwkegbk insvc| vdnb 93 gb n 93`xd }ebc'" Gi se! {dw5 Gs gv lconsc cyc|webc casc gs fegbk gv5Gs gv lconsc gi we fe bev $nv acnsv gb n|cns {dc|c G f|gyc gb @N' we oeaf lc eyc|vnjcblw nb nxx|enodgbk ycdgoac fegbk 73`xd5 [dnvcyc| vdc |cnseb! we `gkdv n|kc vdc|cn|c è|c |cnsebs vesxccfvdnb vdc|c n|c ve svnw {gvdgb vdc sxccf ag`gv $gi we sxccf eb n|ckan| lnsgs'" Nbf vdgs gs vdc onsc cycb {dcb gv gs nkngbsv vdc AN[ ve fe se. @e|ceyc|!vdgs gs vdc onsc cycb vdekd we n|c n{n|c gv gs nkngbsv vdc an{ ve sxccf" [caa! nxxaw vdgssn`c |nvgebnac ve cbyg|eb`cbvna gsscs" Oebsgfc| vdc i|vdc| ctn`xac" We n|c n

>7 Ie| ctn`xac! ns bevcf gb vdc cn|agc| ieevbevc! `nbw ei vdc cbyg|eb`cbvna an{s {c {gaalc ctxae|gbk gb fcvnga n|c oe``nbf-nbf-oebv|ea vwxcs ei |ckanvgebs: vdc an{ scvs nsvnbfn|f nbf vdcb cbie|ocs vdnv svnbfn|f vd|ekd novgycaw sccjgbk ev beboe`xagnboc eivdc svnbfn|f" Vdgs jgbf ei oebv|ea gs se`cvg`cs o|gvgog}cf ns lcgbk ctxcbsgyc nbf vg`coebs`gbk: keyc|b`cbv `sv oebsvnbvaw cbie|oc vdc svnbfn|fs vdnv n|c scv" _e`c skkcsvsxc|ge| `cvdefs ctgsv ve oebv|ea cbyg|eb`cbvna dn|`s" Ctn`xacs gboafc vdcx|gynvg}nvgeb ei cbyg|eb`cbvna nsscvs $agjc vdc ng| e| {nvc|' ns bevcf cn|agc| bfc| OenscVdce|c`" Evdc|s skkcsv csvnlagsdgbk n èbcvn|w b`lc| ie| cbyg|eb`cbvna dn|` nbfvdcb {e|jgbk ve `ccv vdnv kena vd|ekd vdc gbvc|bnag}nvgeb ei sod dn|`s gb x|gogbk`codnbgs`s" Nb ctn`xac ei vdgs {eaf lc n vnt vdnv gbvc|bnag}cs vdc cbyg|eb`cbvna dn|ònscf lw n xn|vgoan| novgygvw" Ie| ctn`xac! cacov|gogvw kcbc|nvcf vd|ekd l|bgbk oenaonscs ng| xeaavgeb {dc|cns cacov|gogvw kcbc|nvcf vd|ekd sean| e| {gbf xe{c| fecs bevonsc sod ng| xeaavgeb" Gi ebc onb onaoanvc vdc `n|kgbna oesv ei vdc xeaavgeb gb vdc ng|$xc| bgv ei xeaavgeb'! vdcb vdgs oesv oeaf lc nffcf ns n vnt ve vdc novna x|efovgeb oesvei cacov|gogvw {dcb vdcx|efovgeb `cvdef$agjc l|bgbk oena' |csavs gb vdc xeaavgeb eivdc ng|" Vdc cbyg|eb`cbvna vnt {eaf `njc vdc oesv ei cacov|gogvw è|c ctxcbsgyc {dcbkcbc|nvcf i|e` oena vds `njgbk beb-xeaavgbk navc|bnvgycs $agjc sean| nbf {gbf' è|coe`xcvgvgyc $lconsc vdc vnt {eaf bev lc nffcf ve vdc oesvs ei x|efovgeb `cvdefs vdnvfgf bev onsc ng| xeaavgeb'" Vdc vnt {eaf lc scai-cbie|ogbk lconsc vdc dn|` gsna|cnfw gboe|xe|nvcf gbve vdc x|goc"


13/115

Xnkc >? ei >>3

lsgbcss vdnv x|efocs {gfkcvs" Gb vdc x|efovgeb x|eocss! we dnyc {nsvc `nvc|gnas"Vdc|c gs n xgv gb vdc lnoj ei we| lsgbcss {dc|c we onb xanoc vdgs {nsvc `nvc|gna nv benffgvgebna oesv ve we" Gb inov! lw |cèygbk vdc {nsvc {gvdev oesv! we onb jccx vdc x|gocei we| {gfkcvs ae{c| nbf |c`ngb oe`xcvgvgyc gb nb excb `n|jcv $gb oe`xn|gseb ve evdc|{gfkcv `njc|s'" Acv s be{ snw we dnyc vdc odegoc ei cgvdc| xanogbk vdc {nsvc gb vdc xgv

e| dnygbk gv |cèycf ie|` we| sgvc nbf |cowoacf" De{cyc|! vdc |cèyna oesvs we 3ocbvs xc| {gfkcv" Gi we xnss vdgs oesv eb ve vdc oebs`c| $|ngsc we| x|gocs'! we n|cbe aebkc| oe`xcvgvgyc {gvd evdc| {gfkcv `njc|s" [dnv sdeaf we fe5 [dnv {eaf nbw|cnsebnlac xc|seb fe bfc| sg`gan| og|o`svnbocs5

Vdcsc ctn`xacs nvvc`xv ve dgkdagkdv ebc |cnseb cbyg|eb`cbvna an{s n|c g`xe|vnbv vefnw"Ns n seogcvw! {c bccf ve o|cnvc gbocbvgycs ie| xcexac ve nov gb n `nbbc| vdnv gs lcbcigognaie|seogcvw $cycb {dcb gv `nw bev lcbcigv vdc` gbfgygfnaaw'" Vdc `ngb {nw {c o|cnvcsod gbocbvgycs gs vd|ekd vdc xnssnkc ei an{s" Cbyg|eb`cbvna an{s n|c sxcogigonaawonvc|cf ve cbs|c vdc xlago lcbcigv ei vdc cbyg|eb`cbv gs bev fck|nfcf nv vdc dnbfs eix|gynvc novgeb" Vds! {c bccf cbyg|eb`cbvna an{s $nbf sv|ebk cbie|oc`cbv' lconsc

`nbw vg`cs gbfgygfna x|gynvc novgebs n|c dn|ìa ve vdcxlago lcbcigv! xn|vgoan|aw {dcbvdesc x|gynvc novgebs n|c nkk|cknvcf $nffcf x'" Vdgs gs sde{b oacn|aw gb vdc vctv ns we|cygc{ vdc dgsve|gona oebvctv i|e` {dgod cbyg|eb`cbvna an{s dnyc n|gscb" De{ sdeafcbyg|eb`cbvna an{s lc g`xac`cbvcf gs n fgiic|cbv ~csvgeb! n è|c be|`nvgyc ~csvgebvdnv kcvs gbve ynac swsvc`s nbf gbfgygfna lcagcis! {dgod dgkdagkdvs vdc fgsvgbovgeblcv{ccb coeaekgsvs nbf coebe`gsvs fcso|glcf gb vdc Ig|csvebc |cnfgbk"

Coebe`gsvs kcbc|naaw lcagcyc gb n lcbcigv%oesvnxx|enod ve cbyg|eb`cbvna gsscs" Vdnv gs!vdc cbyg|eb`cbvna dn|` vdnv gs onscf lw nb novgygvw `sv lc lnanbocf nkngbsv vdclcbcigvs ei vdc eiicbfgbk novgygvw" $[c {gaa scc vdgs lcbcigv%oesv nxx|enod xanw ev {dcb{c vnaj nlev anbf sc! nbf vdcLee`c|onsc gb xn|vgoan|'" Navc|bnvgycaw! coeaekgsvs

lcagcyc nbw cbyg|eb`cbvnaaw fcv|g`cbvna novgygvw `sv lc lnbbcf |ckn|facss ei gvscoebe`go lcbcigv" Gb `nbw {nws! coeaekgsvs n|c ieosgbk eb vdc bnv|na swsvc` nbf vdcagaw xnf-vwxc x|elac` fgsosscf cn|agc|: vdc icn| ei s`naa odnbkcs nkk|cknvgbk vekcvdc| veacnf ve an|kc odnbkcs gb vdc swsvc`! nbf xevcbvgnaaw nb c~gagl|g` sdgivgb vdc swsvc`gvscai! `njcs vdc nkk|cknvc oesvs ev{cgkd vdc nkk|cknvc lcbcigvs cycb {dcb `n|kgbnalcbcigvs scc`s ve ev{cgkd vdc `n|kgbna oesvs eb n onsc-lw-onsc lnsgs"


14/115

Xnkc >6 ei >>3

g||nvgebna |csavs: {dcb vdcsc gbfgygfnaaw |nvgebna fcogsgebs acnf ve oeaacovgycaw lnfevoe`cs ie| vdc cbyg|eb`cbv! gv eivcb oe`cs fe{b ve keyc|b`cbv ve gbvc|ycbc gb vdcgbfgygfna novgebs ve cbs|c vdc oeaacovgycaw lnf |csav $cbyg|eb`cbvna dn|`' fecs beveoo|" Oe`xn|c vdcsc v{e nxx|enodcs ve vdc ynacs fgsosscf nleyc" _e! {de gs |gkdv5Onb we lckgb ve scc de{ `od ynacs xanw n |eac gb vdc bfc|awgbk swsvc` ei

cbyg|eb`cbvna an{s ${dnv {c odeesc ve |ckanvc! {dw {c odeesc ve |ckanvc gv! cvo"'5

Nv vdc dcn|v ei n lcbcigv%oesv nxx|enod gs vdc gfcn vdnv naa lcbcigvs nbf oesvs n|c lcgbkoebsgfc|cf" Vdc ctn`xac ei vdc xeaavgeb gb `njgbk {gfkcvs nleyc dcaxs s bfc|svnbfvdgs gs bev na{nws v|c: vdc e{bc| ei vdc oe`xnbw `nw dnyc gbocbvgycs ve ctvc|bnag}c vdcoesvs nsseognvcf {gvd {gfkcv x|efovgeb! sxcogigonaaw vdc xeaavgeb o|cnvcf gb vdc x|eocss"Gi vdc e{bc| fecs bev ynac vdc anbf nbf g`xnovs nsseognvcf {gvd xanogbk vdc xeaavgebgbve vdc xgv $gboafgbk xevcbvgna oebvn`gbnvgeb ei k|ebf{nvc|! sega! cvo"'! vdcb vdc oesvsnsseognvcf {gvd vdc xeaavgeb n|c bev |cnaaw xn|v ei vdc lcbcigv%oesv nbnawsgs" \nvdc|! vdcoesvs ei xeaavgeb gb o|cnvgbk vdc {gfkcv n|c sx|cnf ev $ctvc|bnag}cf' ve vdc cbyg|eb`cbvnbf vds seogcvw nv-an|kc $cycb vdesc ei s {de fe bev lcbcigv i|e` vdc o|cnvgeb ei

{gfkcvs'" Gb vdcsc jgbfs ei onscs! `n|jcv inga|cs onb eoo| {dc|c bev naa ei vdc oesvs n|clcgbk |cnag}cf se vdc lcbcigv%oesv nbnawsgs gs gboe`xacvc" Cbyg|eb`cbvna an{s onb dcax vegbvc|bnag}c se`c ei vdcsc cbyg|eb`cbvna oesvs ve x|cycbv n `n|jcv inga|c i|e` dn|`gbke| cbyg|eb`cbvna nsscvs"

Ebc {nw ve bfc|svnbf {dw `n|jcv inga|cs eoo| gb cbyg|eb`cbvna x|elac`s gs ve kcv nbbfc|svnbfgbk ei cbyg|eb`cbvna nsscvs lnscf eb x|exc|vw |gkdv odn|novc|gsvgos" Gi {caeej nv v{e odn|novc|gsvgos ei x|exc|vw |gkdvs fgygsglgagvw nbf ctoafnlgagvw {c igbfie| `nme| onvcke|gcs ei x|exc|vw |gkdvs ygsnaaw |cx|cscbvcf dc|c=

@n|jcv inga|cs vcbf ve eoo| {dc|c vdc x|exc|vw |gkdv odn|novc|gsvgos sde{ ae{ctoafnlgagvw nbf dgkd fgygsglgagvw" Oe``eb xeea |cse|ocs! ns gfcbvgigcf nleyc! n|c vdc


15/115

Xnkc >3 ei >>3

jgbfs ei |cse|ocs vdnv sde{ vdcsc v{e x|exc|vw |gkdv odn|novc|gsvgos" Gi {c aeej nv vdcigk|c ve scc vdc evdc| jgbfs! {c onb scc vdnv oe`èb xeea |cse|ocs vcbf ve lc vdescvwxcs eibnv|na swsvc` nsscvs {dc|c èsv cbyg|eb`cbvna x|elac`s eoo| $ng|! eocnb!cvo"'" Vdc inov vdnv ebc onbbev ctoafc nbevdc| i|e` vdc |cse|oc $ae{ ctoafnlgagvw'`cnbs xcexac onb vgag}c vdc |cse|oc cycb vdekd vdcw dnyc be e{bc|sdgx gbvc|csv gb vdc

|cse|oc" Ie| ctn`xac! vdc {gfkcv `njc| f`xgbk gvs {nsvc gbve vdc {nvc|{nw `njcsscbsc {dcb vdc|c gs be e{bc|sdgx eyc| vdc {nvc|{nw= vdcw n|c bev x|cycbvcf i|e`f`xgbk vdc {nsvc: vdcw n|c bev ygeanvgbk nbevdc|s x|exc|vw |gkdv: vdcw dnyc bectoasgycx|exc|vw |gkdv eyc| vdc {nvc|{nw" Vds! lconsc vdc|c gs be e{bc|sdgx nbf vdsnlgagvw ve ctoafc! vdc|c gs vdc onxnogvw ve fe dn|` {gvd agvvac oebsc~cboc ve vdcgbfgygfna fegbk vdc dn|`" De{cyc|! vdc dn|` gs fgygsglac $dgkd fgygsglgagvw'! `cnbgbk vdc{nvc| vdnv gs xeaavcf gs bev nynganlac ie| nbevdc| sc: vdc xeaavcf {nvc| gs fgygsglac i|eèvdc| bgvs ei {nvc| gb vdc {nvc|{nw" Vdc fgygsglgagvw o|cnvcs vdc onxnogvw ie| vdc{nvc|{nw ve lc dn|`cf"

Vds! vdc `n|jcv inga|c gs |cnaaw vdc |csav eictvc|bnag}gbk oesvs eb bnv|na |cse|ocs

{dc|c vdesc oesvs n|c onxnlac ei nkk|cknvgbk ve vdc xegbv ei o|cnvgbk dn|` ve d`nbs $ygnxeaavgeb! oag`nvc odnbkc! cvo"'" [dcb vdgs gs n `n|jcv inga|c! keyc|b`cbv eivcb bccfs vesvcx gb nbf igt vdc x|elac`" Vdc novna {nw gb {dgod ve igt vdc x|elac` fcxcbfs eb nyn|gcvw ei inove|s" Ie| ctn`xac! Oensc {eaf n|kc nssgkbgbk {caa fcigbcf x|exc|vw |gkdvs{eaf igt vdc x|elac`: vdc e{bc|sdgx |gkdvs o|cnvcf {eaf `njc vdc |cse|oc ctoafnlacnbf xn|vgcs oeaf vdcb bckevgnvc nb ciigogcbv {nw ei `nbnkgbk vdc cbyg|eb`cbvna nsscv"


16/115

Xnkc >9 ei >>3

g`xac`cbvnvgeb ei xeagow fg|covgycs" Ns n `nvvc| ei ogygos! |conaa vdnv e| keyc|b`cbv gsscxn|nvcf gbve vd|cc l|nbodcs=

Vdc ackgsanv|c $Oebk|css' {de o|cnvcs an{ lw xnssgbk svnvvcs" Vdc ctcovgyc $X|csgfcbv' {de g`xac`cbvs nbf an{"

Vdcmfgogn|w $Oe|vs' {de cbie|ocs ackna x|gbogxacs lw gbvc|x|cvgbk an{"

Cnod l|nbod dns n |eac gb cbyg|eb`cbvna an{! lv vdc Ackgsanv|c $Oebk|css' dns vdcx|g`n|w |eac gb `njgbk cbyg|eb`cbvna xeagow agyc lw xnssgbk svnvvcs eb lcdnai ei vdccbyg|eb`cbv" Gb e|fc| ie| vdc ackgsanv|c ve fe se! gv `sv dnyc vdc xe{c| ve xnss svnvvcsvdnv |ckanvc vdc cbyg|eb`cbv" Vds! {c `sv aeej ve iebfnvgebna ackna x|gbogxacs $agjcvdc S"_" Oebsvgvvgeb {dgod o|cnvcs vdc fgiic|cbv l|nbodcs ei keyc|b`cbv' ve fcvc|`gbcgi Oebk|css dns vdc xe{c| ve xnss svnvvcs vdnv x|evcov vdc cbyg|eb`cbv"

Ns vdc leej svnvcs! vdcse|oc ei xe{c| ve |ckanvc vdc cbyg|eb`cbv nv vdc icfc|na acycaoe`cs i|e` vdc Oe``c|oc Oansc ei vdc S"_" Oebsvgvvgeb" Vdgs gs ngbaw lconsc vdc|c

gs be sxcogigo oebsvgvvgebna x|eygsgeb fcnagbk {gvd cbyg|eb`cbvna gsscs ctxagogvaw! se vdcicfc|na keyc|b`cbv kcvs m|gsfgovgeb ve x|evcov vdc cbyg|eb`cbv vd|ekd gvs onxnogvw ve|ckanvc oe``c|oc lcv{ccb vdc scyc|na svnvcs $gbvc|svnvc oe``c|oc'" Vdc|c gs n aev `e|cgb vc|`s ei bfc|svnbfgbk vdc ackna |canvgebsdgxs {gvdgb vdgs swsvc` eiicfc|nags` $icfc|nanbf svnvc keyc|b`cbv gbvc|novgebs'! lv gv gs cbekd ve jbe{ vdc|c gs n se|oc eicbyg|eb`cbvna an{ nv vdc icfc|na acyca nbf gv gs lnscf eb |ckanvgbk oe``c|oc lcv{ccbvdc svnvcs" Vdc se|oc ei cbyg|eb`cbvna an{ nv vdc svnvc acyca gs vdc >8

vdN`cbf`cbv

|csc|ycf xe{c|s $xeagoc xe{c|s' ei vdc svnvc ve |ckanvc vdc dcnavd! snicvw! nbf {cain|c eigvs ogvg}cb|w: {c {gaa scc vdc >8vd N`cbf`cbv xe{c|s gb k|cnvc| fcvnga gb vdc anbf scscovgeb ei vdc `nvc|gnas $bfc|xlago oebv|eas ei anbf'"

N lnsgo |cx|cscbvnvgeb ei n dgc|n|odw ei an{ gs sde{b lcae{=


17/115

Xnkc >; ei >>3

Vdc dgc|n|odw |cx|cscbvnvgeb nleyc dcaxs ve xanoc vdc fgiic|cbv jgbfs ei an{s {c elsc|ycgb cbyg|eb`cbvna an{ gbve oebvctv" Nv vdc yc|w vex ei e| xw|n`gf dc|c gs vdc S"_"Oebsvgvvgeb $O'! {dgod gs vdc sx|c`c an{ ei vdc anbf"


18/115

Xnkc >4 ei >>3

@od ei cbyg|eb`cbvna an{ gs g`xac`cbvcf lw icfc|na nbf svnvc nkcbogcs agjc vdcIcfc|na Cbyg|eb`cbvna X|evcovgeb Nkcbow $CXN'" Vdcsc nkcbogcs n|c eivcb kgycb vdcxe{c| lw vdc ackgsanv|c ve fcycaex |acs vdnv g`xac`cbv ackgsanvgyc gbvcbv"


19/115

Xnkc >7 ei >>3

cbyg|eb`cbvna an{5 X|novgonaaw! gv `cnbs se`cvdgbk fgiic|cbv ve cnod xc|seb" Ve `c! gv|cx|cscbvs n ie|`na x|eocss ie| |cseaygbk fgsnk|cc`cbvs nlev de{ {c gbvc|nov {gvdbnv|c" Ve evdc|s! gv gs n x|e`gsc ei x|evcovgbk ygvna |cse|ocs ie| iv|c kcbc|nvgebs$cbs|gbk ssvngbnlac agygbk'" Be `nvvc| we| ygc{! cbyg|eb`cbvna an{ gs nb g`xe|vnbvveeagb oebi|ebvgbk cbyg|eb`cbvna gsscs" Gv dns fcycaexcf dgsve|gonaaw i|e` vdc oebvctv

ei {nsvc x|cycbvgeb ve è|c |cocbv scs gboafgbk vdc x|evcovgeb ei lgefgyc|sgvw vd|ekdsod an{s ns vdc Cbfnbkc|cf _xcogcs Nov" Gi we {c|c ve onvcke|g}c acycas ei g`xe|vnbocgb cbyg|eb`cbvna an{! we `gkdv igbf èsv an{s fcna {gvd d`nb dcnavdx|evcovgeb"@e|c |cocbv an{s ctxnbf ve oeyc| gsscs {c `gkdv onvcke|g}c bfc|ssvngbnlgagvw nbfncsvdcvgos $vdc x|evcovgeb ei lgefgyc|sgvw nbf {gaf nbf%e| socbgo xanocs'" [dcvdc| vdcsccbyg|eb`cbvna an{s sdeaf ieos è|c eb lnanbogbkdn|`s e|lnbbgbkvdc` fcxcbfsan|kcaw eb we| xc|sxcovgyc ${dcvdc| we vdgbj coebe`gonaaw e| coeaekgonaaw'"

CBF EI _COVGEB"


20/115

Xnkc >3

GGG" De{ ve Igbf vdc An{5

Gbv|efovgeb

[c dnyc lccb gbv|efocf ve se`c ei vdc xeagow vdnv f|gycs an{ $gboafgbk se`c ~csvgebs

eic~gvw nbfing|bcss'" [c dnyc nase lccb gbv|efocf ve vdc oebocxv eicbyg|eb`cbvnaan{ $i|e` vdc ~csvgeb ei {dcvdc| {c bccf sod an{s'! nbf {c csvnlagsdcf vdc se|oc eicbyg|eb`cbvna an{s $vdcxe{c|i|e` {dgod vdc S"_" keyc|b`cbv fc|gycs vdc nlgagvw ve|ckanvc vdc cbyg|eb`cbv i|e` vdc Oe``c|oc Oansc ei vdc S"_" Oebsvgvvgeb ve vdcsvnvvcs o|cnvcf lw Oebk|css ve ackgvg`g}c xeagow fg|covgebs'" Lcie|c {c fgyc gbve sxcogigoS"_" cbyg|eb`cbvna an{s! {c `sv ig|sv csvnlagsd se`c bfc|svnbfgbk eb de{ ve igbf vdcan{" [c fgsoss vdgs g`xe|vnbv vexgo lconsc! {dgac bfc|svnbfgbk nlsv|nov x|gbogxacs eian{ gs g`xe|vnbv! vdc nlgagvw veigbf vdc an{ gs nb bcocssn|w veea ie| vdesc {de {gsd veiaaw bfc|svnbf vdc ackna x|eocss"

De{ ve Igbf vdc An{

Vdc|c n|c v{e fgiic|cbv onvcke|gcs eian{ gb S"_" m|gsx|fcboc= svnvve|w an{ $e| an{`nfc lw ackgsanvgeb'! nbf oe``eb an{ $ackna x|gbogxacs vdnv ctgsv {gvdev lcgbk |cfocfve oefgigonvgeb e| vdc x|eocss ei ackgvg`nvgbk ackna oebocxvs gbve n svnvve|w i|n`c{e|j'"


21/115

Xnkc ei >>3

vdnv gs oe`èb ve e| oav|c nbf v|nfgvgebs" Gv dns lccb xnsscf fe{b vd|ekd vdc nkcs"_e`c |cic| ve e|xn|vgoan| vwxc ei an{ nsMfce-Od|gsvgnb gbiacbocf an{" [c novnaawgbdc|gvcf e| oe`èb an{ i|e` Cbkanbf $èsv ei gv nbw{nw'" [c {gaa lc fcnagbk {gvdctn`xacs ei vdgs vwxc ei an{ gb iv|c odnxvc|s nbf vdc|c gs n keef fcna ei fgsossgeb ebvdc fgiic|cbv jgbfs ei an{ gb vdc xeaavgeb èfac"

_vnvve|w ys" Oe`èb An{ X|gbogxacs

Vdc fgiic|cbocs lcv{ccb svnvve|w an{ nbf oe`èb an{ n|c g`xe|vnbv ve bfc|svnbf{dcb vdgbjgbk nlev cbyg|eb`cbvna an{ gb oebvctv" @esv `nme| cbyg|eb`cbvna an{s {c{gaa lc fcnagbk {gvd gb vdgs oe|sc n|c o|cnvcf bfc|svnvve|w an{" Ctn`xacs gboafc vdcieaae{gbk=

Vdc Bnvgebna Cbyg|eb`cbvna Xeagow Nov Vdc Oacnb Ng| Nov Vdc Oacnb [nvc| Nov Vdc Cbfnbkc|cf _xcogcs Nov Vdc \cse|oc Oebsc|ynvgeb nbf \coeyc|w Nov Vdc Vetgo _lsvnbocs Oebv|ea Nov

Vdcsc n|c naa svnvvcs vdnv {c|c xnsscf lw Oebk|css ve fcna {gvd sxcogigo cbyg|eb`cbvnagsscs vdnv n|esc eyc| vg`c nbf {c|c sxxe|vcf lw xlago exgbgeb! vds o|cnvgbk vdc xeagownvèsxdc|c xc|snfgbk Oebk|css ve vnjc fg|cov novgeb" [dcb Oebk|css veej novgeb vexnss vdcsc an{s! gv fgf se bfc| gvs Oe``c|oc Oansc xe{c| ei vdc S"_" Oebsvgvvgeb vdc se|oc ei xe{c| ie| Oebk|css ve nov {dcb gv xnsscs svnvvcs ng`cf nv x|evcovgbk vdccbyg|eb`cbv"

Oe`èb an{ nase gbiacbocs cbyg|eb`cbvna an{ gb n b`lc| ei {nws" Ie| ctn`xac!cbyg|eb`cbvna dn|`s `nw v|gkkc| n svnvve|w ygeanvgeb {gvdgb ebc ei vdc svnvve|w an{sgfcbvgigcf nleyc! lv vdgs gs bev na{nws vdc onsc" De{cyc|! oe`èb an{ `nw x|eygfc n`cnbs lw {dgod nb cbyg|eb`cbvna dn|` `nw lc |cf|csscf vd|ekd e| ackna swsvc`"[dcb {c |cygc{ xeaavgeb! {c {gaa |cygc{ levd x|gynvc nbf xlago ie|`s ei |ckanvgeb"[dgac xlago ie|`s ei xeaavgeb snaaw gboafc svnvve|w an{! `nbw ei vdc x|gynvc ie|`sei |ckanvgeb $agjc bgsnboc' x|eygfc |c`cfgcs lnscf eb vdc inovs x|cscbvcf gb vdc onsc"Vds! gb se`c sgvnvgebs! oe`èb an{ onb lc scf ve igaa gbknxs lcv{ccb svnvve|w an{s{dcb x|evcovgbk vdc cbyg|eb`cbv" Cycb se! vdc|c n|c ag`gvnvgebs ve vdc nxxagonvgeb eioe`èb an{ x|gbogxacs gb nfynbogbk cbyg|eb`cbvna kenas" Ebc sod ag`gvnvgeb gs vdnvoe`èb an{ gs snaaw ieoscf eb vdc sxcogigo sgvnvgeb! lv vdc novgeb fecs bev nxxaw

kcbc|naaw ve nb cbyg|eb`cbvna dn|`" Vds! bagjc `nbw ei vdc cbyg|eb`cbvna svnvvcs {c

$`cns|gbk oc|vngb vdgbks gb vdc ng|'! nbf vdcb |c~g|gbk xanbs lc `nfc ve `ccv vdcsvnbfn|fs eb n svnvc-lw-svnvc acyca $_vnvc G`xac`cbvnvgeb Xanbs! e| _GXs'" VdcCbyg|eb`cbvna X|evcovgeb Nkcbow $CXN' gs fcacknvcf vdc nvde|gvw bfc| vdc Oacnb Ng|Nov ve on||w ev gvs svnvve|w x|xescs nbf kenas" Ns nb ctcovgyc l|nbod nkcbow! vdcCXN vdcb `njcs |acs ve dcax gv cbie|oc vdc `nbfnvcs ei vdc Oacnb Ng| Nov nbf evdc|{gscg`xac`cbv gvs svnvve|w kenas"


22/115

Xnkc >3

{gaa lc ctn`gbgbk! oe``eb an{ gs snaaw ag`gvcf ve onsc-lw-onsc mfgogna |cygc{ eidn|`" Ns sod gvs nlgagvw ve x|evcov cbyg|eb`cbvna nsscvs gs ag`gvcf"


23/115

Xnkc


24/115

Xnkc >3

m|gsfgovgebs `sv ieaae{" Ve vdc oebv|n|w! n _vnvc _x|c`c Oe|v fcogsgeb gs ebawkeefan{ ie| vdc oe|vs eivdnv xn|vgoan| svnvc" Vdc fcogsgeb dns agvvac ve be {cgkdv gb evdc|m|gsfgovgebs"

Vdcsc oebocxvs onb lc n lgv oebisgbk! xn|vgoan|aw {dcb ebc gs v|wgbk ve bfc|svnbf {dnv

x|cocfcbvs ei an{ nxxaw ve vdc` gb n xn|vgoan| gbsvnboc" Ie| ctn`xac! n xc|sebfcycaexgbk n xeagow fg|covgyc ve{n|fsscn acyca |gsc gb oensvna Oebbcovgov `nw lcgbvc|csvcf gb {dnv an{s nxxaw ve |csv|govgebs eb fcycaex`cbv ei x|gynvc x|exc|vw naebk vdcoensvagbc lconsc nb g`xe|vnbv xn|v ei n x|exescf xeagow fg|covgeb gs ve ag`gv fcycaex`cbvnaebk oensvna n|cns ve lcvvc| x|evcov nkngbsv scn acyca |gsc" Gb vdgs onsc! vdc ackna ieos{eaf lc eb Oebbcovgov x|exc|vw an{ $svnvc x|exc|vw an{' ns n svn|vgbk xegbv" Vdgs gslconsc vdc gssc ei |ckanvgbk |cna csvnvc gs n aeona! svnvc-lw-svnvc gssc" Vds! vdc svn|vgbkxegbv ie| fcvc|`gbgbk vdc |gkdvs nbf |csxebsglgagvgcs ei aeona x|exc|vw e{bc|s |canvgyc veoensvna |csv|govgebs {eaf |csgfc gb svnvc oe|v" @e|ceyc|! vdc ~csvgebs eb vdc nlgagvw ein svnvc nkcbow ve |ckanvc oensvna x|exc|vw ve x|evcov nkngbsv scn acyca |gsc {eaf nase lcmfkcf bfc|svnvc x|exc|vw an{ x|gbogxacs" De{cyc|! vdgs {eaf bev lc vdc cbf ei vdc

nbnawsgs" Fcxcbfgbk eb vdc `nbbc| ei vdc |ckanvgeb lcgbk cbnovcf! vdc ciicov ei vdc|ckanvgeb onb g`xnov icfc|na oebsvgvvgebna x|evcovgebs ei x|gynvc anbfe{bc|s!sxcogigonaaw vdc Igivd N`cbf`cbv ei vdc Sbgvcf _vnvcs Oebsvgvvgebs x|edglgvgeb eb vdcvnjgbkei x|gynvc x|exc|vw vd|ekd keyc|b`cbv |ckanvgeb {gvdev xnwgbkmsvoe`xcbsnvgeb"?8 Vdgs ackna ~csvgeb xescs icfc|na oebsvgvvgebna an{ x|gbogxacs" _vnvcoe|vs onb dcn| sod ~csvgebs ei icfc|na an{ lconsc vdcw dnyc kcbc|na m|gsfgovgeb vefcogfc levd svnvc nbf icfc|na an{ gsscs" Lv icfc|na oe|vs onb nase lc n x|exc|m|gsfgovgeb ie| vdc icfc|na oebsvgvvgebna ~csvgeb" Vdc avg`nvc odegoc ei {dc|c ve igacvdc an{sgv $svnvc e| icfc|na oe|v' gs snaaw xn|v ei vdc sv|nvckw ei ackna oebscafcxcbfgbk eb inove|s $agjcagdeef ei soocss gb vdc fgiic|cbv ie|`! cvo"' vdnv n|c lcgbkoebsgfc|cf"?>

?8 Ie| vdesc gbvc|csvcf gb bfc|svnbfgbk vdc ackna gsscs vdnv n|gsc bfc| scn acyca |gscnfnxvnvgeb sv|nvckgcs $xeagogcs'! xn|vgoan|aw vdc Igivd N`cbf`cbv oebsgfc|nvgebs! xacnscscc vdc ieaae{gbk n|vgoac=dvvx=%%{e|js"lcx|css"oe`%odnfU`okg|c%??%

?>Ie|` sdexxgbk$vdc vcodbgona vc|` ei odeesgbk lcv{ccb fgiic|cbv oe|vs' gs nbg`xe|vnbv sv|nvckw eivcb c`xaewcf lw ackna oebsca ve gbo|cnsc vdc agjcagdeef ei soocsseb vdc `c|gvs ei n ackna oang`" Ie| ctn`xac! gi ackna oebsca iccas vdc icfc|naoebsvgvvgebna oang` gs vdc sv|ebkcsv ackna n|k`cbv! nbf i|vdc| lcagcycs vdc icfc|naoe|vs n|c lcvvc| c~gxxcf ve bfc|svnbf vdgs ackna n|k`cbv vdnb vdc svnvc oe|v! vdcboebsca `nw odeesc ve igac vdc onsc gb vdc icfc|na oe|v swsvc`" De{cyc| vdc|c n|cxevcbvgna oebsc~cbocs" Ie| ctn`xac! lw odeesgbk vdc icfc|na oe|v! oebsca `nw lcie|ocf ve |c`eyc vdc svnvc an{ x|exc|vw oang`s lconsc vdcicfc|na oe|vgs n oe|v eiag`gvcf m|gsfgovgeb nbf kcbc|naaw fecs bev dcn| ackna oang`s evsgfc ei gvs fg|covm|gsfgovgeb $oebv|nsv {gvd svnvc oe|vs vdnv dnycxacbn|w kcbc|na m|gsfgovgeb'" Vdcodegoc ve nlnbfeb n svnvc an{ oang` gb vdc onsc bccfs ve {cgkdcf nkngbsv vdc agjcagdeef eisoocss eb vdc icfc|na oang` nbf vdc g`xnov vdgs {eaf dnyc eb vdc avg`nvc |coeyc|w lwvdc oagcbv $x|gynvc anbfe{bc|'"


25/115

Xnkc >3

Oeboasgeb

Nv vdc oeboasgeb ei vdcsc `nvc|gnas! we sdeaf dnyc n keef bfc|svnbfgbk ei de{ veigbf vdc an{" We sdeaf jbe{ vdc fgiic|cboc lcv{ccb oe`èb an{ nbf svnvve|w an{"

We sdeaf dnyc se`c bfc|svnbfgbk ei {dnv nkcbogcsn|c! nbf de{ vdcw fcycaex nbfg`xac`cbv |ckanvgebs" Igbnaaw! we sdeaf bfc|svnbf vdc oe|v swsvc`! vdc bevgeb eix|cocfcbv! nbf dnyc se`c gfcn ei vdc fgiic|cboc lcv{ccb icfc|na nbf svnvc oe|vs" [c{gaa be{ lc èygbk gbve vdc novna ackna oebvctv! nbf fgsossgbk sxcogigo icfc|na an{s vdnvdnyc lccb cbnovcf ie| vdc x|evcovgeb ei vdc cbyg|eb`cbv" Ns {c fgsoss vdcsc yn|gescbyg|eb`cbvna ackna i|n`c{e|js! `njc s|c we on||w ie|{n|f vdc oebvctv x|eygfcf gbvdcsc ig|sv vd|cc èfacs" Gb xn|vgoan| |c`c`lc| vdc ieaae{gbk x|gbogxacs=

Ig|sv! vdc an{ gs vdc evk|e{vd eixeagow fcycaex`cbv: an{ ieaae{s xeagowfg|covgebs nbf gs snaaw |cx|cscbvcf ns vdc g`xac`cbvnvgeb xdnsc ei xeagow"Cbyg|eb`cbvna an{! vdc|cie|c! gs n |cx|cscbvnvgeb ei xeagow x|cic|cbocs |canvcf ve

vdc cbyg|eb`cbv" Vdcsc x|cic|cbocs snaaw gboafc n dgc|n|odw vdnv xanocsd`nbs nv vdc ie|ci|ebv ei oebsgfc|nvgeb" Vdgs `cnbs {c {gaa vcbf ve scc èsvcbyg|eb`cbvna an{s nssvnbfn|fs ve x|evcov d`nb dcnavd nbf {caalcgbk" Vdc`nbbc| gb {dgod {c ke nlev x|evcovgbk d`nb dcnavd nbf {caalcgbk gs oaescawoebbcovcf ve e| nss`xvgebs nlev vdc lnojk|ebf bnv|na swsvc` nbf d`nblcgbks" Nb coeaekgona! swsvc`s-lnscf xc|sxcovgyc skkcsvs `ngbvngbgbk vdcgbvck|gvw ei vdc Cn|vd swsvc` $x|evcovgbk vdc cbyg|eb`cbv ie| cbyg|eb`cbvs snjc'gs vdc sxc|ge| {nw ei cbs|gbk d`nb dcnavd nbf {caalcgbk vefnw nbf gbve vdciv|c" Nb coebe`go xc|sxcovgyc `gkdv ieos è|c eb {cgkdgbk vdc |canvgyclcbcigvs nbf oesvs ei n xn|vgoan| novgygvw {gvdev ctxnbfgbk vdnv oebsgfc|nvgeb vevdc cbvg|c Cn|vd swsvc`! csscbvgnaaw {gvdev nkk|cknvgbk vdesc lcbcigvs nbf oesvs

oeaacovgycaw" [dgod sgfc ei vdgs oegb we nk|cc {gvd è|c dcaxs ve sdnxc de{we gbvc|x|cv levd vdcx|xesc nbf ciicovgycbcss ei cbyg|eb`cbvna an{s ns n `cnbsei nodgcygbk xeagow elmcovgycs"

_coebf! vdc an{ dns sv|ov|c" Vdc dgc|n|odw ei an{s nbf scxn|nvgeb ei xe{c|sfeov|gbc dcaxs s bfc|svnbf vdgs sv|ov|c nbf xanoc gv gbve n oebocxvnai|n`c{e|j {c onb sc gb bfc|svnbfgbk cbyg|eb`cbvna an{s gb oebvctv" Ie|ctn`xac! vdc S"_" Oebsvgvvgeb gs vdc sx|c`c an{ ei vdc anbf nbf vds v|`xslevd svnvvcs nbf |ckanvgebs vdnv n|c gb fg|cov oebiagov{gvd oebsvgvvgebnax|evcovgebs" Gb nffgvgeb! nkcbow oebfov $èsv ei de{ cbyg|eb`cbvna an{s n|cg`xac`cbvcf gb vdc S"_"' `sv lc gb nooe|fnboc {gvd vdc let o|cnvcf lw

Oebk|css bfc| n svnvve|w fcacknvgeb: vdc nkcbow novgeb `sv dnyc lccbnxx|eycf lw Oebk|css {dcb xnssgbk vdc svnvvc! g"c"! gv `sv lc {gvdgb vdc sxnoco|cnvcf ie| vdc nkcbow ve nov bfc| vdc svnvvc" Nbw nkcbow novgeb iebf ve lcevsgfc gvs fcacknvcf nvde|gvw gs yegf ns n `nvvc| ei an{"

Sbfc|svnbfgbk vdcsc x|gbogxacs nbf i|n`c{e|js n|c csscbvgnaaw ve `njgbk scbsc ev eicbyg|eb`cbvna svnvvcs nbf vds xanogbk vdc` gbve n xeagow-|cacynbv oebvctv" Dnygbk se`c


26/115

Xnkc >3

`nsvc|w eyc| vdcsc i|n`c{e|js {gaa dcax we lcvvc| bfc|svnbf! nbnaw}c! nbf o|gvg~c vdccbyg|eb`cbvna an{s {c {gaa lc |cygc{gbk gb vdgs oe|sc"

CBF EI _COVGEB"


27/115

Xnkc >3

GY" BCXN - Eyc|ygc{

Gbv|efovgeb

[c lckgb e| ctxae|nvgeb ei sxcogigo icfc|na cbyg|eb`cbvna an{s {gvd n svnvvc vdnv {ns

xnsscf ns n oe`x|cdcbsgyc xanbbgbk |c~g|c`cbv vdnv kcvs gboe|xe|nvcf gbve èsvicfc|na novgebs vdnv dnyc vdc xevcbvgna ve g`xnov vdc cbyg|eb`cbv" Vdc oebocxv {c bccf vebfc|svnbf dc|c gs vdnv icfc|na an{s ve x|evcov vdc cbyg|eb`cbv onb lc è|c vdnb|ckanve|w gb bnv|c: icfc|na an{s onb nase dnyc xanbbgbk kenas vdnv dcax ve cbs|cxeagow fg|covgycs n|c `cv" Ns sod! {c onb lckgb lw aeejgbk nv n x|ek|n``nvgo svnvvcvdnv gs yc|w òd agjc nb eyc|n|odgbk xeagow fg|covgyc: |nvdc| vdnb |ckanvgbk n xn|vgoan|`cfg` ei vdc cbyg|eb`cbv $agjc vdc ng| e| {nvc|'! vdgs svnvvc aeejs nv nbw keyc|b`cbvnovgygvw vdnv dns vdc xevcbvgna ve g`xnov vdc lnojk|ebf svnvc ei vdc cbyg|eb`cbv $gvso||cbv oebfgvgeb' nbf sccjs ve nff|css vdgs g`xnov lw nsjgbk ibfn`cbvna ~csvgebsnlev navc|bnvgyc {nws ei nooe`xagsdgbk vdc novgeb vdnv o|cnvcs acss ei nb g`xnov eb vdesccbyg|eb`cbvna nsscvs"?


28/115

Xnkc >3

Gfcbvgiw nbf nsscss vdc cbyg|eb`cbvna g`xnovs {dc|c sod g`xnovs n|c agjcaw: nbf @gbg`g}c vdesc g`xnovs ve vdc ctvcbv x|novgonlac lw gfcbvgiwgbk navc|bnvgyc

sv|nvckgcs ie| vdc keyc|b`cbv novgeb"

BCXN fecs bev x|cycbv keyc|b`cbv i|e` novgbk gb n oc|vngb {nw! lv gv `njcs s|c vdnvkeyc|b`cbv oebsgfc|s cbyg|eb`cbvna oebsc~cbocs ei gvs novgebs" G`nkgbc gi {c naa dnfnb cbyg|eb`cbvna yegoc gb e| e{b dcnfs vdnv na{nws `nfc s vdgbj nlev vdccbyg|eb`cbvna g`xnovs ei e| novgebs lcie|c vnjgbk novgeb: BCXN gs agjc vdgs agvvac yegoc!|c~g|gbk keyc|b`cbv ve oebsgfc| vdc g`xnovs ei gvs novgebs eb vdc cbyg|eb`cbv" BCXN gseivcb o|gvgog}cf ns lcgbk {nsvcia nbf vg`c oebs`gbk! x|cycbvgbk g`xe|vnbv coebe`gonovgygvw i|e` eoo||gbk nbf bbcocssn|gaw nffgbk ve vdc oesvs $vg`c nbf èbcw' eix|emcovs"?6 Eb vdc evdc| dnbf! BCXN gs nase anfcf ns lcgbk n svc{n|f ei cbyg|eb`cbvnan{n|cbcss! x|eygfgbk sebf xeagow exvgebs ie| keyc|b`cbv novgebs vdnv dnyc n agjcagdeefei g`xnovgbk cbyg|eb`cbvna ynacs"?3

BCXN Eyc|ygc{

Vdc Bnvgebna Cbyg|eb`cbvna Xeagow Nov$BCXN' {ns xnsscf nv vdc lckgbbgbk ei vdccbyg|eb`cbvna èyc`cbv gb vdc >7;8s" Gv {ns novnaaw sgkbcf gbve an{ lw X|csgfcbv\godn|f Bgteb" [dnv gs èsv g`xe|vnbv nlev BCXN! i|e` nb cbyg|eb`cbvna oebvctv! gsgvs soexc: BCXN nxxagcs ve nbw@nme| Icfc|na Novgeb! _gkbgigonbvaw Niicovgbk vdcD`nb Cbyg|eb`cbv" [c {gaa fgsoss ctnovaw {dnv vdgs `cnbs gb fcvnga! lv G {nbv weve oebsgfc| vdgs xevcbvgna soexc ei icfc|na keyc|b`cbv novgygvgcs" G`nkgbc! ie| ctn`xac!vdc Oacnb Ng| Nov nxxagcs ve ebc cbyg|eb`cbvna `cfg`! ng|" Vdc Oacnb [nvc| Nov5{nvc|" Vdc Cbfnbkc|cf _xcogcs Nov5 Oc|vngb sxcogcs vdnv dnyc lccb fcvc|`gbcf ve lcvd|cnvcbcf e| cbfnbkc|cf ve vdc xegbv ei ctvgbovgeb" [dgac vdcsc vd|cc an{s n|c g`xe|vnbv

gb x|evcovgbk vdc cbyg|eb`cbv! vdcw ebaw fcna {gvd ebc sxcogigo `cfg` nv n vg`c" BCXN!oebyc|scaw! fcnas {gvd NBW novgygvw ${gvd oc|vngb oebfgvgebs' vdnv dns vdc xevcbvgna veg`xnov vdc cbyg|eb`cbv" _e! we sdeaf bfc|svnbf BCXN gs g`xe|vnbv ie| be evdc||cnseb vdnb gv oeyc|s n {gfc soexcei oebfov vdnv `nw dn|` vdc cbyg|eb`cbv"

gv nsjs keyc|b`cbv ve vdgbj nlev cbyg|eb`cbvna oebsc~cbocs x|ge| ve vnjgbk novgeb" Eioe|sc x|enovgycaw oebsgfc|gbk cbyg|eb`cbvna dn|` gs n lgv fgiigoav gb g`xac`cbvnvgeblconsc gv gs dn|f ve gfcbvgiw naaei vdc xevcbvgna g`xnovs ei nb novgygvw lcie|c gv dnseoo||cf" _vgaa! lw oebfovgbk nb cbyg|eb`cbvna nsscss`cbv $cbknkgbk gbsogcbvgigoelsc|ynvgebs' x|ge| ve vnjgbk novgeb! n aev ei vdc xevcbvgna g`xnovs eb ctgsvgbkcbyg|eb`cbvna oebfgvgebs `nw lc fcvc|`gbcf"

?6 Vdc coebe`gsv n|k`cbv"

?3 Vdc coeaekgsv n|k`cbv"


29/115

Xnkc >3

X|xescs ei BCXN

BCXN dns n fna x|xesc vdnv onb lc fgygfcf gbve nb ctvc|bna ibovgeb nbf nb gbvc|bnaibovgeb ns ieaae{s=

Ctvc|bna Ibovgeb= Gbie|` vdcxlago nlev vdc xevcbvgna cbyg|eb`cbvna g`xnovsei n x|exescf keyc|b`cbv novgeb" Vd|ekd BCXN! gboafgbk vdc xlago fgsoaes|c|c~g|c`cbvs ei vdc oebfovcf cbyg|eb`cbvna nsscss`cbvs! vdc xlago gs `nfcn{n|c ei vdc xevcbvgna g`xnovs ei n x|exescf x|emcov x|ge| ve vdc x|emcov novnaawvnjgbk xanoc" Vdgs naae{s vdc xlago ve lc cfonvcf nbf bfc|svnbf vdc xevcbvgnag`xnovs: gv nase naae{s vdc xlago $vd|ekd nf`gbgsv|nvgyc xlago dcn|gbk|c~g|c`cbvs' ve yegoc vdcg| oeboc|bs nlev vdc x|exescf cbyg|eb`cbvna g`xnovsnbf x|eygfc oe``cbvs nlev x|cic|cbocs $nk|cc`cbv e| fgsnk|cc`cbv nlev vdcx|emcov gb agkdv ei cbyg|eb`cbvna g`xnovs'"?9

Gbvc|bna Ibovgeb= G`x|eyc fcogsgeb-`njgbk" Lcwebf gbie|`gbk vdc xlago nlevvdc cbyg|eb`cbvna g`xnovs ei oc|vngb keyc|b`cbv novgebs! BCXN nase sccjs veg`x|eyc vdc fcogsgeb-`njgbk ibovgeb ei keyc|b`cbv {dcb gv odeescs ve cbknkcgb novgebs" Vdc sxcogigo g`x|eyc`cbvs sekdv ocbvc| n|ebf vdc g`xnov eikeyc|b`cbv fcogsgebs eb cbyg|eb`cbvna nsscvs" Lw cbknkgbk gb vdc x|eocss eicbyg|eb`cbvna |cygc{! keyc|b`cbv gs niie|fcf vdc nlgagvw ve lcvvc| bfc|svnbf vdcxevcbvgna oebsc~cbocs ei gvs novgebs eb cbyg|eb`cbvna |cse|ocs" Vd|ekd vdgsgbvc|bna cfonvgeb! keyc|b`cbv acn|bs bev ebaw ei vdc xevcbvgna cbyg|eb`cbvnag`xnovs! lv gs nase nlac ve vdgbj nlev navc|bnvgycs= {nws ei odnbkgbk vdcg|x|exescf novgygvw ve `gvgknvc $nbf cycb x|cycbv' vdc cbyg|eb`cbvna dn|`"_e`cvg`cs vdcsc odnbkcs onb lc febc {gvd sagkdv èfgigonvgebs ve vdc x|exescfx|emcov $ie| ctn`xac odnbkgbk vdc sgvc ei vdc x|emcov ve x|evcov o|gvgona dnlgvnv'"

Evdc| vg`cs vdc èfgigonvgebs `sv lc slsvnbvgna! se`cvg`cs se slsvnbvgna vdnvvdc x|exescf novgygvw gs bev aebkc| sccb ns n ygnlac exvgeb nbf vdc x|emcov gsnlnbfebcf"?;

?9 Oebsgfc| vdnv {gvdev BCXN `nbw ei vdc xevcbvgna cbyg|eb`cbvna g`xnovs ei nkeyc|b`cbv x|emcov `gkdv ke bbevgocf" Cycb {dcb bevgocf! vdc g`xnovs `gkdv keb|cxe|vcfve vdc xlago" Vds! BCXN naae{s ie| n v|nbsxn|cbow lcv{ccb keyc|b`cbvnovgebs nbf cbyg|eb`cbvna g`xnovs: vdc xlago gs `nfc n{n|c ei vdc xevcbvgna g`xnovs! nbfvd|ekd vdgs n{n|cbcss vdc|c gs niccflnojexxe|vbgvw {dc|c ogvg}cbs onb yegoc vdcg|oeboc|bs eyc| vdc cbyg|eb`cbvna g`xnovs" Gi {c n|c {cn|gbk e|xeagow dnvs nbf vdgbjgbknlev vdc g`xe|vnboc ei v|nbsxn|cbow nbf xlago exgbgeb gb fcèo|nvgo swsvc`s! {c `nwscc vdc ynac ei BCXN ns n se|oc ei gbie|`nvgeb ve vdc xlago nlev cbyg|eb`cbvnag`xnovs ei keyc|b`cbv novgebs" Vdc ctvcbv ve {dgod {c `gkdv nk|cc {gvd sod evoe`csgs nase fcxcbfcbv eb de{ {c icca nlev vdc oesvs gbo||cf gb sod n x|eocss! xn|vgoan|aw{dcvdc| sod oesvs ngf e| fcv|nov i|e` ciigogcbow gb keyc|b`cbv novgebs $e|coebe`gsv%coeaekgsv n|k`cbv l|ekdv ie|{n|f'"?; Nkngb! vdc|c gs be |c~g|c`cbv gb BCXN vdnv n x|exescf x|emcov lc nlnbfebcf: vdcsvnvvc gvscai fecs bev |c~g|c keyc|b`cbv ve nlnbfeb n x|emcov" De{cyc|! vd|ekd vdcx|eocss ei |cygc{ nbf xlago fgsoaes|c! vdc|c `nw lc x|novgona |cnsebs ie| keyc|b`cbv ve


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Xnkc ?8 ei >>3

Vg`gbk ei BCXN

_covgeb >8


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Xnkc ?> ei >>3

Ve [dnv Fecs BCXN Nxxaw5

@nme|

Ns svnvcf gb vdc leej! BCXN ebaw nxxagcs ve `nme| novgebs" _e! ei oe|sc! {c bccf vefcvc|`gbc {dnv gs `nme| {gvdgb vdc oebvctv ei BCXN" [dnv we sdeaf acn|b i|e` vdc

vctv gs `nme| gs oebvctv fcxcbfnbv" Vdgs `cnbs ebc dns ve aeej nv n x|emcov! gb oebvctv! vefcvc|`gbc gi gv gs `nme|cbekd ie| BCXN |cygc{" N keef ctn`xac ve oan|giw vdc oebvctvgssc gs ve oebsgfc| n ?8-sve|w lgafgbk" Gv oc|vngbaw scc`s `nme|! lv acv s oebsgfc| noebvctv ve lc s|c" Oebsgfc| vdgs lgafgbk gs lcgbk c|covcf gb n s`naa ve{b" _gboc gv {eaflc vdc ig|sv ?8-sve|w lgafgbk gb vdc ve{b! gv {eaf èsv agjcaw lc oebsgfc|cf n `nme|novgeb sg`xaw lconsc gv gs `nme| gb oe`xn|gseb ve naa ei vdc evdc| lgafgbks gb vdcoe``bgvw: gb oebvctvei naa evdc| lgafgbks gb vdc ve{b! n ?8-sve|w lgafgbk gs `nme|"Vnjc vdc sn`c lgafgbk! nbf xanoc gv gb @nbdnvvnb" Lconsc se `nbw lgafgbks gb@nbdnvvnb n|c nv acnsv?8 sve|gcs! gv gs bagjcaw n `nme|novgeb ie| @nbdnvvnb x|xescslconsc! gb vdc oebvctv ei @nbdnvvnb! n ?8-sve|w lgafgbk gs |canvgycaw oe`èbxanocnèbksv vdc evdc| sv|ov|cs gb vdc ogvw" Vds! {c scc vdc oebvctvnbnawsgs {dcb

fcvc|`gbgbk `nme|bfc| BCXN"

Gv gs g`xe|vnbv ve bfc|svnbf vdc oebvctvnabnv|c ei BCXN lconsc vdgs `cnbs vdc|c gsbe nlseavc fcigbgvgeb ei {dnv BCXN `gkdv nxxaw ve" \nvdc|! BCXN gs oebvctv-fcxcbfcbv! se nb nbnawsgs ei {dcvdc| BCXN |c~g|cs nb cbyg|eb`cbvna nsscss`cbvx|ge| ve èygbk ie|{n|f {gvd n keyc|b`cbv x|emcov {gaa na{nws fcxcbf eb vdc oebvctv eivdc sgvnvgeb" Cycb n s`naa xanbbcf keyc|b`cbv x|emcov onbbev lc onvcke|gonaaw ctc`xvcfi|e` BCXN |cygc{ msv lconsc gv gs s`naa gb sonac" \nvdc|! vdc x|emcov `sv lc aeejcf nv


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Xnkc ?< ei >>3

gb vdc oebvctv ei vdc n|cn gb {dgod gv {gaa vnjc xanoc: gi vdc n|cn dns scbsgvgyccbyg|eb`cbvna nsscvs $snw o|gvgona dnlgvnv ie| n agsvcf cbfnbkc|cf sxcogcs'! vdcb vdc|c gs nk|cnvc| agjcagdeef vdc oebvctv ei vdc s`naa x|emcov $vdc scbsgvgyc dnlgvnv xeb {dgod gv {gaalc lgav' `nw v|gkkc| nb cbyg|eb`cbvna |cygc{ {dc|c vdc sn`c x|emcov {eaf bev v|gkkc|sod n |cygc{ bfc| n fgiic|cbv oebvctv $nb n|cn {dc|c be cbfnbkc|cf sxcogcs dnlgvnv

ctgsvcf ns nb ctn`xac'"

Icfc|na

Vdc vc|` icfc|na gb BCXN scc`s ve sgkbgigonbvaw ag`gv gvs nxxagonvgeb: gi gv ebaw nxxagcs veicfc|na novgebs! vdcb gv |cnaaw fecs bev dnyc n {gfc nxxagonvgeb! |gkdv5 Bev |cnaaw" [dcb{c svn|v ve oebsgfc| naa ei vdc novgygvgcs vdnv gbyeayc icfc|na novgeb! {c onb scc BCXNon||gcs n {gfc soexc" Oebsgfc|! dnyc we cyc|w vnjcb ev n svfcbv aenb5 Dnyc we cyc|x|odnscf n on| {gvd n aenb5 Dnyc we cyc| igbnbocf n de`c5 Fe we dnyc n lnbjnooebv5 Naa ei vdcsc novgygvgcs |c~g|c se`c ie|` ei icfc|na novgeb" Ie| vdc svfcbv aenbs!vdc icfc|na novgeb gs vd|ekd gbs|nboc kn|nbvccs" Ie| vdc de`c nbf nve aenbs! vdc|c n|c

icfc|na an{s oebv|eaagbk vdc aenb x|eocss" Ie| vdc lnbj nooebv! vdc icfc|na keyc|b`cbvgbs|cs vdc nooebv $IFGO gbs|nboc'"

Be{ vdnv we dnyc se`c gfcn ei de{ ctxnbsgyc nicfc|nanovgeb onb lc! oebsgfc| {dnvvwxcs eiicfc|nanovs `gkdv dnyc g`xnovs eb vdc cbyg|eb`cbv" G xc|sebnaaw vdgbj ei nbwie|` eifcycaex`cbv ig|sv" Fcycaexc|s |c~g|c igbnbogbk nbf gbs|nboc" Naèsv naasgkbgigonbv igbnbogbk x|emcovs dnyc n icfc|na oe`xebcbv" Nase! vdc|c n|c evdc|cbyg|eb`cbvna an{s vdnv |c~g|c xc|`gvvgbk vd|ekd vdc fcycaex`cbv x|eocss: èsv eivdcsc xc|`gvs n|c k|nbvcf lw vdc icfc|na keyc|b`cbv e| |c~g|c se`c ie|` ei icfc|nanxx|eyna naebk vdc x|eocss" Vdgs gs vdc sn`c ie| ega nbf kns acnscs gb vdc xlago anbfs eivdc Sbgvcf _vnvcs! levd ei {dgod |c~g|c icfc|na xc|`gvs" VdcLgk Fgk n `nme| x|emcov ve

g`x|eyc v|niigo oebkcsvgeb gb nbf n|ebf Lesveb! @N {ns igbnbocf gb an|kc xn|v lwicfc|na èbcw: gv nase |c~g|cf icfc|na xc|`gvvgbk" @esv dgkd{nws $svnvc nbf icfc|na eioe|sc' |cocgyc igbnbogbk nbf xc|`gvvgbk i|e` vdc icfc|na keyc|b`cbv" Ns sde{b gb è|cfcvnga gb vdc vctv! vdc vc|` icfc|na nxxagcs ve è|c novgebs vdnb {c gbgvgnaaw vdgbj"

Cycb {dcb n x|emcov `gkdv bev lc oebsgfc|cficfc|nalv gs svgaa oebbcovcf ve xlagonovgygvgcs! BCXN-agjc x|eocsscs `nw svgaa nxxaw" @esv svnvcs dnyc nsvnvc svnvve|wc~gynacbv ve BCXN vdnv |c~g|cs naa `nme|svnvc novgebs vdnv `nw sgkbgigonbvaw ciicov vdccbyg|eb`cbv cbknkc gb nb nbnawsgs ei cbyg|eb`cbvna g`xnovs nbf nsscss navc|bnvgycs"?4[dgac {c febv ieos eb vdc svnvc c~gynacbvs gb vdgs oe|sc! we sdeaf lc n{n|c vdnv ninga|c ve `ccv vdc icfc|na |c~g|c`cbv ns gfcbvgigcf nleyc fecs bev `cnb vdc

nsscss`cbv ei cbyg|eb`cbvna g`xnovs cbfs" I|e` n xeagow svnbfxegbv! cbyg|eb`cbvnag`xnovs n|c kcbc|naaw oebsgfc|cf gi vdc|c gs n keyc|b`cbv novgeb! {dcvdc| vdnv novgeb gsicfc|na e| svnvc gb bnv|c"

?4 Ie| ctn`xac=@nssnodscvvs $@CXN'= dvvx=%%{{{"`nss"key%ccn%nkcbogcs%`cxn%Onagie|bgn $OC^N'= dvvx=%%oc|cs"on"key%oc~n%


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Xnkc ?? ei >>3

Ebc gvc` ve `cbvgeb dc|c vdnv fecs niicov n fcvc|`gbnvgeb eiicfc|nanovgeb gs vdc vc|`novgeb gfcbvgigcf gb BCXN" [dcb vdc|c gs nb elyges icfc|na nove|! vdc ebaw evdc|~csvgeb gs ve oebsgfc| vdc jgbf ei novgeb vnjgbk xanoc" Gi vdc novgeb gs fgso|cvgebn|w gbbnv|c! `cnbgbk vdc icfc|na nkcbow dns fgso|cvgeb eb {dcvdc| e| bev ve nov! vdcb vdc|c gsna`esv bgyc|sna nk|cc`cbv fgso|cvgebn|w icfc|nanovs oebsvgvvc icfc|na novgeb ie|

BCXN x|xescs" De{cyc|! {dc|c vdc novgeb gs bebfgso|cvgebn|w! `cnbgbk vdccbyg|eb`cbvna g`xnovs ei n x|emcov n|c lnscf eb novgebs vdnv n icfc|na nkcbow gsoe``nbfcf ve vnjc $ie| ctn`xac lw oebk|cssgebna `nbfnvc bfc| n svnvvc'! vdc|ckcbc|naaw gs be BCXN |c~g|c`cbv v|gkkc|cf lconsc vdc|c gs be fgso|cvgeb eb lcdnai eivdc nkcbow gb {dcvdc| e| bev ve cbknkc gb vdc novgeb" Vds! {c onb snw vdnv BCXN ebawnxxagcs ve fgso|cvgebn|w icfc|na novs: BCXN fecs bev nxxaw ve bebfgso|cvgebn|w icfc|nanovgebs"?7

_gkbgigonbv

[dcvdc| n x|exescf novgeb gs sgkbgigonbv bfc| BCXN gs oaescaw |canvcf ve vdc `nme|

nbnawsgs fcso|glcf nleyc" [dnv vdgs `cnbs gs vdc gfcn ei sgkbgigonboc! agjc vdc gfcn ei nx|emcov lcgbk `nme|! gs oebvctv fcxcbfcbv" _e`cvg`cs n x|emcov gs ag`gvcf gb soexc! nbfgb gseanvgeb! fecs bev nxxcn| ve lc sgkbgigonbv" Nb ctn`xac `gkdv lc vdc xc|`gvvgbk nbflgafgbk ei n s`naa scovgeb ei n dgkd{nw: vdc scovgeb gvscai `gkdv lc |canvgycaw s naa gbsonac nbf gv `gkdv lc xanocf gb nb n|cn {dc|c vdc|c gs agvvac cbyg|eb`cbvna oeboc|b"De{cyc|! gi vdc cbvg|c x|emcov gs oebsgfc|cf $n scovgeb ei dgkd{nw fecs bev dnyc nx|xesc ebve gvscai gv ebaw `njcs scbsc ns xn|v ei vdc cbvg|c dgkd{nw oebvc`xanvcf'!vdcb vdc x|emcov `nw lc fcc`cf sgkbgigonbv gb vdgs {gfc| oebvctv: ie| ctn`xac! vdcx|emcov `gkdv sde{ iv|c sck`cbvs ei vdc dgkd{nw v|nyc|scs cbfnbkc|cf sxcogcs dnlgvnv"Vdgs gs vdc gssc eisck`cbvnvgeb! nbf gv dgkdagkdvs vdc g`xe|vnboc ei vdgbjgbk nlevsgkbgigonboc gb oebvctv ve vdc x|emcov gvscai! msv agjc {dcvdc| n keyc|b`cbv novgeb gs

fcc`cf `nme| bfc| BCXN gs nase oebsgfc|cf gb oebvctv"

68

Cbyg|eb`cbv

Ie| oc|vngb! vdc vc|` cbyg|eb`cbvbfc| BCXN gboafcs nbw xdwsgona nsxcov ei {dnv {c`gkdv oebsgfc| vdc cbyg|eb`cbv $anbf! {nvc|! ng|'" De{cyc|! gv nase gboafcs beb-

?7 Gb nffgvgeb! BCXN fecs bev nxxaw ve fg|cov x|csgfcbvgna novgeb ${dcb vdc X|csgfcbv eivdc Sbgvcf _vnvcs vnjcs fg|cov novgeb'" BCXN ebaw nxxagcs ve icfc|na nkcbow novgeb$ctcovgyc l|nbod novgebs ctoafgbkfg|cov x|csgfcbvgna novgeb'"

68 Bevc vdnv vdgs n|k`cbv gs yc|w sg`gan| ve vdc fgiic|cboc lcv{ccb coebe`gsvs nbfcoeaekgsvs ygc{xegbvs nlev vdc cbyg|eb`cbv" Vdc gfcn ei sck`cbvnvgeb xescs vdc~csvgeb ei de{ {c aeej nv x|exescf keyc|b`cbv x|emcovs ie| vdc x|xescs eifcvc|`gbgbk cbyg|eb`cbvna g`xnovs" Fe {c ieos seacaw eb vdc g``cfgnvc x|emcov bfc|oebsgfc|nvgeb $vdc coebe`gsv ygc{xegbv'! e| fe {c vnjc n aebkc| ygc{ ei vdc gssc nbfvdgbj nlev vdc iaac| g`xnov ei vdc x|emcov eyc| vg`c $vdc coeaekgsv ygc{xegbv'5 Gbnbs{c|gbk vdgs ~csvgeb {c agjcaw bccf ve oebsgfc| vdc xeagow lcdgbf BCXN ns n svnvvcnbf vdgbj nlev vdc kena$s' gv gs v|wgbk ve nodgcyc gb |canvgeb ve cbyg|eb`cbvna x|evcovgeb"


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Xnkc ?6 ei >>3

xdwsgona nsxcovs ei vdc cbyg|eb`cbv" Vdgs onb gboafc oav|na! dgsve|gona! nbf ncsvdcvgoynacs" Nb ctn`xac `nw lc n x|exescf fcycaex`cbv eb n Bnvgyc N`c|gonb l|gna sgvc:{dgac vdc fcycaex`cbv `nw dnyc `gbg`na g`xnovs ve vdc s||ebfgbk xdwsgonacbyg|eb`cbv! gv `nw sgkbgigonbvaw g`xnov vdc oav|na nbf dgsve|gona ynac ei vdc l|gnak|ebf" Vdc sn`c n|k`cbv onb lc scf ie| n|odceaekgona sgvcs" _e! BCXN vnjcs n

kcbc|naaw ctxnbsgyc ygc{ ei {dnv gs oebsgfc|cf cbyg|eb`cbv! kegbk lcwebf {dnv {c `nwgbgvgnaaw vdgbj"

Vdc BCXN X|eocss

Be{ vdnv {c dnyc vdc `ngb cac`cbvs ei BCXN! acv s aeej nv vdc novnax|eocss ei BCXN$de{ gv gs novnaaw g`xac`cbvcf'" Oebsgfc| vdc ieaae{gbk ~csvgebbng|c sde{gbk vdckcbc|na BCXN x|eocss=

Gs vdc|c n `nme| icfc|na novgeb vdnv `nw sgkbgigonbvaw niicov vdc cbyg|eb`cbv5

Wcs= Vdcb fe nbCbyg|eb cbvna Nsscss`cbv $CN'" Be= Vdcb vdc|c gs n Igbfgbk ei Be _gkbgigonbv G`xnov $IEB_G'! nbf vdc

x|emcov onb èyc ie|{n|f {gvdev i|vdc| cbyg|eb`cbvna |cygc{"

CN= Fecs vdc CN sde{ n icfc|na novgeb vdnv {gaaagjcaw dnyc n sgkbgigonbv g`xnov eb

vdc cbyg|eb`cbv5

Wcs= Vdcb `sv fe n iaaCbyg|eb`cbvna G`xnov _vnvc`cbv $CG_'" Be= Vdcb vdc|c gs n Igbfgbk ei Be _gkbgigonbv G`xnov $IEB_G'! nbf vdc

x|emcov onb èyc ie|{n|f {gvdev i|vdc| cbyg|eb`cbvna |cygc{"

CG_= Fecs vdc CG_ sde{ vdc icfc|na novgeb {gaasgkbgigonbvaw g`xnov vdc cbyg|eb`cbv5

Wcs= Vdcb `sv oebsgfc| navc|bnvgycs ve vdc x|emcov! gboafgbk vdc be-novgebnavc|bnvgyc"

Be= Vdcb vdc|c gs n Igbfgbk ei Be _gkbgigonbv G`xnov $IEB_G'! nbf vdcx|emcov onb èyc ie|{n|f {gvdev i|vdc| cbyg|eb`cbvna |cygc{"

N ygsna |cx|cscbvnvgeb ei vdgs fcogsgeb v|cc ~csvgebbng|c ei vdc BCXN x|eocss gs

x|cscbvcf dc|c=


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Xnkc ?3 ei >>3

Vdgs ~csvgebbng|c sde{s vdc kcbc|na BCXN x|eocss" Gi vdc|c gs vdc xessglgagvw ei nx|emcov sgkbgigonbvaw niicovgbk vdc cbyg|eb`cbv! vdcb vdc nkcbow `sv fe nbCbyg|eb`cbvna Nsscss`cbv $CN'" Vdgs gs n lnsgo x|eocf|c! {dc|c vdc xevcbvgna niicovsei vdc x|emcov eb naa cbyg|eb`cbvna |cse|ocs n|c |cygc{cf" Gi vdc CN |cycnas n sv|ebkagjcagdeef ei cbyg|eb`cbvna dn|`! vdc nkcbow `sv cbknkc gb nb Cbyg|eb`cbvna G`xnovNsscss`cbv $CG_'" Vdgs gs n `e|c ie|`na x|eocf|c vdnb vdc CN! {dc|c vdc nkcbow fecsn fcvngacf cbyg|eb`cbvna nbnawsgs! fgsossgbk de{ cnod cbyg|eb`cbvna inove| {gaa lcniicovcf! nbf svnvgbk vdc navc|bnvgyc novgebs ve vdc x|exescf novgygvw" Gi be cbyg|eb`cbvnadn|` gs sde{b nv cgvdc| vdc CN e| CG_ svnkc! vdcb vdc nkcbow gbfgonvcs n Igbfgbk Ei Be_gkbgigonbv G`xnov $IEB_G'" Vdc IEB_G gbie|`s cyc|webc vdnv vdc x|emcov {gaa bevsgkbgigonbvaw niicov cbyg|eb`cbvna ynacs nv vdc x|exescf sgvc" Be{ vdnv {c dnycfgsosscf vdc kcbc|na x|eocf|c |c~g|cf gb n BCXN |cygc{! acv s fgsoss vdc ciicov eiBCXN! g"c"! fecs gv |cnaaw fe nbwvdgbk5

Vdc Ciicov ei BCXN

Ebc vdgbk sdeaf lcoe`c nxxn|cbv bfc| n oaesc ctn`gbnvgeb ei BCXN: gi we aeej nv vdciae{ odn|v nleyc! we |cnag}c BCXN |c~g|cs nkcbogcs ei vdc icfc|na keyc|b`cbv vecbknkc gb n |cygc{ x|eocss ei novgebs vdnv `nw niicov vdc cbyg|eb`cbv" @nbw {ebfc| givdgs novnaaw odnbkcs x|emcovs! e| svexs vdc` i|e` kegbk ie|{n|f" Gb evdc| {e|fs! gs vdc|cn xn|v ei BCXN vdnv |c~g|cs n x|emcov ve lc svexxcf {dcb vdc|c gs n igbfgbk ei `nme|g`xnovs ve vdc cbyg|eb`cbv5 Vdc nbs{c| gs n s|x|gsgbk BE" BCXN gs `esvaw n


36/115

Xnkc ?9 ei >>3

x|eocf|na svnvvc: vdgs `cnbs gv |c~g|cs n x|eocf|c ve lc ieaae{cf! lv fecs bev|c~g|c n sxcogigo |csav" Vds! {dc|c n x|emcov gs sde{b ve onsc sgkbgigonbvcbyg|eb`cbvna dn|`! vdc|c gs be |c~g|c`cbv bfc| BCXN vdc nxxagonbv odnbkc vdcx|emcov $e| svex gv navekcvdc|'" Vdc|c `nw lc evdc| svnvvcs vdnv |c~g|c vdc nxxagonbvodnbkc vdcg| x|emcov $e| svex gv'! lv BCXN fecs bev |c~g|c sod n |csav" Vdc kena e|

ciicov ei BCXN gs ve cbs|c vdc cbyg|eb`cbvna ciicovs ei n x|exescf x|emcov n|ciaawoebsgfc|cfx|ge| ve èygbk ie|{n|f {gvd vdc x|emcov" Vdgsiaa oebsgfc|nvgeb gs febcvd|ekd vdc cbyg|eb`cbvna dn|` nbnawsgs! nbf vdc |c~g|c`cbv bfc| BCXN vdnv naanavc|bnvgycs ve vdc x|exescf x|emcov n|c oebsgfc|cf! gboafgbk vdc be novgeb navc|bnvgyc"

Navdekd BCXN gs bev gbvcbfcf ve x|cycbv icfc|na novgebs i|e` èygbk ie|{n|f! vdgseivcb |csavs {dcb vdc x|eocss sde{s vdc|c {gaa agjcaw lc sgkbgigonbv g`xnovs ebcbyg|eb`cbvna nsscvs" F|gbk vdc gbie|`nvgeb knvdc|gbk svnkc! keyc|b`cbv cbvgvgcs n|cnlac ve lcvvc| nsscss vdc xevcbvgna g`xnovs ei vdcg| x|exesnas eb cbyg|eb`cbvna nsscvs $vdcgbvc|bna ibovgeb ei BCXN': eivcb vdgs gbvc|bna fcaglc|nvgeb |csavs gb n fcogsgeb ve navc|vdc x|emcov ve x|evcov scbsgvgyc cbyg|eb`cbvna nsscvs! nbf {dcb vdgs onbbev lc febc! n

fcogsgeb ve f|ex vdc xanb navekcvdc| `nw |csav" Gb nffgvgeb! vdc ctvc|bna ibovgeb eigbie|`gbk vdc xlago nlev xevcbvgna cbyg|eb`cbvna dn|`s `nw |csav gb n xlago lnojansdve{n|fs vdc x|emcov" _gboc keyc|b`cbv gs |cocxvgyc ei xlago scbvg`cbv gb n fcèo|nvgoswsvc`! vdc|c gs n agjcagdeef vdnv n sv|ebk cbekd ev|nkc eyc| vdc x|exescf x|emcov onbnase |csav gb nb nlnbfeb`cbv ei vdc x|emcov"

Igbnaaw! vdc|c n|c nasemfgogna g`xcfg`cbvs ve x|emcovs èygbk ie|{n|f {dcb BCXN|c~g|c`cbvs n|c bev oaescaw ieaae{cf" [dcb keyc|b`cbv dns ingacf ve fe vdccbyg|eb`cbvna nbnawsgs bfc| BCXN! e| vdc nbnawsgs dns lccb oe`xacvcf lv n k|ex gsnlac ve sde{ vdc keyc|b`cbv dns ingacf ve `cnbgbkiaaw oebsgfc| vdc navc|bnvgycs!gboafgbk vdc be novgeb navc|bnvgyc! vdcb n mfkc `nw e|fc| n x|emcov dnavcf $nbf cycb

|cèycf gi na|cnfw lgav' gb e|fc| ve oe`xaw {gvd vdc BCXN |cygc{ x|eocss" @nbwcbyg|eb`cbvna k|exs cbie|oc vdgs x|eocf|na |c~g|c`cbv ei BCXN lw sgbk vdcicfc|na keyc|b`cbv {dcb vdcw lcagcyc gv dns ingacf ve oebsgfc| vdc navc|bnvgycs ve nx|exescf x|emcov" Vdc nffgvgebna oesvs nbf l|fcbs xanocf eb keyc|b`cbv ve oe`xaw {gvdBCXNs |c~g|c`cbvs onb nov ns n fgsgbocbvgyc ve èyc ie|{n|f {gvd vdc x|emcov bfc|vdc oebfgvgebs x|cscbvcf"

Onxc [gbf

Onxc [gbf |cx|cscbvs n |cocbv ctn`xac ei de{ vdc BCXN x|eocss gs c`xaewcf $ie| keefe| lnf' ve fcvc|`gbc vdc cbyg|eb`cbvna ciicovs ei n x|exescf x|emcov" Vdc novna CG_ onb

lc ygc{cf {gvd n ~goj bcv scn|od"

6>

Acv s |b vd|ekd vdc BCXN nbnawsgs nleyc $ie|e|scaycs' ns gv |canvcs ve Onxc [gbf"

Ig|sv! gs Onxc [gbf n `nme|novgeb5 [caa! gv svnbfs ns vdc ig|sv `nme| icfc|na eiisde|c{gbf x|emcov gb vdc Sbgvcf _vnvcs" Vdc inov gv {eaf lc vdc ig|sv sod x|emcov {eaf agjcaw

6> Ebc agbj gs dc|c $bevc vdc scovgeb eb BCXN Feo`cbvnvgeb=dvvx=%%{{{"lec`"key%\cbc{nlac-Cbc|kw-X|ek|n`%_vfgcs%Onxc-[gbf"nsxt


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Xnkc ?; ei >>3

x|exca gv gbve vdc `nme|onvcke|w lconsc ei gvs oebvctv" Gs vdc novgeb icfc|na5 Vdgs gscnsw! ns vdc inogagvw gs nb cbc|kw kcbc|nvgeb inogagvw! se gv |c~g|cs icfc|na xc|`gvvgbk"Nase! gv {gaa lc xanocf gb icfc|na {nvc|s $bev x|gynvcaw e{bcf nbf evsgfc ei svnvcm|gsfgovgeb'! se gv bccfs n xc|`gv ie| gvs aeonvgeb $novnaaw n acnsc ie| vdc sxnoc'" Vds!vdc|c `sv lc icfc|na novgeb" Gs vdc x|emcov sgkbgigonbv5 Kegbk lnoj ve {dnv G dnyc sngf

nleyc! gi gv gs nme|! gv kcbc|naaw gs nase sgkbgigonbv" De{cyc|! oebsgfc| vdc bg~cbcss eivdc x|emcov! nbf vdc inov ei {dc|c gv {gaa lc xanocf: gv gs n|knlac vdc x|emcov onb lcfcvc|`gbcfsgkbgigonbvsg`xaw lnscf eb gvs bg~c bnv|c $nv acnsv ie| vdc Sbgvcf _vnvcs'"Lcwebf gvs ig|sv ei n jgbf svnvs! vdc x|emcov gs nase slsvnbvgna gb sonac $we onb |cygc{vdc agbj x|eygfcf gb vdc ieevbevc ie| x|cogsc fcvngas gv jccxs odnbkgbk' nbf gs agjcawvdc|cie|csgkbgigonbvie| vdgs |cnseb ns {caa"

[gaa vdc x|emcov dn|` vdc cbyg|eb`cbv5 Vdgs gs {dc|c vdc nbnawsgs kcvs gbvc|csvgbk" Giwe aeej nv vdc CG_! we {gaa igbf vdc|c n|c ag`gvcf niicovs eb vdcxdwsgona cbyg|eb`cbv"Vdgs gs se `od vdc onsc vdnv gv gs dn|f ve scc vdcsgkbgigonbvg`xnov eb xdwsgonacbyg|eb`cbv naebc" De{cyc|! ns svnvcf nleyc! cbyg|eb`cbv gboafcs dgsve|gona! oav|na!

nbf ncsvdcvgo ynacs ns {caa" Onb nbwebc kcss {dnv ncsvdcvgo ynac $nbf oav|na ve nfck|cc' dns lccb vdc `ngb svgojgbk xegbv ie| vdc x|emcov5 Gi nbwebc kcsscf vdc ygc{i|e` vdc Jcbbcfw oe`xebf $ns {caa ns evdc| Onxc n|cns'! we kcsscf |gkdv. Gb inov!we onb igbf vdc ncsvdcvgo g`xnovs eb vdc CG_ {clsgvc ie| Onxc [gbf" Nbf |cocbvaw!nffgvgebna oav|naoebsgfc|nvgebs dnyc lccb gfcbvgigcf gboafgbk n oang` vdc x|emcovo|cnvcs n ygsna fgs|xvgeb ie| oc|vngb k|exs ei Bnvgyc N`c|gonbs {de dnyc v|nfgvgebnaawscf vdc belsv|ovcf ei Bnbvojcv _ebf ns n xanoc ei oc|c`ebgna sgkbgigonboc" _e!Onxc [gbf gs |cnaaw n keef ctn`xac ei de{ nb ctvcbfcf fcigbgvgeb eicbyg|eb`cbvdnsi|sv|nvcf vdc Onxc [gbf x|emcov" Nv vdc sn`c vg`c! gv dcaxs ve ctxangb de{ xe{c|iaBCXN gs gb vdc eyc|naa cbyg|eb`cbvna nsscss`cbv ei x|emcovs gb vdc Sbgvcf _vnvcs"Gbfccf! BCXN onb lc scf ns levd nsdgcafie| vdc cbyg|eb`cbv ns {caa ns ns{e|fie|vdesc {de n|c gbvc|csvcf gb sgbk ackna gbsv|`cbvs ns n `cnbs ei nfynbogbk xc|sebnankcbfns"6


38/115

Xnkc ?4 ei >>3

cbyg|eb`cbv ns vdc evc| ag`gv xeb {dgod d`nb seogcvw nbf coebe`go novgygvw gsoebsv|ngbcf" \conaa vdc igk|c scf ve `njc vdgs xegbv cn|agc| gb vdc oe|sc $oexgcf lcae{dc|c'=

Gi vdgs nss`xvgeb ei vdc |canvgebsdgx lcv{ccb cbyg|eb`cbv! seogcvw! nbf coebe`gonovgygvw gs iebf gb icfc|na cbyg|eb`cbvna svnvvcs agjc BCXN! vdcb {c sdeaf oebsgfc| gvsg`xe|vnboc gb de{ {c xc|ocgyc cbyg|eb`cbvna an{s kcbc|naaw" [c {gaa igbf se`cyn|gnvgeb i|e` vdgs vdc`c gb evdc| n|cns ei cbyg|eb`cbvna x|evcovgeb anvc| gb vdc oe|sc"Ie| be{! {c onb scc vdnv vdgs kena ei BCXN onb dnyc n x|eiebf ciicov eb vdc g``cfgnvccoebe`go gbvc|csvs ei seogcvw: BCXN onb |cvn|f coebe`go x|esxc|gvw lw sae{gbk! nbfse`cvg`cs x|cycbvgbk! icfc|na novgygvgcs i|e` `eygbk ie|{n|f" [dcvdc| {c scc vdgs ns nbg`xe|vnbv odcojeb e| novgebs! e| ns nb bbcocssn|w ag`gvnvgeb dn|`gbk d`nb {caalcgbkgs nb g`xe|vnbv xn|v ei vdc xeagow fclnvc vdnv s||ebfs cbyg|eb`cbvna an{s kcbc|naaw!nbf BCXN xn|vgoan|aw" Eboc nkngb de{ {c avg`nvcaw fcogfc vdc ynac ei BCXN gsdgkdaw fcxcbfcbv eb {dcvdc| {c slso|glc `e|c ve{n|fs vdc coeaekgona e|coebe`gsvcbfs ei vdc sxcov|`"

CBF EI _COVGEB"


39/115

Xnkc ?7 ei >>3

Y" BCXN - \c`cfgcs

Gbv|efovgeb

Be{ vdnv {c dnyc se`c bfc|svnbfgbk ei BCXN! gv gs vg`c ve vnjc n oaesc| aeej nv vdc

|c`cfgcs xe|vgeb ei vdc svnvvc" Acv s vdgbj nlev vdgs vc| ! |c`cfgcs! ie| n `e`cbv"Ns vdc vctv svnvcs! {dnv gi n icfc|na nkcbow ingas ve ieaae{ vdcx|eocf|cs |c~g|cf bfc|BCXN5 [dnv x|cogscaw n|c vdcsc x|eocf|cs vdnv bccf ve lc ieaae{cf5 [dc|c fecs vdccygfcboc oe`c i|e` ve x|eyc n l|cnod ei BCXN |c~g|c`cbvs! nbf {dnv gs vdcsvnbfn|fei x|eeinxxagcf lw vdc oe|vs5 [dnv gs vdc be|`namfgogna |c`cfw eiic|cf gb sodsgvnvgebs5 [dnv gi vdc x|exescf |c`cfw {eafslsvnbvgnaaw gbvc|ic|c {gvd nb g`xe|vnbvkeyc|b`cbv xeagow $agjc bnvgebna sco|gvw'5 [gaa vdc Oe|v odnbkc gvs x|exescf |c`cfw5Vdcsc n|c naa g`xe|vnbv ~csvgebs ve oebsgfc| gb e|fc| ve iaaw bfc|svnbfgbk vdcg`xagonvgebs BCXN dns ie| vdc x|evcovgeb ei vdc cbyg|eb`cbv" $\c`c`lc| ve na{nwsoebsgfc| gb vdc xeagow g`xagonvgebs evagbcf nv vdc lckgbbgbk ei vdgs oe|sc"'

[dgac `nbw ei vdcsc svnvvcs n|c ng`cf nv x|evcovgbk vdc cbyg|eb`cbv! vdc nxxagonvgeb eivdc svnvvc `nw gbvc|ic|c {gvd evdc| g`xe|vnbv ibovgebs ei vdc keyc|b`cbv $agjc bnvgebnasco|gvw ns svnvcf nleyc'" Ssgbk vdc oebocxv vdnv bnvgebna sco|gvw x|eygfcs nb ctocxvgebve cbyg|eb`cbvna |ckanvgebs! ebc g`xe|vnbv ~csvgeb vdnv eivcb |co|s gb vdccbyg|eb`cbvna oebvctv gs {dcvdc| gv gs naae{nlac ve |cant cbyg|eb`cbvna x|evcovgebs ie|vdc snjc ei fcnagbk {gvd o|gsgs gsscs gb e| seogcvw! ie| ctn`xac ve cbs|c fe`csvgocbc|kw sxxaw e| ve `gvgknvc vdc g`xnovs ei nb coebe`go o|gsgs: gi vdc x|goc ei knseagbc{c|c ve |gsc gb vdc Sbgvcf _vnvcs ve n xegbv {dc|c gv {ns g`xnovgbk vdc coebe`go{caalcgbk ei xcexac agygbk vefnw! vdcb {eaf gv lc nfygsnlac ve ctc`xv cbyg|eb`cbvnasvnbfn|fs oebvngbcf gb svnvvcs ve dcax naacygnvc vdc coebe`go sv|ngb5 De{ {c nbs{c| vdgs~csvgeb l|gbks s lnoj gbve e| |canvgebsdgx lcv{ccb vdc cbyg|eb`cbv! seogcvw! nbf

coebe`go novgygvw" Vdesc ei vdc coeaekgsv on`x `gkdv n|kc `njgbk sod ctocxvgebsvefnw ebaw dn|`s vdc bnv|na swsvc` nbf onb xevcbvgnaaw onsc nb c~gagl|g` sdgiv gb vdcswsvc` vdnv g||cv|gcynlaw dn|`s vdc onxnogvw ie| d`nb {caalcgbk ie| iv|c kcbc|nvgebs"Vdesc ei vdc coebe`go on`x `gkdv n|kc vdc nlgagvw ie| cbyg|eb`cbvna svnbfn|fs ve lc|cantcf gb nb coebe`gonaaw fgsnfynbvnkces cbyg|eb`cbv gs o|gvgona gi n seogcvw gs ve k|e{nbf x|esxc|" Vdc fck|cc ve {dgod {c `gkdv nk|cc {gvd ebc n|k`cbv eyc| nbevdc| dcaxss bfc|svnbf vdc |eac ei cbyg|eb`cbvna an{s gb e| seogcvw" Lw ygc{gbk de{ |c`cfgcsie| ygeanvgebs ei BCXN n|c dnbfacf! {c kcv n scbsc ei vdgs n|k`cbv gb vdc oebvctv ei nxanbbgbk cbyg|eb`cbvna svnvvc: csscbvgnaaw! {c elsc|yc {dnv gv |cnaaw `cnbs bfc|BCXN ve oebsgfc| cbyg|eb`cbvna g`xnovs {dcb vdesc g`xnovs `gkdv nase gbiacboc evdc|xeagvgona x|ge|gvgcs gb csscboc {dcvdc| BCXN dnssvnwgbk xe{c|bfc| fgiigoav

og|o`svnbocs"

Vdc Lnsgs ie| Mfgogna \cygc{ Vdc Nsscss`cbv X|eocss

\conaa vdnv BCXN |c~g|cs keyc|b`cbv cbvgvgcs ve cbknkc gb n |cygc{ ei cbyg|eb`cbvnag`xnovs eb x|exescf keyc|b`cbv novgygvgcs" Vdc ig|sv xn|v ei vdgs |cygc{ x|eocss gs vefcvc|`gbc gi vdc novgygvw {gaa agjcaw onsc cbyg|eb`cbvna g`xnovs $nbf nase gi vdckeyc|b`cbv dns nbw fgso|cvgeb ve bev cbknkc gb vdc novgygvw e| navc| vdc novgygvw: {dc|c


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Xnkc 68 ei >>3

vdc keyc|b`cbv dns be fgso|cvgeb6?! BCXN fecs bev nxxaw cycb {dc|c cbyg|eb`cbvnag`xnovs {gaa lc sde{b'" Vdc scoebf xn|v ei vdc |cygc{ eoo|s {dc|c vdc|c gs n xevcbvgnaie| cbyg|eb`cbvna g`xnovs i|e` vdc x|exescf novgygvw $nbf keyc|b`cbv dns fgso|cvgeb venavc| e| ssxcbf vdc novgygvw'" Gi vdc|c gs n agjcagdeef ei cbyg|eb`cbvna g`xnov! vdcbkeyc|b`cbv `sv=

Nsscss vdc xevcbvgna ei vdesc g`xnovs gb vc|`s eifck|cc $s`naa! sgkbgigonbv! cvo"'lw oebfovgbk n o|se|w cbyg|eb`cbvna |cygc{ $CN'"

[dc|c vdc xevcbvgna ie| g`xnov gs slsvnbvgna! vdcb n iaa cbyg|eb`cbvna |cygc{$CG_' `sv lc oe`xacvcf"

Vdgs x|eocss s``n|g}cf nleyc ieaae{s vdc ieaae{gbk fcogsgeb v|cc ~csvgebbng|c ie|`nv!oexgcf i|e` vdc x|cyges `efac=

Keyc|b`cbv Fcogsgeb Bev _xxe|vcf lw vdc \coe|f

I|e` n mfgogna |cygc{ svnbfxegbv! vdc xn|vs ei vdc fcogsgeb-`njgbk x|eocss ieoscf eb lwoe|vs gboafc vdc `nme| ~csvgebs nv cnod svnkc ei vdc BCXN x|eocss gfcbvgigcf nleyc$vdc |cf!agkdv lac! nbf vdc fn|jc| lac ~csvgebs'" Oe|vs n|c kcbc|naaw nynganlac ve|cygc{ {dcvdc| vdc keyc|b`cbvs fcogsgeb nv cnod svnvc ei vdgs fcogsgeb v|cc gs sxxe|vcf

6? Ie| ctn`xac! gi vdc keyc|b`cbv gs cbknkgbk gb n bebfgso|cvgebn|w fvw gfcbvgigcf lwOebk|css vd|ekd n svnvve|w |c~g|c`cbv"


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Xnkc 6> ei >>3

lw nynganlac cygfcboc" Vdc nynganlac cygfcboc! gb v|b! gs lnscf eb vdc nf`gbgsv|nvgyc|coe|f! {dgod gboafcs vdc keyc|b`cbvs e{b novgebs $nbf svfgcs oebfovcf' gb e|fc| venbs{c| cnod ~csvgeb! nbf nase nbw `nvc|gnas sl`gvvcf lw vdc xlago $nv xlago dcn|gbks!bevgoc nbf oe``cbv xc|gefs! cvo"' vdnv {eaf kgyc cygfcboc ve dcax sxxe|v n fcogsgeb ebcbyg|eb`cbvna g`xnovs" Ie| ctn`xac! gi vdc|c {c|c oacn| cygfcboc ei cbyg|eb`cbvna dn|`

nynganlac ve vdc keyc|b`cbv $nbf vds gb vdc nf`gbgsv|nvgyc |coe|f'

66

nv vdc yc|wlckgbbgbk ei vdc x|eocss! lv vdc keyc|b`cbv fcvc|`gbcf vdc|c {ns be cygfcboc vesxxe|v oebfovgbk nb CN $gbsvcnf bevgbk n IEB_G nv vdgs cn|aw svnkc'! vdcb vdc|c {eaflc cygfcboc oebvngbcf gb vdc |coe|f vdnv oacn|aw oebv|nfgovcfvdc keyc|b`cbv igbfgbk eibe sgkbgigonbv g`xnov $IEB_G'" Sbfc| sod og|o`svnbocs n oe|v oeaf fcvc|`gbc vdckeyc|b`cbvs fcogsgeb gs bsxxe|vcf lw vdc |coe|f" Vdc sn`c gs v|c gi vdckeyc|b`cbv oebfovs nb CN nbf igbfs vdc|c gs bev siigogcbv agjcagdeef ei cbyg|eb`cbvnadn|` ve oebfov nb CG_! lv vdnv igbfgbk gs oebv|nfgove|w ve vdc gbie|`nvgeb oebvngbcf gbvdc |coe|f eb cbyg|eb`cbvna dn|`"63 Gi n oe|v igbfs vdc keyc|b`cbv novgeb gs bsxxe|vcflw vdc |coe|f! vdcb gv onb gbynagfnvc vdc fcogsgeb nbf |c~g|c vdc keyc|b`cbv ve oebfov nx|exc| cbyg|eb`cbvna |cygc{ gb-agbc {gvd BCXN |c~g|c`cbvs" Bevc BCXN fecs bev

naae{ vdc oe|v ve ie|oc vdc keyc|b`cbv ve `njc n xn|vgoan| fcogsgeb! lv |nvdc| veoe`xaw {gvd vdc x|eygsgebs ei BCXN lnscf eb vdc gbie|`nvgeb oebvngbcf gb vdc |coe|f"69

Inga|c ve Oebsgfc| Navc|bnvgycs

[dcb nb CG_ gs |c~g|cf $vdc iaa-lae{b cbyg|eb`cbvna nbnawsgs'! vdcb ebc `sv oebsgfc|navc|bnvgycs gboafgbk vdc be novgeb $fe bevdgbk' navc|bnvgyc" Vdgs navc|bnvgyc nbnawsgs

66 \c`c`lc|! vdc cygfcboc `sv lc xn|v ei vdc nf`gbgsv|nvgyc x|eoccfgbks dcaf lwkeyc|b`cbv {dcb oebfovgbk vdc |cygc{" Vdgs onb oe`c i|e` vdc keyc|b`cbvs e{bctxc|vs e| i|e` gbfcxcbfcbv ctxc|v |cxe|vs nbf gbie|`nvgeb `nfc nynganlac ve vdckeyc|b`cbv vd|ekd n bevgoc nbf oe``cbv e| oe``bgvw dcn|gbk ns xn|v ei vdccbyg|eb`cbvna |cygc{ x|eocss"

63 N oacn| ctn`xac ei vdgs {eaf lc cygfcboc gb vdc |coe|f vdnv sde{s vdc sgvc ie| nkeyc|b`cbv fcycaex`cbv {ns o|gvgona dnlgvnv ie| nb cbfnbkc|cf sxcogcs"

69 Bevgoc de{ xe{c|ia vdc nf`gbgsv|nvgyc |coe|f gs {dcb odnaacbkgbk vdckeyc|b`cbvs fcogsgeb-`njgbk bfc| BCXN" Ebc sdeaf lc nlac ve scc vdc |cacynboc eikcvvgbk eb vdc |coe|f gi vdcw lcagcyc g`xe|vnbv gbie|`nvgeb nlev vdc n|cn nbf gvscbyg|eb`cbvna nsscvs gs bev lcgbk gboafcf gb vdc keyc|b`cbv |cygc{ ei cbyg|eb`cbvnag`xnovs" Vdgs gs {dw `nbw e|knbg}nvgebs nbf ogvg}cb k|exs `njc gv n x|ge|gvw ve kcv vdcg|gbie|`nvgeb eb vdc |coe|f f|gbk n BCXN |cygc{ x|eocss: vdc |coe|f lcoe`cs vdc cbvg|cbgyc|sc ei gbie|`nvgeb nynganlac ve n oe|v {dcb |cygc{gbk keyc|b`cbv fcogsgebs |canvcfve gvs oebsgfc|nvgeb ei cbyg|eb`cbvna g`xnovs eb n kgycb x|emcov" Gb n xc|icov {e|af vdckeyc|b`cbv {eaf sg`xaw cbs|c gv gs oebfovgbk n siigogcbv nbnawsgs ei cbyg|eb`cbvnag`xnovs x|ge| ve `njgbk sod fcogsgebs" De{cyc|! gv gs agjcaw vdnv sod gbie|`nvgeb gs bevna{nws elvngbcf fg|covaw lw keyc|b`cbv ciie|vs nbf vdc|cie|c xlago xn|vgogxnvgeblcoe`cs nb g`xe|vnbv xn|v ei vdc BCXN x|eocss"


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Xnkc 6< ei >>3

onb ie|` vdc lnsgs eimfgogna |cygc{ {dcb keyc|b`cbv ingas ve nfc~nvcaw oebsgfc| naa|cnsebnlac navc|bnvgycs" Vdc {nw n oe|v fcvc|`gbcs gi keyc|b`cbv ingas ve oebsgfc|navc|bnvgycs gs! nkngb! lnscf eb vdc nf`gbgsv|nvgyc |coe|f" _e! ie| ctn`xac! gi vdc |coe|fgfcbvgigcs vdnv n x|emcov onb lc navc|cf lw odnbkgbk gvs ieevx|gbv ${dc|c gv gs aeonvcf' gbsod n {nw vdnv x|evcovs gfcbvgigcf o|gvgona dnlgvnv! lv vdc keyc|b`cbv fecs bev oebsgfc|

vdgs navc|bnvgyc! vdcb vdc|c gs n lnsgs ie| n oe|v ve deaf vdc keyc|b`cbv dns ingacf veoebsgfc| vdgs |cnsebnlac navc|bnvgyc nbf vdc|cie|c dns bev oe`xagcf {gvd BCXN"6;

Lcwebf |cnsebnlac navc|bnvgycs! keyc|b`cbv `sv nase oebsgfc| vdc be novgebnavc|bnvgyc! {dgod `cnbs keyc|b`cbv `sv oebsgfc| bev cbknkgbk gb vdc x|emcov ns ebc{nw ei `gvgknvgbk cbyg|eb`cbvna g`xnovs" Vdc be novgeb navc|bnvgyc gs kcbc|naawoebsgfc|cf |cnsebnlac {dc|c vdc x|emcov kenas onb lc nodgcycf gb nbevdc| {nw nbf vdccbyg|eb`cbvna g`xnovs ei vdc o||cbv x|exesna sde{ n slsvnbvgna dn|` eb vdccbyg|eb`cbv" Gi vdc x|emcov {c|c lgafgbk n fn` ie| xe{c| kcbc|nvgeb $vdc kena'! lv vdcfn` sgvc gs sde{b ve dn|` nb cbfnbkc|cf sxcogcs! vdcb vdc be novgeb navc|bnvgyc `gkdv lc|cnsebnlac {dc|c vdc dn|` ve vdc cbfnbkc|cf sxcogcs onbbev lc `gvgknvcf vd|ekd evdc|

navc|bnvgycs lv vdc kena ei vdc x|emcov $xe{c| kcbc|nvgeb' onb lc nodgcycf gb evdc| {nws$fgiic|cbv x|emcovs casc{dc|c'" Gb x|novgoc! vdc be novgeb navc|bnvgyc gs snaaw csvnlagsdcfns vdc lnscagbci|e` {dgod evdc| navc|bnvgycs n|c `cns|cf bfc| vdc iaa navc|bnvgycsnbnawsgs"

Vdc _vnbfn|f \c`cfw

Vdc svnbfn|f |c`cfw ie| ingagbk ve oe`xaw {gvd vdc x|eygsgebs ei BCXN gs nb gbmbovgeb"Nb gbmbovgeb gs nb c~gvnlac |c`cfw $vdgs `cnbs vdc oe|v gsscs nb e|fc| vcaagbk n xn|vwve fe se`cvdgbk! |nvdc| vdnb! ie| gbsvnboc! gssgbk n mfk`cbv ie| nb nèbv ei èbcw'"Gb x|novgoc nb gbmbovgeb {eaf lc gsscf {dc|c n oe|v fcvc|`gbcs vdc nkcbow dns=

Ingacf ve sxxe|v vdcg|fcogsgeb-`njgbk x|eocss $CN! CG_! IEB_G' lw vdccygfcboc oebvngbcf gb vdc |coe|f: nbf%e|

Ingacf ve nfc~nvcaw cbknkc gb nb navc|bnvgycs nbnawsgs ns |c~g|cf bfc| BCXN"Vdnv lcgbk sngf! bev naa gbmbovgebs n|c vdc sn`c" Vdcw onb lc cbnovcf {gvd yn|wgbkfck|ccs ei ie|oc" Ie| ctn`xac! n oe|v oeaf gssc n oe`xacvc gbmbovgeb eb exc|nvgebs"Vdgs dnavs vdc cbvg|c novgygvw! nbf kcbc|naaw |c`ngbs gb-ie|oc bvga vdc keyc|b`cbv nkcbowdns iaaw oe`xagcf {gvd vdc |c~g|c`cbvs ei BCXN" Nb navc|bnvgyc ve vdgs {eaf lc n

6; Oe|vs dnyc dcaf vdnv keyc|b`cbv cbvgvgcs bccf ebaw oebsgfc||cnsebnlac navc|bnvgycslconsc keyc|b`cbv {eaf bev c`xaew b|cnsebnlac navc|bnvgycs cycb gi vdcw {c|coebsgfc|cf" Gb vdc oebvctv ei BCXN navc|bnvgycs nbnawsgs! |cnsebnlac `cnbs se`cvdgbkvdnv gsicnsglac! onxnlac ei l|gbkgbk nlev vdc kenas ei vdc x|exescf x|emcov" Vds! gikeyc|b`cbv oeaf èyc n x|exescf lgafgbk n ic{ dbf|cf iccv ve x|evcov o|gvgona dnlgvnv

nbf svgaa `ccv vdc gbvcbfcf kenas ei vdc x|emcov cycb nivc| vdc èyc! vdcb vdgs navc|bnvgyc{eaf lc oebsgfc|cf n |cnsebnlac navc|bnvgyc"


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Xnkc 6? ei >>3

x|cag`gbn|w gbmbovgeb" Gb vdcsc gbsvnbocs! n oe|v `nw e|fc| nb gbgvgnagbmbovgeb einovgygvgcs lconsc vdc|c gs se`c gbgvgna cygfcboc vdnv skkcsvs vdc keyc|b`cbv `nw bevdnyc oe`xagcf {gvd BCXN" N anvc| dcn|gbk gs sodcfacf {dc|c vdc xn|vgcs n|c nlac vex|cscbviaacygfcboc eb {dcvdc| e| bev n BCXN ygeanvgeb dns eoo||cf" Nivc| vdgs anvc|dcn|gbk! n mfkc {gaa gssc n fcogsgeb cgvdc| gbsvgvvgbk n oe`xacvc gbmbovgeb! e| agivgbk vdc

x|cag`gbn|w gbmbovgeb nbf naae{gbk {e|j ve oebvgbc"

64

Lcwebf vdcsc svnbfn|f gbmbovgebs! vdc|c n|c nbw yn|gnvgebs" Ns bevcf gb vdc vctv!se`cvg`cs vdc oe|v {gaa {cgkd vdc sc|gesbcss ei vdc x|emcov nv gssc nkngbsv vdccbyg|eb`cbvna dn|` oe``gvvcf lw ingagbk ve iaaw oe`xaw {gvd BCXN" \cocbv ctn`xacskcbc|naaw |cyeayc n|ebf bnvgebna sco|gvw" Vdc|c dnyc lccb b`c|es gbsvnbocs {dc|cvdc keyc|b`cbv dns ingacf ve ieaae{ BCXN {gvd |csxcov ve oc|vngb novgygvgcs gv fcc`sgbyeaycs bnvgebna sco|gvw" Ebc sod gbsvnboc gs vdc Bnyna sc ei bc{ ie|`s ei sebn|! nbfevdc| bfc|{nvc| vcodbeaekgcs" Gv gs n|kcf vdcsc vcodbeaekgcs n|c onxnlac dn|`gbkn~nvgo `n|gbc agic $gboafgbk `n|gbc `n``nas' lconsc vdcw n|c scbsgvgyc ve vdc sebfsx|efocf" Vdc Bnyw oang`s vdc |gkdv ve oebfov vcsvs eb vdcsc vcodbeaekgcs ie|bnvgebna

sco|gvw x|xescs! nbf i|vdc| n|kcs gv fecs bev dnyc vdc vg`c ve iaaw oe`xaw {gvdBCXN gb `nbw onscs" Oe|vs dnyc lccb sxagv eb vdc gssc ei BCXN oe`xagnboc $sgbocOebk|css ctxagogvaw svnvcf BCXN sdeaf lc ieaae{cf'! ns vdc|c n|c oe`xcvgbk oeboc|bs!sgboc bnvgebna sco|gvw `ngbvngbs n sv|ebk acyca ei fcic|cboc gb e| ackna nbf xeagvgonaswsvc`" Vdc vctv bevcs v{e onsc ctn`xacs! Oeboc|bcf Nlev V|gfcbv y" \`sicafnbf[gsoebsgb y" [cgblc|kc|! cnod oe`gbk ve n fgiic|cbv oeboasgeb" Vdc |nvgebnaclcdgbfonscs oe`gbk ve fgiic|cbv oeb

POL661: Environmental Law Lecture Booklet

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