POETRY

COMPARE AND CONTRAST

A type of literature

Appeals to the heart

Appeals to

emotions/feelings

Uses verses/stanzas

Ideas are expressed in

shorter, more

powerful form

A type of literature

Appeals to head

Logical

Uses sentences/

paragraphs

Ideas expressed using

a lot more words

Poetry Prose

POETRY TERMS Poetry

A written expression of ideas in a concentrated, imaginative, and rhythmical terms

Sound and meaning of words are combined to express feelings, thoughts, and ideas

The poet chooses words carefully

Poetry is usually written in lines

Usually contains rhyme and a specific meter, but does not have to

Stanza A division of a poem based on the form

Named and numbered by the number of verses they contain Couplet: 2 lines

Tercet: 3 lines

Quatrain: 4 lines

Cinquain: 5 lines

Sestet: 6 lines

Verse One line of poetry

Three kinds based on rhyme and meter Rhymed verse- Verse with end rhyme and regular meter

Blank verse- No end rhyme but a definite meter

Free verse- No end rhyme and no meter

Diction

Poet’s distinctive choices in vocabulary

Form

Refers to the shape of the poem, the way the words and

lines are arranged on the page

Speaker

The imaginary voice assumed by the writer of the poem

The poet

Human character

Object or animal

More than one speaker

Rhyme

The likeness of sound existing between two or more

words

Words do not have to be spelled the same to be

considered rhyming

This is the most common sound device in poetry

End rhyme- Same sound at the end of the verse

Hat and cat

Cloud and allowed

Internal rhyme- Same sound within a verse

Near or slant rhyme- Words that appear to rhyme, but don’t

Great and treat

These words are assigned the same rhyme scheme letter

A, B, C, etc

Rhyme Scheme

The pattern/sequence in which rhyme occurs.

Uses the letters of the alphabet to show pattern

Meter

A pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables

Stressed

Emphasized word part

Unstressed

Un-emphasized word part

Angel- AN-gel (not an-GEL)

Complete- com-PLETE (not COM-plete)

Foot

A group pf syllables constructing a metrical unit

consisting of stressed and unstressed syllables

da DUM da DUM da DUM

FIVE MAIN PATTERNS FOR FEET Iambic

1 unstressed syllable followed by 1 stressed syllable Repose (re- POSE)

Belief (be-LIEF)

Complete (com- PLETE)

Trochaic

1 stressed syllable followed by 1 unstressed syllable Garland (GAR- land)

Speaking (SPEAK- ing)

Value (VAL- ue)

Anapestic

2 unstressed syllables followed by 1 stressed syllable On the road

Interrupt (in-ter-RUPT)

Unabridged (un-a-BRIDGED)

Dactylic

1 stressed syllable followed by 2 unstressed syllables Happiness (HAP-pi-ness)

Galloping (GAL-lop-ing)

Spondaic

All syllables have equal stress Heartbreak

“Out, out…”

Heartburn

COMBINATIONS OF POETIC FEET

Monometer: 1 foot per line

Dimeter: 2 feet per line

Trimeter: 3 feet per line

Tetrameter: 4 feet per line

Pentameter: 5 feet per line

Hexameter: 6 feet per line

TYPE + NUMBER = METER

Iambic

Trochaic

Anapestic

Dactylic

Spondaic

Monometer

Diameter

Trimeter

Tetrameter

Pentameter

Hexameter

Type of Feet Number of feet per Line

PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER

Whose woods these are I think I know.His house is in the village, though; He will not see me stopping hereTo watch his woods fill up with snow.

My little horse must think it queer To stop without a farmhouse nearBetween the woods and frozen lakeThe darkest evening of the year.

He gives his harness bells a shakeTo ask if there is some mistake. The only other sounds the sweepOf easy wind and downy flake.

The woods are lovely, dark, and deep,But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep.

Stanza

Verse/Line

STRESSED syllable

Unstressed syllable

Meter:

- Unstressed followed by stressed = Iambic

- Four feet per line = Tetrameter

- Therefore: Iambic TetrameterA

A

B

A

B

B

C

B

C

C

D

C

D

D

D

D

POETIC DEVICES

Alliteration Deliberate repetition of consonant sounds

Black gloves, a broad black hat

Assonance Deliberate repetition of vowel sounds

And so, all the night-tide, I lie down by the side

Consonance The repetition o final consonant sounds in stressed syllables

with different vowel sounds Hat and sit

Tone The poet’s attitude toward the subject

Mood Atmosphere of a piece of writing

The emotions a selection arouses in a reader Trailer

Horror

Rhyme

Repetition of the same sounds

Rhyming couplet

A pair of lines whose end rhyme expresses one clear

thought

Rhythm

The internal feel of beat and meter perceived when poetry

is read aloud

Figurative language

Writing or speech not meant to be interpreted literally

Simile

Metaphor

Hyperbole

Personification

Metaphor

A comparison not using the word like or as

He is a snake

Simile

A comparison using the word like or as

She is like a rose

Hyperbole

An exaggeration fro dramatic effect

I am so hungry, I could eat a horse

Personification

Attribution of human motives or behaviors to impersonal agencies (non-humans)

The stars danced in the sky

Onomatopoeia

Use of words resembling the sounds they mean

Buzz, woof, bang, slurp

Echo/Repetition

Repetition of key word or idea

Creates a pattern

Increases rhythm

Imagery

Using words to create pictures (images) in your mind

Appeals to the five senses

Sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell

Oxymoron

A seeming contradiction by putting two words together

Jumbo shrimp

Allusion

A reference to a well-known person, place, event, or artistic work

‘Christy didn’t like to spend money. She was no Scrooge, but she seldom purchased anything except the bare necessities.

Refers to Scrooge, the famous penny-pinching character of Charles Dickens’ classic novel A Christmas Carol

Harry Potter

Roman mythology

Remus Lupin

• The founders of Rome, Romulus and Remus, were said to be raised by wolves, which Remus’ name and anamagus form allude to. Also, in The Deathly Hallows, his codename is Romulus, another direct allusion to this

Greek mythology

Fluffy, the three-headed dog guarding the Sorcerer's Stone in The Sorcerer's Stone

• Mythological creature Cerberus: a three-headed dog that guarded the Underworld

• Greek hero Orpheus was able to put Cerberus to sleep by playing music on his lyre

Fluffy’s weakness is music

• Hagrid claims to have purchased Fluffy from a Greek man

AUTHOR’S PURPOSE

o The poet has an “author’s purpose” when he

writes a poem. The purpose can be to:

Share feelings (joy, sadness, anger, fear, loneliness)

Tell a story

Send a message (theme - something to think about)

Be humorous

Provide description* (e.g., person, object, concept)

TYPES OF POEMS

NARRATIVE POETRY

Narrative Poetry

Poetry that tells a

story

Follows the plot

diagram of narrative

literature

The Highwayman

LYRIC POETRY

Lyric Poetry

Poetry that is written

in highly musical

language that

expresses the

thoughts,

observations, and

feelings of a single

speaker

TANKA

Tanka

A verse form poem

with five unrhymed

lines of five, seven,

five, seven, and seven

syllables

Conveys a single vivid

emotionBeautiful mountains

Rivers with cold, cold water.

White cold snow on rocks

Trees over the place with frost

White sparkly snow everywhere.

LIMERICK

Limerick

A funny five line poem

Lines 1, 2, and 5

rhyme

Lines 3 and 4 rhyme

Lines 3 and 4 are

shorter

Line 5 refers back to

line 1

There Seems to Be a Problem

I really don’t know about Jim.

When he comes to our farm for a swim,

The fish as a rule,

jump out of the pool.

Is there something the matter with him?

By John Ciardi

CONCRETE POEM

Concrete Poem

Can also be called a

shape poem

Written in the shape

of its subject

HAIKU

Haiku

A Japanese poem form

Written in three lines

of five, seven, and five

syllables

Captures a moment in

time

Little frog among

rain-shaken leaves, are you, too,

splashed with fresh, green paint?

by Gaki

Couplet

Poem written in two

lines

Usually rhymes

The Jellyfish By Ogden Nash

Who wants my jellyfish?

I’m not sellyfish!

COUPLET

Tercet

Poem written in three

lines

Usually rhymes

Lines 1 and 2 can

rhyme

Lines 1 and 3 can

rhyme

Sometimes all three

lines rhyme

Winter Moon By Langston Hughes

How thin and sharp is the moon tonight!

How thin and sharp and ghostly white

Is the slim curved crook of the moon tonight!

TERCET

QUATRAIN

Quatrain

A poem written in four

lines

Most common stanza

used in poetry

Usually rhymes

Can be written in a

variety of rhyming

patterns

The Lizard By John Gardner

The lizard is a timid thing

That cannot dance or fly or sing;

He hunts for bugs beneath the floor

And longs to be a dinosaur.

CINQUAIN

Cinquain

Poem written in five

lines

Does not rhyme

Contains 22 syllables

Line 1 = 2 syllables

Line 2 = 4 syllables

Line 3 = 6 syllables

Line 4 = 8 syllables

Line 5 = 2 syllables

Oh, cat

are you grinning

curled in the window seat

as sun warms you this December

morning?

By Paul B. Janezco

FREE VERSE

Free Verse

Poem that does not use rhyme or pattern

Can vary in length, stanzas, and subject matter

Revenge

When I find outwho tookthe last cooky

out of the jarand leftme a bunch of

stale old messycrumbs, I'mgoing to take

me a handful and crumbup someone's bed.

By Myra Cohn Livingston

Blank Verse

Poem written with a regular meter

Almost always iambic pentameter

Does not rhyme

Villanelle

A nineteen line lyric poem

Written in five three line stanzas and ending in a

four line stanza

Sonnet

A lyric poem consisting of fourteen lines

Written in three four line stanzas called

quatrains and ending with two rhymed lines

known as a couplet

TPCASTT

•This is a process to help you organize your

analysis of poetry.

•We have already learned the vocabulary, now

it’s time to put it into practice!

•Together, we are going to analyze “Dreams”

using T-PCASTT.

•Now, please copy the next chart in your

notebook…

Getting Started…

Add your analysis of

“Dreams” to this sheet!

DREAMSBY LANGSTON HUGES

Hold fast to dreams

For if dreams die

Life is a broken-winged bird

That cannot fly.

Hold fast to dreams

For when dreams go

Life is a barren field

Frozen with snow.

T is for TITLE•Analyze the title first. (“Dreams”)

•What do you predict this poem will be about?

•Write down your predictions.

•We will reflect on the title again after we have read the poem.

•The next step is often omitted, but it is the most important!!!!

READTHE

POEM

DREAMSBY LANGSTON HUGES

Hold fast to dreams

For if dreams die

Life is a broken-winged bird

That cannot fly.

Hold fast to dreams

For when dreams go

Life is a barren field

Frozen with snow.

• Paraphrasing is putting something in your own words.

• After reading the poem, rewrite it in your own words.

• This may be three sentences or a page, depending on the particular poem.

P is for PARAPHRASE

•Analyze the figures

of speech and sound

effects of the poem.

•These are the poetry

vocabulary we have

already studied.

•These elements add

to the meaning.

C is for CONNOTATION

Tone is the attitude of the speaker toward

the subject of the poem.

A is for ATTITUDE

•If there is a change in…

–Time

–Tone

–Mood

–Speaker

This should always be noted as this will also affect the meaning.

S is for SHIFT

•At this time, you should reconsider

the title.

•Were you right in your predictions?

•What other meanings might the title

have in light of your analysis?

•Next, the biggie….

T is for TITLE (again)

•As you already know, theme is the general

insight into life conveyed by the author through

his/her work.

•It does not make a judgment.

example: “Don’t do drugs” is not a theme.

•It merely states something that is true to life and

the human condition.

T is for THEME

•Look at the other parts of TPCASTT.

•What insight are all of these working together to

convey?

•What is the poet trying to say about life?

How do I find the THEME?

DREAMS BY: LANGSTON HUGES

Title

The poem is about

dreams

Paraphrase

Hold tight to dreams

Because if dreams die

Life is like an injured bird

That cannot fly.

Hold tight to dreams

Because when dreams are lost

Life is like a field with nothing in it

That is frozen with snow

Personification Dreams die

Dreams go

Metaphor Life is a broken winged bird

Life is a barren field

Imagery Broken winged bird that cannot

fly

Barren field frozen with snow

End rhymes Die and fly

Go and snow

Repetition Hold fast to dreams

The author’s tome is

cautionary and

somewhat melancholy

Connotation Attitude

The poem has two full

sentences ending in

periods and stanzas

are broke up into

short 3 to 5 word lines

The title is very

indicative of what the

poem will be about

The poem is about

dreams and

continuing to dream

and the title clearly

represents that

Shift Title

Plot: The speaker is telling the audience to keep

dreaming because it makes life better and

essentially makes life worth living.

Subjects: Dreams/ Dreaming, Life, Value

Theme(s): Continuing to dream will lead to a good

life. Lack of dreaming, or not having dreams,

makes life empty

Themes