POL201Y1: Politics of...
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POL201Y1:PoliticsofDevelopmentLecture8:
Criticaldevelopmenttheory
Post-development
Review
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Recap• Poverty
• Development
• Explanationsofdevelopment(andlackthereof):� Modernization� Neoliberalism� Geography� History� Dependency/underdevelopmentandworld-systems� Institutionalism
• Allthesetheories/explanationsarepredicatedontheassumptionofthevalidityoftheconceptandpracticeofdevelopment
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Critical(development)theory• Criticaltheory:
� FrankfurtSchool� Critiqueofmodernityanddominantideologies,intendedto“toliberatehumanbeingsfromthecircumstancesthatenslavethem”� Horkheimer,Max.1982.CriticalTheory:SelectedEssays.NewYork:Continuum.
• Criticaldevelopmenttheory:� Munck:“Thoseapproacheswhichexplainwhatiswrongwiththecurrentsocialorder,identif[y]theagentsforsocialchangeandprovidepracticalgoalsforsocialtransformation”� Munck,Ronaldo.2010.“CriticalDevelopmentTheory:ResultsandProspects.”Migración YDesarrollo 14:33–53.
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Criticaldevelopmenttheory:components(accordingtoSchuurman)• Reflexivity:multiplepossibleformsofsociety
• Transdisciplinarity
• Subversiveness:challengestoacceptedideas,ideologies,policies,etc.
• “Knowledgeispower”
• Decentring:perspectivesnotonlyfromtheepicentre butalsofromtheso-calledmargins.
• Efforttouncoverhistoricprocessesthatlinkthevariouselementsofaparticularsocialrealitywithoutfallingintothetrapofreductionism
• Skepticismtowardsempiricism,i.e.thedistinctionbetweenfactsandvalues� Schuurman,Frans J.2009.“CriticalDevelopmentTheory:MovingoutoftheTwilightZone.”ThirdWorldQuarterly 30(5):831–
48.
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Criticaldevelopmenttheory:perspectives• Dependency/underdevelopment
• Environmentalism
• Feminism
• Culturalturnà postmodernism
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Postmodernism• Socialrealityastheproductofsocial,historical,andpolitical discourse
• Context-dependentandsociallyconstructednatureofknowledgeandtruth
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Postmodernismindevelopmenttheory• Said:“Alltheenergiespouredintocriticaltheory[…]haveavoidedthemajor,Iwouldsaydetermining,politicalhorizonofmodernWesternculture,namelyimperialism.”� Said,Edward.1995.“Secularinterpretations:thegeographicalelement,andthemethodologyofimperialism.”InG.Prakash
(ed.).AfterColonialism.Princeton:PrincetonUniversityPress.21-39.
• Postcolonialism
• Post-development
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Postcolonialism• Focusonculturallegacyofcolonialism/imperialism
• Said:� “MycontentionisthatwithoutexaminingOrientalismasadiscourse onecannotpossiblyunderstandtheenormouslysystematicdisciplinebywhichEuropeanculturewasabletomanage—andevenproduce—theOrientpolitically,sociologically,militarily,ideologically,scientifically,andimaginativelyduringthepost-Enlightenmentperiod.Moreover,soauthoritativeapositiondidOrientalismhavethatIbelievenoonewriting,thinking,oractingontheOrientcoulddosowithouttakingaccountofthelimitationsonthoughtandactionimposedbyOrientalism.[…]TherelationshipbetweenOccidentandOrientisarelationshipofpower,ofdomination,ofvaryingdegreesofacomplexhegemony.”� Said,Edward.2003(1979).Orientalism.NewYork:Vintage.
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Post-development• Keyproponents:ArturoEscobar,JamesFerguson,MajidRahnema,GilbertRist,WolfgangSachs
• Nointegrated‘post-developmenttheory’
• Developmentas“ahistoricalconstructthatprovidesaspaceinwhichpoorcountriesareknown,specified,andintervenedupon”oraparadigmthroughwhichthe‘underdevelopment’ofthe‘ThirdWorld’or‘globalSouth’isdiscursivelyconstructedandthedominanceofthe‘globalNorth’ismaintained� Escobar,Arturo.1995.EncounteringDevelopment:TheMakingandUnmakingoftheThirdWorld.Princeton:Princeton
UniversityPress.45.
• RepudiationofdevelopmentasaEurocentricdiscourseandanimperialproject
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DevelopmentaccordingtoRahnema• “Discoveryofpoverty”afterWorldWarII
• Transformationofthepoorintotheassisted
• Globalizationofpovertyandconstructionoftwo-thirdsoftheworldaspoor� Rahnema,Majid.1991. GlobalPoverty:APauperizingMyth.Montreal:InterculturalInstituteofMontreal.
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DevelopmentaccordingtoEscobar• Problematization ofpovertyafterWorldWarII(re.Rahnema)à
• Inventionofdevelopment
• Sociallifeasatechnicalproblemà
• “Creationofaninstitutionalfieldfromwhichdiscoursesareproduced,recorded,stabilized,modified,andputintocirculation”
• InhabitantsoftheglobalSouthas‘docilebodies’(Foucault)subjected“toaninfinitevarietyofinterventions,tomoreencompassingformsofpowerandsystemsofcontrol”
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DevelopmentaccordingtoFerguson• Institutionsofdevelopmentas‘anti-politicsmachine’thatdepoliticizes“everythingittouches,everywherewhiskingpoliticalrealitiesoutofsight,allthewhileperforming,almostunnoticed,itsownpre-eminentlypoliticaloperationofexpandingbureaucraticstatepower”� Ferguson,James.1994.TheAnti-PoliticsMachine:“Development”,Depoliticization andBureaucraticPowerinLesotho.
Minneapolis:UniversityofMinnesotaPress.xiv-xv.
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Contributionsofpost-development• Recognitionofunequalrelationsofpower
• Theinfluenceofentrenchedsocialandpoliticalinterestsindevelopmentpractice
• Insightsintotheroleofideas
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Problemswithpost-development• North-Southbinary:
� Post-developmentdisplaysa“reverseOrientalismwhichturnsallpeoplefromnon-westernculturesintoageneralized‘subaltern’thatisthenusedtofloganequallygeneralized‘West’”� Kiely,Ray.1999.“TheLastRefugeoftheNobleSavage?ACriticalAssessmentofPost-DevelopmentTheory.”TheEuropean
JournalofDevelopmentResearch11(June):47.
� Global/evilvs.local/nobleà
• Romanticization oftradition
• Structuralism:developmentdiscourseastheworkofnebulousandill-definedforces
• Linear(teleological?)temporality:theveryterm‘post-development’suggestsanimplicitacceptanceofthelinearityoftimeasanorganizingprinciple
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niversityofToron
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Problemswithpost-development• Tendentiousnessandideologicalfervour:
� Developmentrequirestheacceptanceof“massiveimpoverishment,ofsellingThirdWorldresourcestothemostconvenientbidder,ofdegrading[theThirdWorld’s]physicalandhumanecologies,ofkillingandtorturing,ofcondemning…indigenouspopulationstonearextinction”� Escobar1995:52.
• Vaguenessof’alternativestomodernity’
• Conflationofdevelopmentwithmodernization� Partlybasedon:
� Kiely,Ray.1999.“TheLastRefugeoftheNobleSavage?ACriticalAssessmentofPost-DevelopmentTheory.”TheEuropeanJournalofDevelopmentResearch 11(June):30–55.
� Lehmann,David.1997.“AnOpportunityLost:Escobar’sDeconstructionofDevelopment.”TheJournalofDevelopmentStudies 33(4):568–78.
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niversityofToron
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Termtest• 20%ofthecoursegrade
• 13June
• Basedonsections1(keyconcepts)and2(theories/explanations)ofthecourse
• Essay:� 60%� Answeroneofthreeessayquestions
• Multiple-choicequestions:� 40%� 20questions
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niversityofToron
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Review• Poverty:
� Definition� Approaches� Povertyvs.illbeing� Prevalenceofpoverty� Measurement:povertyheadcountratio,povertygap,MDI� Trends
• Inequality:� Theories� Prevalence� Trends
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niversityofToron
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Review• Development:
� Definitions� Aspects� Dimensions:immanentprocessvs.intentionalpractice� Developmentindustry(re.itscritiquebypost-developmentscholars)
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niversityofToron
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Review• Explainingdevelopment:
� Modernizationtheory:� Theconceptofmodernization� Modernizationprocess� Impact
� Neoliberalism:� Definition� Neoliberalismvs.neoclassicaleconomics� Purpose� Impact
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niversityofToron
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Review• Explainingdevelopment:
� Geographyandendowments:� Agricultural/animalproductionpotential� Demographics� Disease� Accesstotrade/transportbarriers� Geographyandinstitutions
� History:� Importanceofhistory� Colonialismandimperialism� Causesandimpactsofcolonialism/imperialism
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niversityofToron
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Review• Explainingdevelopment:
� Dependency/underdevelopmentandworld-systemstheory:� Definitions� Structureoftheinternationalsystem� Approaches� Impact
� Institutionsandinstitutionalism:� Definitions� Types� Functions� Institutionalizationandinstitutionalemergence� Efficiency?
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Review• Reformingdevelopment:criticaldevelopmenttheory
• Rejectingdevelopment:post-development
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Evaluatingthetheories/explanationsofdevelopment
Modernization Neoliberalism Geographicdeterminism
Dependency Institutionalism Criticaldevelopment
Post-development
Capabilities
Universalistic Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes
Normative Yes Yes No(usually) Yes No(caveat) Yes Yes YesStructural/deterministic
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes(usually) Yes Yes(debatable) No
Binary-based Yes No(caveat) No Yes No No Yes NoNation-state-centric
Yes Complicated No Yes No No No No
Economy-centric
Yes Yes No Yes No No No No
Dynamic/historical
No No No Ish Depends Depends Unclear No
Teleological Yes Yes Kindof Ish No No Arguably NoRecognitionofpower
No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Toolofpower Yes Yes No No No(debatable) No No No
Eurocentric Yes Yes No(debatable) Arguably No(debatable) No(debatable) No(debatable) No(debatable)
Influential(outsideacademia)
Yes Yes Somewhat Yes Yes No No Yes
Empirical No No Yes(withinacademia)
No Yes No No No
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Practicequestions• Multiplechoice:
� Theconceptofdevelopmentis:� Elusive� Complex� Unambiguous� Contested
� AccordingtoAmartyaSen,amongthesourcesofunfreedom are:� Poverty� Economicopportunities� Socialdeprivation� Intolerance
KarolCzuba,U
niversityofToron
to
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Practicequestions• Multiplechoice:
� AccordingtoFrancisFukuyama,developedcountrieshavethefollowinginstitutions:� Strongruleoflaw� Competentstate� Vibrantciviclife� Democraticaccountability
� AccordingtotheKuznetshypothesis,overtimeinequalitytrendapproximatestheshapeof:� U-shapedcurve� InvertedU-shapedcurve� Short-runaveragevariablecostcurve� Short-runaveragetotalcostcurve
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niversityofToron
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Practicequestions• Multiplechoice:
� AccordingtoW.W.Rostow,atraditionalsocietyis:� Agricultural� Hierarchical� Centralized� Landowner-dominated
� Geographicconditionsthataffectdevelopmentthroughinstitutionsinclude:� Agriculturalproductivity� Diseaseenvironment� Distancefromtransportcorridors� Race
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niversityofToron
to
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Practicequestions• Multiplechoice:
� By1550,Europeancolonialpowershadcolonized:� Meso-America� Cuba� India� Philippines
� Theclaimthatoverthelongterm,thepriceofprimarycommodities declinesrelativetothepriceofmanufacturedproductswasarticulatedby:� Lerner� Baran� Prebisch� Frank
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niversityofToron
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Practicequestions• Essay:
� Whatarethestrengthsandweaknessesofmodernizationtheoryandneoliberalism?� Inwhatwaysdohistoryandgeographyaffectdevelopment?� Compareandcontrastmodernizationanddependency/underdevelopmenttheories.
KarolCzuba,U
niversityofToron
to