DOCONENT BROOM!

10,188 780 PS 011 567A, IMHOF Fdwards, Carolyn S.

T/TLE Users' Guide to USDA Estimates of the cost of Raisinga Child.

INSTITUTION Science and 7ducet1.on Administration (DOA),Hyattsville, Md..

PUB DATE 79NWIF 28p.

PM PRICT WI/PM Plus Postage.-DESCPIPTOPS' Age Groups: -*Child Pearing: *Cost Estimates:

*DifferenCes: Guidelines: Income: *4egiona1- Characteristics: Tables (Data)

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TDENTIETEPS *DepartMent of AgricultureAm5....

ABSTRACT. In thiS h,;11,icle, estimates of the cost of raising a

child, that are available from +he U.S. Department of Agriculture,mr.e described: the most widely requested estimates updated to current

.pr'ice levels are provided: ard the most frequently asked questions '

' about the Use and interpretation of these estimates are answered.Information cn additional materials of interest to uses of +herestimates are also,described. Tablesare provided' on the annual costcf raising an urban child from birth to'age 18, in different regionsand economic levels (economy, low and moderate cost) for the years1960,1979: food plans drawn up ac crdiPer +o family size and incomefor 1478: ard consumer price index ata for updating arid backda+i!Ina

%01

cost estimates of child rear.ing. (.SS)

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N********************,****************************4************************* Pepro,ductions supplied by-rDPS are the best that can be made ** ,it from the original documert. *

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s OIPANTNIIINT OP HEALTH,SOUcATION WILFAI111NATtONAL INSTITUTr(M

+1,

,EDUCATION

THISDOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO.DOM) EXACT( V AS RECEIVED PROM1)41: PERSON OR ORGANIJATION ORIGIN.A TING IT POLNTS OP VIEW DR OPINIONSSTATE D DO NOT NE( ESSAR)4,Y REPF41-SI NT 01 I 14 IAl NATIONAI INS fI IUTE OFEDUCATION 'POSITION OR POLK'?

US RS' GUIDE TO USDA ESTIMATESCOST OF' RAISING A CHILD

By y,Tlyn S. Edwards'

Estiniates of the cost of raising a child,developed in the Family Economics ResearchGroup of the U.S. Department of Agriculture(USDA), have received -a-r-Qeat deal of atten-tion. These figures Italie been sed not only as 'abudgetary aidefor itidividual families as originaltly intended, but have been applied in legal,social welfare, educational, and researchations as well. The estimates have been used,for example, to prOvide guidelines for judges,attorneys, and expert witnesses in setting sup-port payMents for children in divorce cases(26) and in bstimating damages arising frompersonal injury, wrongful death, and mal-practice claims. They have been applied byState, county, and municipal social welfareagencies in setting public support levels forfamilies and children, and by educators, finan-cial advisers, and other professionals who workwith families or who train those who will.Researchers have used the estimates in analyseson, particular family situations, fertility.behav-ior, and other demographic and populationtopics (23, 24, 26, 28, 29). The estimates havealso been quoted widely in neNtspapers andpopular publications.

This interest and diversity of uses, however,has generated rinierous questions and someconfusion with regard to what estimates areavailable and how ihey may be used. This arti-cle dOcribes what estimates are available, pro-vides the most widely requested estimatesupdated to current price levels, answers themost frequently asked questinns about theiruse and interpretation, and describes infor-mation on additional .materials*of interest totrrs of the estimates.

AVAILABLE ESTIMATEScost estimates 9f raising a child were

as t result of two separate butdevelo

Ci)CIO Selo

momist, Family Economi s Reieariii Group,e and Education Administra n, USDA\

'Repr in ted"PERMISSION TO REPTIODUct, THISMATERIAL 4ALL TIFF N JRAUED BY

KathttliA 1.11.0r4

TO THE EDUCATIONAL REpOUFICESINFORMATION CENTER (EiliC),"

OF THE

relatecl research efforts. In both, total andannual costs- from birth to age 18 were deter-Mined for eight items in the budget: Food athome, food away from home, housing, trans-

.portation, medical care, education, clothing,and all other items. The estimates do notinclude costs fot the birth of the child or forhiOer education.

The first of the studies (3, 4, 5, 6) was basedon data .from the 1960-61 Consumer Expendi-ture Survey (CES), a cooperative project of theUSDA and the U.S. Department of Labor,Bureau of Labor Statistics ,(BLS). Estimatesreflected average expenditure patterns of fami-lies, with husband and wife present and with nontore than five children. Costs were dw4elopedseparately %r families living ins the North Cen-tral, Northeast, South, and West and for thoseliving in urban, rural farm, and rural nonfarm'settings. The estimates were developed at threecost \ levelseconomy, low, and moderate.Tabl 1 shows cost estimates for raising urbant)h ildren in each of the four regions, updated to1978 price levels.2

The second study .(1), based on data fromthe 1913 Farm Family Living Expenditare Sur-vey (FFLES) and on procedures modified fromthe first study, provides ,new estimates of thecost of raising farm children: Unlike the earlier

s estimates, these are not limited to families of aparticular type or size, nor arg they specific toregions. The estimates provide costs by sex aswell as age of the child at four cost levelsthrifty (similar to the economy level), low,moderate, and, liberal. These estimates, updatedto 1977 price levels, were printed in the Winter1979 issuç of FAMILY ECONOMICS REVIEW..

' Estimates from this studs for -rural nonfarm chil-dren, updated to 197i price levels, are available fromthe "Plamily Economics Research Group (see page 2 ofthis issue for address)..

from: FAMILY ECONOMICS REVIEW, Summer, 1979', p. 3-15.U.S. Department of Agriculture,' Sr tentke and EducationAdmin.1 sr:rat-nip, Fnmily Economics Research Group,Federal tuild\ng, Tlyattsvine; Md. 20782.

t

USEVAID INTERPRETATION'The estimates are expressed in terms of

average costs for a child at a given age. Theyare based on faniilies with/ otilcirgn at thoseages and take into accort fhe needs, expendi-ture patterns, and family characteristics relatedto the age of the child. Estimates for childrenin specific Circumstances, for example,.childrenin foster care, and in siele-parent families, arenot available; neither are estimates specific tobirth order or spacing' of childr*. A part of thefirst study that focused on the costs of raisingchildren in families of different sizes indicatedthat the cost differences between 2- Eind 3-childfamilies ranxed from 7 to 12 percent (5)r. Costdifferences between 3- and 4-child familietralsoranged from 7 to 12 percent. Costs per childdecreased only 4 or 5 percent between 4- and5-child familieti. A complete serorestimatesspecific to family size,, however, has not beendeveloped.

Most, of the data on expenditures werereported in terms of the family unit in whichthe -Child lived. These expenditures had to beallocated to reflect each family member'sshare. To the extent possible, the allocationmethods took into account both the portion Offamily expenditures which is related to familysize and accompanying economies .of scale andthe portion' which is attributable to individualfamily members based ori their age and sex.For example,.although per person housing andtransportation costs do not increase directlyinproportion to family size', these costs are moreinfluenced by family size than by the age andsex of the family member. Per person food endclothing costs, on the other hand, arl, morenearly related to physiological and social needsthat are tied to iige and sex. Althoug:1 there aresome econothies of scale in feeding larger fami-lies, there is not much savings associated withan increase in family size. :

The estimates place emphasis on direct costs,or out-of-pocket expenditures, 'and therefore,,

-*

'The information in this section is general and applircshle to the estimates frt6m .tioth studies. Users shouldrealize, however, that *although a similar overallapproach was applied.to bRth data-bases (2), changes indata collection, variable definition, and estimation pro-cedures were inevitable and, in some cases, desirable....The estimates from the two studies'are therefore notdirectly comparable., Users needing more specific detailshould refer to the original papers (1, 4), available fromthe Family Economics Research. group.

do not represent,the total consumption costsinvolvell in raising a child. For example, theygenerally do not reflect family oonsumptienthat might be attributed to Stocks of durables,past expenditures, income-in-kind, gifts, or thevalue of community, services. Similarly, noaccount is made for the value of personal ser-vices performed by family members or earningsgiven up while raising children.

The CES and the FFLES provide cross-sec-tion data that present a detailed picture of thespending patterns of the population at 'onepoint in timethe early sixties -for tht urbanand rural nonfartn..estimates, 'and the earlyseventies for the farm estimates. The costfigures from birth to age. 18 as presented intable 1, therefore, do not 'reflect the change inlevel and mfx of goods and services available t*or consumed by one household as a result ofchanges in prices, income, or preferencesexperienced as the child grows up. Instead, theestimates represent the exp \ience-ind behav-ior of different families with. 'Wren at variousages and expenditUre Patterns prevalent at thetime the data were collected.

Cost Levels

The levels of the estimates are based on,spending patterns associated with food con-sumption at the levels of the USDA food plans(7, 9), The families whose expenclitaes formalthe basis of the estimates reported foodexpenditures equal to the food plan costs. Esti-mates for clothing at the low cost level, forexample, were based on clothing expendituresof families whose food expenditures corre-sponded to the low cost food plan for familiesof thei'r size and composition.

This use of the food plans as a benchmarkfor the cipst levels oP the estimates assumes thatfamilies who are spending at similar cost levelson^ food, allowing for differences in family sizeand composition; are living at siniilar levels.These levels are, in turn, reflected hi otherareas bf consumption. An advantage of thisapproach is that food is the one,, category ofconsumption, for which standards of adequacyare available. Use of One food plans also allowsdifferences in family size and composition tohe taken into consideration, which is notpossible with income, the,more common indi-cator of level of living.

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FAMILY ECONOMICS REVIEW

Users of the estimates often ask which costlevel they should use and how these levelsrelate to tamily income. Table 2 may be usedto help select the appropriate cost level (8).This table is designed for use in:conjunctionwith the food plans, however, and provides

- only general guidance for selecting child rearingcost estimates. The relationships indicated inthe table were developed on a different data,base, using different mdthods than the esti-mates of the cost of raising a child.

Region and Urbanization

The estimates developed in the first studywere specific to region and to urbanization.The four regions were those used by the U.S.Bureau of the Census, and include these States:

North-Central

Minot§IndianaIoWe

Kansas

MichiganMinnesotaMissouriNebraskaNOrth DakotaOhio

South DakotaWisconsin

'Northeast

Connecticut

Maine

MassachusettsNew HampshireNew Jersey;

New YorkPennsylvaniaRhne InlandVermont

0SoOth Wemr

Alabama Arizona

Arkansas CaliforbiaFlorida Colorado

ehoKentucky .ontana

Georgia

Louisiana NevadaMaryland New MexicoMississippi Oregon '

North Carplina DWIOklahoma WashingtonSouth Carolina WyomingTennemmeeTexas

VirginiaWret Vioginia

Aelxvo r

Alaska and Hawaii were not represented; TheDistrict of Columbia was included, in theSouth. Estimates for a U.S. average were notdeveloped in the first study., If such an indi-cator is necessary; use of the estimates for theNorth Central region is most appropriate.

The definition of urbanization used in theCES data !Ind reflected in the estimates fromthe first study included urban, rural nonfarm,aud rural ,farm. Urban included incorporatedplaces of a population ot 2,500 or more or the

SUMMgR 1979

4

densely settled areas immediately adjacent tocities of a population of 50,000 or more. RuralnOnfarm included those areas outside urbanareas but not classified as farm. To be a ruralfarm, a 10-acre parcel needed sales of at least$50 per year; a parcel of less than 10 acresneeded sales of at least $260. This' definition offarnfras also used in the FFLES data base. .

Prioie Level Adjustments

Users may wish to make adjustments to theprice levels so that the estimates will suit theirparticular needs. The estimates may be updated.or backdated using appropriate subindexes ofthe Consumer Price Index provided in table 3.Each budget category must be adjusted indi-vidually to reflect differeptial priC.e-levelchanges between budget it Of over time. .

Before adjusting thef price levels, usersshould determine whether constant or currentdollar figures are more suitabl to their needs.The estimates in table 1 are xpressed in con-stant 1978 dollars and assu e that the childprogresses through '18 yeafs at 1978 pricelevels. Constant dollar estimates are appropri-ate when interdst s with the present costs ofraising children of different ages. They are notappropriate for determining the total cost ofraising one child; they are too high for thechild syho reaches age 18 in 1978, and too lowfor the child born in 1978.

When cdncern is with lust or future costs ofraising an individual child or a cohort of chil-dren of a particular age, however, current dol-lar estimates that .reflect prices actually

. incurred .should be use . Current dollar esti-mates may be calculat d by applying priceindexes for the different bilaget items for thecalendar year corresponding to the child's age

" (toble 3) to the cost estimates for that age-(table 1). For example, the current dollar esti-mates to raise a child born in 1960 in ihe urbanSouth at the moderate cost level would be$37,061 (table 4) compared with the constant'1978 dollar estimates. of $60,298 (table 1).This current dollar estimate was calculated byapplying the 1960 indexes to the estimatedcosts of the infancy year, the 1961 indexes tothe age 1 estimates, and so on roer the remain-ing years and adding to arrive at dile, total. Sucha figure could be calculated to estimate pastcosts incurred raising a particular chilli born in1960. If concern were with projecti'ng costs

over the life of a.child, as in anticipating sup-port costs to be incurred for a particular child,users would want to consider projections forfuture price changes. For example, for a childborn in 1976, the 1978 annual cost estimates,for the infancy year could be backdated by useof the 1976 indeXes, the ;Annual figures forage 1 c,ould be adjusted by use of the 1977indexes, the figures for agd 2 could be taken asis for 1978, and cost estimates for subsktuentages could be inflated sequentially by use ofsome projected prie.e.,change asSumptions forSuture years. A. total could then be reachedthat would reflect the experienced and expect-ed pride changes over the life of the child aswell as the cost,changes associated with growthof the child.

Consideration also could be made forchanges in family level of living over the lifecycle by combining figures at different costlevels. For example, it might be assumed that achild was raised for several years at one costlevel and for Other years at another.

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ADDITIONAL MATERIALS RELATED TOTHE COST Of RAISING A CHILD

Useis of the chikj. rearing cost estinlatesoften inquire about additional materialS to aidin the use and interpletation of the figures. Thefollowing materials iSrovide suppleTnentarydetail on particular items4in the budget, orextend the use of the estimates to other topics.

USDA Budgets.for Food and Clothing

The Child rearing estiMates are cost budgets.They do not provide info mation on thequantity or quality of items ac ually purchased'4 needed to attain a given cost level orstandard of adequacy. The USDA 4.udgts forfood and !lothing, howeVer, provi e this infor-mation at comparable cost levels.

The foo4 budgets (plans) take into accountcurrent 'information on nutritional needs and.food consumption 'patterns as well as thenutri-ent content and prices of food..The food plansspecify the amounts of food in 11 food groupsneeded to provide nutritiOnally adequate dietsto persons in 20 age-sex groups at four costlevelsthrifty, low, moderate, and liberal (7,9). A plan forNany family can be determined byadding amounts of fo.ods suggested for personsof the sex and age of family members (8). The

7

costs ?f Ow plans for the U.S. average arereleasecl monthly and published quarterly inFAMILY ECONOMICS REVIEW. Costs spe-cific to the four regions are published in theSummer issue of FAMILY ECONOMICSREVIEW.

Cost and quantity buidgets for clothing weredeveloped by the USDA in two studies basedon the same aata used fow the cost of raising achild estimates. The 1960-61 CES data pro-vided estimates of the annuttl costs of clothingpurchases for 21 categories of indiViduals,based on age, sex, and ntrital and employmentstatus, awl by urbanization, region, and costl'evel (10, 11,13). The 1973 FFLES data pro-vided the basis for annual cosi estimates forfarm children and adults folr six clothing date:gories (15, 16). Estimates for farm childrenwere published in the Winter 1979 isstie ofFAMILY ECONOMICS REVIEW; estimates foradults are on page 17 of this issue. Clothingquantity budgets° (12) and an Interactive C;om-putetr Program for Wardrobe Replacement Plan-ning (14) were also developed using the1960-61 CES.

Higher Education ,

Costs for higher education are not includedin the child rearing cost estimates. Estimates ofthe costs of tuition, fees, and rOom and boardrates for institutions of, higher education areavailable trom the National Center for Educa-tion Statistics, U.S. Department of, Health,Education, and Welfare (17). Estimates for the1978-79 academic year indicate that suchcosts, per acadeMic year, range from about$1,800 to $2,350 ftir public institutions andfrom abOar $3,470 to $5,610 for private,depending on the type of institution-2-year,4-year, or university. Detail is also available oncosts by type of charge, control and type ofinstitution, and by residence status of the stu-dent. Another annual publication from thesame agency provides estimated cost figures forthe 1963-64 through 1976-77 academic yearsand projections of estimated .charges at threecost levels for the 1977-78 through 1986$7academic years in constant 1976-7/ dollars(18).

Cost of Having a Baby

The child rearing .coat estimates also do notinclude the costs involved in having a baby. fieh

FAMILY ECONOMICS REVIEW

ri

recent release 'Am the Health Insurance Insti-tute (27) estimates this cost to be about$2,170 to $2,220. This .estimate includes $888for hospital care, $518-568 for medical care,and $762 for the layette. (This last figure

/ includes $397 for nursery furnishings, identi-fied as optional.) Costs for maternity clothesand unusual expenses such as drugs were notincluded. Data sources for the report were sur-veyb conducted by the Health InsuranceAssociation of America, MEDICAL ECO-NOMICS, the Children's Bureau of the U.S.Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,the Health Insurance Institute, and materialsfrom a children's clothing manufacturer.

,Bureau of Labor Statistics Family BudgetsStandard ,budgets are also published by the

U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of taborStatistks. These budgpets cover all the outlays

4

4

made by a familY (20, 22). They are designedto represent the costs of hypothetical lists ofgoods and services specified to. portray threerelative levels of living-rlower, intermediate,and higher. The budget costs are periodicallypriced for 39 urban arep: (19).

The USDA estimates differ frOm the BLSbudgets in that the USDA estiniates focus onspecific expenditure categories. They 'reflect.the spending patterns of a4ual families atspecified cost levels, rather than a specified listof goods and services as in the BLS budgets. Inaddition, the USDA estimates focus on indi-viduals of different age and sex living in urban;rural farm, and rural nonfarm families. TheBLS budgets represent a precisely .specifiedurban family of four: A husband age 38, hisunemployed wife', a girl age 8) and a boy age13. An equivalence scale may be used with theBLS 'budgets to estimate the costs for familiesof other sizes and composition (21).

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REFERENCES

USDA Cost of Raising a Child

1. Edwards, C. S., and Gray, B. 1978. Thecost of raising farm children. Talk atthe Food and Agricultural OutlookConference, November 1978, U.S.Department of Agriculture, Washing-

. ton, D.C. (Condensed in Family Eco-noinics Review, Winter.1979.)

2. Madden, J. P., Pennock,'J. L., and Jaeger,C. M. 1968. EqUivalent levels of living:A new approach to -scaling the povertyline to different family characteristicsand place of residence% In: Rural Pover-,ty in the United States, pp. 545-552. (Areport by the l'esident's NationalAdviiory Commission on Rthal Pover-ty.) Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govern-ment Printfpg Office.

3. Mork, L. 1966. Cost of raising a child. 'Talk at the 44th Annual AgyiculturalOutlook Conference, November 1966,'U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wash-inglon, D.C.

4. Pennock, J. L. 1970. Cost of raising achild. Talk at the 47th Annual Agri-cultural Outlook Copference, February1970, U.S. Department of Agriculture,Washington, D.C.

SUMM141. 1979

5. 1970. Child-rearing costs attwd levels of living,' by family size.Family Economies Review, December :issue, pp. 16-17.

6. U.S. Department of AgricUltureAgricul-tural Research Service, Consumer andFood,EcOnomks Institute. 1971. Costof raising a childDerived from1960-61 Survey of Consumer Expendi-ture, detail tables. CFE(Adm.)t3r8.

-USDA Food Plans,

7. Peterkin, B. 1974. USDA family foodplans, 1974. Talk at the 1975 NationalA gr ic ultural Outlook Conference,December 1974, U.S. bepartment ofAgriculture, Washington, D.C. (Con-densed in Family Economics Rebigw,Winter 1975 and Spring 1975 issues.)

8. 1976. Family Food Budgetingfor- Good Meals and Good Nutrition.HG 94. U.S. Department of Agricul-Ve, Washington, D.C. (Revision duedrit in 1979.)

9, peterkin, B., Chassy, J., and Kerr, R. 1975.The Thrifty food Plan. CFE(Adm.)-326.U.V.*-Department of Agriculture, Agricul-

tural Research Service, Consumer andFood Economics Institute. (Condensedin Family Economics Review, Winter1976.)

USDA Clothhig Budged

10. Britton, V. 1973. Clothing ,budgets forchildren from the USDA: Annual costsat three levels in our regions. HomeEwriomics Research Journal 1(3):173-184.

11: 1974. USDA clothing budg-ets: Annual costs. Family EconomicsRediew, Summer issue, pp. 3-7.

12. , 1974. Clothing quantitybudgets. Family Economics Review,Fall issue, pp. 3-7.

13. 1975. USDA clothing budg-ets: 1975 .costs. Family EconomicsReview, Summer issue, pp. 13-15.

14. Magrabi, F. M., Cooper; M. L., Mork,L. F., and Griy, B. C. 1976. Wardrobereplacement planning aid, for families:

to, A computer program. U.S. Departnientof Agriculture, Agricultural ResearchService, Consumer. . and, Food Eco-nomics Institute.

15. Polyzou, ,A., Edwards, C. S., and bytteimstein, M. B. 1978. gothing budgeU forfarm children, 1971. Talk at tlie Foodand Agricultural Outlook Conference,November 1978, U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Washington, D.C. (Con-denied in Family ,onomics Review,Winter 1979.) ,

16; 1970. ClOthing budgets forfarm adults, 1978.. Family EconornicSReview, Summer issue, pp. 16-17.

Department of Health, Educationand Welfare

Estimates for Higher Education %

17. Grant, W. V., and Lind, C. G. 1979. Digest 8.

of Educational Statistics 1978-79. U.S.Department of Health, Education, andWelfare, National Center forptducation 29.Statistics. Washington, D.e. U.S. Gov-

. ernment Printing Office. (In press.)18. Lind, C. G. 1978:Student charges by insti-

tutions of higher eduoation. : /Frankel, M. M. (editor), Projectiona ofEduyation 'Statistics to 1986-87, chap-

ter 6. U.S. Department of Health, Edu-cation, and Welfare, National Center forEducation Statistics. Washington, I1C.:U.S. Goverhment Printing Ofiice,

U.S. Department of LaborBureau of Labor Statistics Family Budgets19. McGraw, M. L. 1978. Family budgets.

Monthly Labor Review 101(11): 33-36.20. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of

Labor Statistics. 1967. City Workers'Family Budget for a MOderate LivingStandard, Autumn 1966. Bulletin1570-1.

21. 1968. Revised EquivalenceScale for Estimating Incomes or BudgetCosts by Family Type. Bulletin 1570-2.

22, ,.1969. . Three Stan'dards ofLiving for an Urban Family or FourPersons, Spring 1.967. Bulletin 1570-5.

Other References

23.

A24.

25.

26.

27.

,

1

Culley, J. D., Settles, B. H., and 'VanName, J. B. 1977. Understanding andMeasuring the Cost of Foster FamilyCare. newark, Delaware: Bureau ofEconomic and Business Research, Uni-versity of Delaware.

Douthitt, R. 1977. Cost of raising a child.*Consumer Close-ups, Novembet-Decem-ber issue. New York State CooperativeExteAsion.

Eden, P. 1977. Estimating Child andSpousal Support: Economic Guidelinekfor Judges 'and Attorneys. San Mate6,California: Western Book Journal Press.

Espenshade, T. J. 1977. The value and costot children. Population Bulletin 32(1).Population Reference' Bureau, Inc.,Washington, D,C.

Health Insurance Institute. 1978. The Cost.of Hewing a Baby. Washington, D.C.

'Lipdert, P. 1978. Fertility and Scarcity' inAmerica. Princeton, New Jersey :Princeton University Press.

Reed, R: H., and McIntosh, S. 1972. Costof chi4dren. In: E. R. Mops' and R. H.Reed (editors), Economic Aspects ofPOpulation Change, Vol. III. U.S. Com-mission on Populaion Growth and theAmerican Future, Washington, D.C.:U.S. Government Printing Office.

FAMILY ECONOMICS REVIEW.I.

3.

IlTable 1, Annual cost.of raisIng an urban child from birth to age 18; by age, at '3 coat levels:

%1978 price levels1

NORTH CENTRAL

' Age of child

(yeare)

Fab&Total at

home2

Food.

awayfrom

.home

Clothing Housin

1

Medical EdUca- Transpor- Allcare tion tation other 4

)

Doilars

ECONOMY

1 1,485

S.

/..

.295- 0 55 .. 596 91 0 Under, 297 151ri

1 , 1,541 351 0 596 t 91 0 291 '151

2-1 1,403 351 0 69 511- 91 0 .. 247 1344-5 'L .1,475 387 36 69 511 91 O. 247 1346 . r 1,548 387 36 123 494 91 35 231 1517-9 -, 1,622 461 36 123 494 91 35 231 15110-11 1,715 554 36 123 494 91 35 .2431 15112 1,770 554 36 178. 494 91 . 35 .231 15113-15 ..... 1,825 609. 36 178 494 91 35 231 15116-17

,..

'1,963 683,- 36 .192 528 91 15 247 151'Total 29,797 8,747 504, 2,220 9,232 1,638. 420 ,4,386 2,650

L0144. .

Under 1 2,017 369 0 82 -835 127 0 369 235.

1 2,091 ' 443 0.

82 835 ..1.7 0 369 235 ,

2-3 1,936 424 o 123 716 109 0 346 2184-5

6 . ..

2,0472,084

480,480

55

5t.

123192

716648

109109

0

35.

.346330

218'235

7-9 2,176 572. 55 192 .648 109 35 330 235

10-11 2,287 c 683 55 192 648 109 35 330 235

12 2,405 ' . 683 55 260 665 109 35. 146 . 252

13-15 2,478 756 55 260 665 109 35 346 , 252

16-17 2,733 849 55 356 682 109 35 379 268

Total 40,619 10,831 770 3,560. 12;446 1,998 420 6,298 4,296

IMODERATEUnder 1 2,668 406 0 110 1,125 3 164 0 511 352'1 2,760 498 0 110 1,125 164 0 511 352'. =

2-3 2,592 498 o 178 988 164 0 445 3194-5 2,757 572 91 178 988 164 Or 445 319

., 6 2,877 1 554 91 ' 247 937 164 70 445 3697-4 3,006 683 91 247 937 164 70 445 36910-11 3,135 812 91 247 937 164. 70' 445 369 ,

12 3,364 830 109 356 971 164 70 48 38613-15 3,457 923 109 356 971 164 70 478 38616-17 3,823 1,033 09 494,- /1;005 164 70 528 420

Total 55,672 12,936 1,382 4,826 17,718 2,952 _840 8,440 6,78'.

-.

Child in a family of husband and wife and no more than 5 childrenli!2Includes home-produced food and school lunches.3Includea shelter, fuel, upilities, household Operations,,furnishings, and equipment.4Inc1udes personal care, ricreatiqn, reading, and,other Miscellaneous expenditures.

Source: Costs were 'updated from aatimaes in table 2 of CFE (Adm.)-318, 19711 USDA, AgriculturalResearch Service, Qost of Raising a Child--Derived from 1960-61 Survey of Consumer Expenditures,detail tables. Indexes used are shown in table 3. Estimates rounded to nearest $1,

SUMMER 1979

.4"

8

'Table 1. Anndal cost of raising an urban child from birth to age'18, by age, at 3 cost 1eve171)

1970 price levelel

NDRTHEAST.:

Age of child

(years)Total

Feod Food

Clothing Housineaway Medical Educe- Transpdr- Allat

%home2., from 'care tion tation other4

.home

ECONOMY,.

. 'Under 1 ---------- 1,252

%. 1,307

2-3 1,280

4-5 1,353

6 1,378

7-9 1,452

1Q-11 1,544

12 1,593

13-15 1,649

16-1/ , 1,811

Total 26,809

LOWUnder 11

2-3

4-

6

7-9

10-11

12

13-15

16-17Total

MODERATEUnder 11

2-3

..

6

7-910-11

12,

13-1516-17

Total

V.6

1,692

1,766

1,670

1,762il,7-83

1,875

1986,

2,126

2,1812,352

.35,075

2,660

2,770

2;7152,8802:0863,2153,381

3,6063;7174,009

58,888

314

Dollars

55

/

73511

369 0 55 511 73

-369, 0 96 460 73

406 36 96 460 73406 36 137 443 73

%80 36 137 443 73

572 36 137 443 73

590 36 151 460 73

'r 646 36 151* .460 73

720 36 200 477 73

9,191 504 2,332 8,314 1,314

387 , 0 82 716 109

461 0 82 716 109

461 0 .123 613 91

517 36 123 613 91

517 36 178 562 91

609 36 178 562 91

720738

.36

36

178

233562

I579

91

91

793 36 233 579 91

904 0 36 260 579 91

11,513 504 3,176 10,730 1,674

,

480 0 110 1,142 164

590 0 1,142 164

.572 0

.110

- 192 1,039 164

646 ! 91 192 1,d39 164

646 109 260 1,022 164

775 109 260 1,022 164

941 109 260 , 1,022 164

941 109 384 1,056 164

1,052 109 384 1,056 164

1,162 127 480 1,074 164

14,780 1026 5,044 18,944 2;952

0 165i' A

1340 165 134

0 148 134

148 134, I 132 134

17 . 132 134

17 132 134.17 132 13344

' 17 132

17

204

0

0 .

0

0

11

17

17

17

17

17

204 4,218 3,056

IC .148

2,538

134

2,412

247 151

247 . 151

231* 151'

231 151111.

214 168

214. 168

' 214 168247 185

241 185 %

264 , 201

0 445 319

319

,0 412 336

412 336

87 412 386

87 412 386

87 412. 386

'87 462 403

87 462 403,87 495 420 .

1,044 7,848 6,750,

1Child in a family othusband and wife and no more then .5 children.2Includea home-produced food and echool lunches.3Includee shelter, fuel, utiTities, household operAtione, furnishiige, and equipment.4Includes personal care, recreation, reading, and other miscellanedus expenditures.

Source: Costa were updated from estimates in table 2 of CFE (Ada.)-318, 1971, USDA, AgriculturalResearch SerVice, Cost Of Raiding a.Child--Derived from 1960-61 Survey of Consumer Expenditures,

detail tables. Indexes used are shown in'teble 3. EstimateirrAnded to nearest $l.

FAMILY ECONOMICS REVIEW.'

a

Table 1. Annual cost of raising an urban child from birth to age 18, by age, at 3 cost levels:

Ic?

1978'price 1eve1s1

SOUTH'

Age of. child

(years).

EC6NOMYUnder 11

2-34-5

6

7-9

0-1112.

13-1516-17Total

LOWUnder'l

2-3

4-5

67.9

10-1112 --------

16.,17

Total

MODERATEUnder 1 ----- -----

I---------2-3

4-5

'6

7-9

10-11

12

13-1516-17

Thtal

'Food Food

Total at away

home2from

home

Clothing Housing3 Medical Educe- Tranapor- All*care tion tation other4

Dollars

1,412 277 0 69 545 73 0 297 1511,467 332 0 69 545 73 0 297 4511,328 332 0 82 460 ' 43 0 247 1341,401 369 36 - 82 460 73 0 247. 1341,439 369 18 137 443 73 17 .231 1511,51T 443 18 137 443 73 17 231 1511,587 517 18 137 443 ' 73 \ 17 231 1511,693 .517 36 1192 460 73 17 247 .1511,730 554 36* 192 460 , 73 17 24/1,822 646 36 '.- 192

#460 73 17 247

.151

15128,016 8,214 396 2,440 8,348 , 1,314 204 4,4Sb 2,650,

L073. 351 0 96 801 127 0 363 2352,046 424 cr 96 801' 127 0 363 2351,848 406 0 137 682 109 0 313 2011,939 461 36 137 682 109 -0 313 2011,944 461 36 1921 596 109 35 297 2182,018 535 L.36 192 596 109 35 297 2182,110 627 36 192 596 109 35 297 2182,264 627 . 55 260 613 109 35 330 2352,338 701 55 /60 613 109 35 . 330 2352,522 793 55 302 630 109 35 346 25238,133 10,145 618 . 3,536 '11,618 1,998 420 5,772 4,026

2005 443' 0 123 1,210 182 544 4032,99,7 535 123 1,-210 1112 544 4032,829 517 0 192 1;074 .182 478 3862,975 572 91 192. 1,074 182 ci

' 478 . 3863,148 572 \&105 260 1,022 ,162 105 478 4203,259 683 109 : '260 1,022 .182 105 478 4203,406 830 109 260 1;1622 182 105, 478 4203,648 830 127 384. 1,056 .182 105 511 4533,759 941 127- 384 1,056 182 105 511 4534,063" 1,033 127 494 1,091 182,. 105 561 47060,298 13,156 1,598 5,098 19,254 ' 3,276 1,260 9,034 *7,622

° 1Child in a family of husband and wife and no more than 5 children.2Ineludes home-produced food and school lunches.3Inc1udee ahelter, fuel, utilities, household operations, furnishings, and equipment.4Includes personal care, recreation, reading, and pther miscellaneous expenditures.

Source: Costa were updated from estimates in table 2 of CFE (Adm.)-318,' 1971, USDA,Agricultural Research Service, Cost' of Raising a Child--Deskved, from 1960-61 Survey ofConsumer Expenditures, detail tables. Indexes used are shown in table 3. Estimates-

' rounded to nearest

SUMM ER 1979

1 0

Table 1. Annual cost of-raising an urban child from birth to age.18, ey, age, at 3 cost levels:1918. ptice ievelS1

WEST

Food.Food

1 Age of child-dlothing Housing-

1Total away Medical Educa- Transpor- Allat k(years) home2 from e tion tation other4.

home

1 ECONOMY.Under 1

%

1,487 295 0 55

Dollars

1-2:11 0 280

a

1515791 1,561 369 o 55 579 127 0 280 1512-3 1,434 351 o 82 511 109 o 247 " 1344-5 .,.. 1,525 g6 36 82 511 109 0 247 1346 1,567 406 36 123 494 109 17 231 1517-/ /.. 1,59 498 36 123 494 109 .17 231 15110-11 --. 1,733 572 36 123 494 109 17 231 15112 1,837 590 36 192 511 109 J 17 231 15113-15 /

1,893 .; 646 36 192 511 109 17 231 15116-17 4 2,019 738 36 192 511 127 . 17 247 151Total 30,530 9,226 504 2,328 9,232 2,034 204 4,352 2,650

LOW

Under 1 2,045 369 82 18 145. 0 396 2351 2,137 461

_0o 82 818 145 . 0 396 235

2-3 2,008 443 0 123 716 145 0 346 2354-5 2,118 498 55 123 716 145 0 4 346 . 235

..6 2,170 49891.

55 .192 665 145 17 346 2527-9 2,262 590 55 s 192 665 145 17 346 252,10-11 2,373 701 55 192 . 665' 145 17 346 25212 2,528 720 73 :260 682 145 17 363 268 .13-15 2,583 775 , '73 260 682 145 17 363 268.16-17 -r 2,795 886 91 260 699 145 17 412 285

Total 42,003 11,199 -914 3,368 12,616 2,610 204 6;528 4,564

MODERATEUnder 1 2,859 443 0 110 1,176 200 0 544 3861 2,870 554 0_ .110 1,176 - 200 0 544 3862-3 ,,833 535 0 178 1,056 200 0 478 3864-5 3,016 609 109 178 1,056 200 .0 .1478 386 (-6 3,234 590 127 260 1,039 200 87 495 436 ...,,

400 7-9 720 127 260 1,039 200 87 495 43610-11

.3,364

3,530 886 127' , 260 1,039 200 87 495 436,

12 34741 886 127 370 1,074 200 87 544 45313-15 3j833 978 127 370 1,074 200 544 45316-17.

14,228 1,447 146 . 466 1,125 200

.87

.87 594Total 61.,609 13,841 1,780 4,904 19,356 3,600 1,044 9,334 7,75.-4'...,

1Chilein a family of husband and wife and nmore than 5 children.?Includes home-produced food and school lunches.3Includes shelter, fuel, utilities, household operdtions, furnishings, and equipment.4Includes personal care, recreation; reading, and other miscellaneous expenditures.

Source: Costs were updated from estimates fn table 2 of CFE (Adm.)-318, 1971, USDA,IAgricultural Research Service, Cost of Raising a Child--Derlved from 1960-61 Survey of ConsumerExpenditures, detail tables. Indexes used.are shown in table 3. Estimates rounded'to nearest $1..

1,

FAMILY ECONOMICS irE VIEW

.6

4

4 *to

'

Table Fobd plans by size and income of familir, spring.19784

InCome(before taxes)

'\

1-person .

families

2-personfamilies

r ,3 -person .

families

4-person 5-pmeonfamines, - femilTee

6-01frson

familits

$2,500 to$5000

$5,000 to$10,000

$10,000 to$154400

411'000 to,000 ';

'$10000$30,000

Thrifty' OrLow-cosi

Moderate-cost

Liberal

Içiberal `

"It

to Liberal

$30,000 to$40,000'

640,000 ormore

Ibiberal

Liberal

1,

Thwiftyl qrLo47cost. -

Low-cost orModerate-cost,

Moderate7pose.

Liberal

Liberal

..Thrifty.1

Thriftil or

Lor-cost

. Low-emit or

Moderate-cost

tderatb-cost

. .Moderate-costor LiberAl

LOral

. ,

4kLiberal

Thriftyl

Thriftyi

)pd,-cost

Low-gosr or.ftderate-cost

Mdderas:-cost

_-

Moderate4ostor peral

Thriftyl Thriftyl

Thrifty4, Thriftyl.

A

'ThriftylThriftyl orLbw-ceat

Low-copt

Low-cost orbderate-cost

4

Ziwiiftyl or

Low-qpst

Lo*-costa.

Mbderatv-cost 'Moderate..cost

e'

.Moderate-costor Liberal.

\.or Liberal

Liberal i Liberal,

Source:NG 94 (8).

Note: Theabove.

qf thie siMe and income aka eligible for, assistance through the Fodd SrampTrogrim.

and.BadcationA'dministraf ron, 1979, Family Food Budgeting--For Gooti Meals and Good Nutrition,USDA, Science

economy level

4of the qhild rearing cost 'estimates (table 1) would be used wliereve the thrifty plan ia,indicated

I.

Table 3. Annual overage Consumer Price Index data Aor-updating and backdating eatima6rns of thecost of raising children

(1967+100)

ludgetcategory

Foodet

home

.

Foodawayfrom

home

Clothing Ioueing .Medicalcare

Education

-

Transpor-tation

Allother

FoodQPI groUp1 at

'home

Foodaway

, from

home

Appareland . Housing

upkeep

Medicalcare

Readingand

recreation2

'Transpor-tation

Persohal careend

Aeading andrecreationioverage)2'\

1979 (March) 230.1 230.1 165.2 217.5 233.4 208.3 200.7 199.91978 209.9 218.3 159.5 202.6 219.4 198.2 185.8 190.11977 190.2 200.3, 154.2 189.6 202.4 157.4 ,177.2 164.41976 119.5 186.1 147.6 177.2 184.7 151.2 165.5 155.8,1975 175.8 174.3 142.3 166.8 168.6 144.4 150.6 147.61974 162.4 159.4 136.2 150.6 150.5 133.8 137.7 135.61973 141.4 141.4 126.8 135.0 137.7 n5.9 123.8 125.61972 121.6 131.1 122.3 129.2 132.5 122.8 119.9 121.31971 /16:4 126.1 119.8 124,1 128.4 119.3 118.6 118.11970 113..7 119.9 116.1 118.9 120.6 113:44 112.7 113.31069 108.2 111.6 111.5 110.8 113.4 1087 U07.2 109.01968 103.2 105.2 105.4 104.2 106.1 104.7 103:2 104.51967 100.0 100.0, 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.01966 100.3 95.1 96.1 97.2 93.4 97.5 97.2 97.31965

19644 95.5

93.2d 90.9

88.993.7

92.7

94.9

93.8

89.587.3

95.995.0

95.9

94.395.694.8

1963 92.2 87.3 91.9 . 92.7 85.6 92.8. 93.0 93.11962 91.0 85.4 90.9 91.7 83.5 91.3 92.5 ,91.8 .

1961 90.4 83.2 90.4 90.9 81.4 89.3 90.6 90.01960 09.6 ai .4

o49.6 90.2 79.1 87.3 89.6 88.7

1950 88.8 . 79.3 88.1 88.6 76.4 85.3 89.6 87.01958 91.0 77.2 87..5 87,7 73.2 83.9 86.0 85.41957 87.2 74.9 87.3 86.2 69.9 80.7 83.3 d2.4 -"

1956 84.4 72.2 85.8 81.6 07.2 77,8 78.8 79.51955 84.1 7p:e 84.1 82.3 64.8 76.7 P7.4 77.3 )1954 85.8 70.1 84.5 81.7 63.4 76.9 78.3 76.81953 86.2 68.9 84.6 80.8 61.4 77.7 79.5 77.0

1The Revised Consumer Price Index for ufban wage earners and clerical workers (CPI-W) replaced theunrevised CPI; use revised as shown for adjusting estimates to. 1978 and on; unrevised CPI for adjustingto 1953-1977; monthly indexes are seasonally adjusted.

2In using the revised CPI-W to adjust estimates of the cost of raising a child (table 1), the "Personal'and educational expenses" index should replace the "Reading.and recreation" index; the average of the"Personal care" and the "Personal and educational expenses" indexes should replacs.the average of the"Personal care" and the "Reading and recreation" indexes.

Source: U.S. DeRartment of Labor, Bureau of Gabor Statistics.

Mots: To adjust the price levels of the ebtimates of the cost of raising a child to specific year pricelovelorn, multiply thee1978 estimate for each budget category by the index number for that category for thedesired year and divide the. product by the corresponding indS.x number for 1978. For example, in order toupdete 1978 costs for howling to March 1979 prices, multiply the 1978 estimate for housing by 217.5 anddivid: by 202.6. In order tojoackdate 19/8 costs for housing to 1968 prices, multiply the 1978 estimatefor housing by 104.2 and dpOde by 202.6.

1 4

,FAMILY ECONOMICS REVIEW

)

o

\S

P

Table 4. Cost ofraising'a child,born in 1960 in fhe urban South 44 the moderate cost level; prices are current for4.

4 each year specified

Year'Age of

Total,

child

1960 Underil 1,3131961 1 1,3681962 2 1,3131963 3 1,3281964 4 1,4071965 5 .44291966' 6 1,5631967 '7 1,6581968 1 8 1,7271969 9 1,8181970 10 ,2,0001971 . 11 2,0821972. 12 2,3211973 . 13 2;548 ik1974 14 2,832 . It1975 15 3,0861976 .,. 16 3,5221977 .! 17 3,746

Totil1960-77 .. 17,061

Food'at

homeFood awayfrom home Clothing gousing.

Medicalcare

EducationTrans06-tationi

Allother.

Dollard

189 o 69 539 66 o 262 188231 o 10 543 68 o 265 191224 o 110 486 6? o 238 186227 0 111 491 71 ' o 239 189254 37 112 497 72 o 243 192260 38 113 503 74 o 247. 194273 48 157 491 77 52 250 ' 215325 .50- 164 505 83 53 257316 53 172 526 88 55 266 231352 56 . 182 559 04 58 276 241450 60 190 600 10Q 60 290 250461 63 196 - '627 106 63 30 261481 77 295 674 110 65 330 289634 83 306 . 304 114 67 341 299728 . 93 -328 785 125 71 379 323789 , . 102 343 .870 140 .,76 414 352884 109 ' 458 954 153 80 499 385937 . 117 478 1,021 168 .84 535 406

40,-

8,035 986 3,854 11075 1,778 /84 5,636 4,613

Source: Costs were updated ftom estima es Lri table 2.0f CFE (Adm.)-318, 1971, USDA., Agricultural Research Service, Costof Raising a ChildDerived from 1960-61 S rvey of Consumer Expenditures, detail tables. Indexes used are shown in ,

table 3. Estimates rodnded 6 nearest 01,

16

a

ANNUAL COST u7..RAIsING AcHALO (1)

FH 4 1:RiN 10 AGE 1d

ECON' RICE LEVFL

1979 ANNWAL AVERAGE PRICE LEVELS

REGIUN : NORTH CENTRNL

UR8ANIZATIO4 UR8ANt .

*e*********************************4****************.*****************************.1*****,***4***********04*

40E.,OF CRIq(YEARS)

UNDER 1

2 ' 3

,

.

7

1074:%1

12 '

13 ' 15

16 ts'17e

TOTAL v

,Fono F,Ocil) ALLTOTAL AT AWAY CLOT4I4G ,.HOUSING 1.,1EDICAL EDUCA THANSPOR bTHERHOmF FROM (3) \CARE TION TATION (4)(2) HOME .

.

1.657

1.719

32.7

3R9

P

0

o

1.563. 1R9 '0

1,644 429Q

', .41 4

/.

i

1,719, 429 ' 41

N1,801 51:1 t I.

1,904, -614 41,..

'11061 614 41..

2.022 , 675 41vl

o. 2` 14_6-) 797 410

lb

33,049 9,695 5744'.\.'. .

. 57t .

ST

72

74

129

129

129

)86

186

201

2,322

f ...a

... *

670 100 0 340 163,

674 100 0 340' 163'

574 100 0 :283 145

574 100 0 . 283 ti,45

- 555 .100 38 264 -- 163.

555 100 38. 264 19'

555 100 .38 264 163.

..t)

555 10Q 38 ,F64 163

055, 00 264 , 163

..593 00 38 ' 283 163

) '10-072' 1440 456 .5.018 2,862,

, 1A

671.

(1)-CHLLU 1N,4 FAMILY OF HuSHANn AND W.IFE (AND NO MORE THAL'. 6_COIDREN -0.1k04.

(8)-INrLORES HoMFPaPOOCE11 FOOD ANU SCHOOL LUNCHtS(3) 1NcLUDE4GSHELTER. NFL, UTILITIES, HOOSEHULD OPEBATIONS..FURNISHINOS. AND EQUIPMENT14),INCLOUES PERSO0NAL CAPIE..HEnEATION; READING, AV) OtHEH MISCELLANEOUS EXPENDITURES

SOVHCEs COSTS WENE UPDOEP fHom zsrpotEs IN TABLE 8 OF CFE (ApM.)318, 1971, USDA,hORICoLTUHAL RESEARLH SERVICt, cOST 'OF RAISING A CHIL0(flERIVE0 FROM 196061

,SURVEY OF CONSAJER.OMENUITURtS, DETAIL TABLES. ESTIMATES ROUNDED TO NEAREST $1

17.6

k06>

1.1

V

1

- ANNUAL COST OF RAISING A CHILD (1)

FR34 4IRLH iu A(i 1H %

LUW PRICE LEVFL)

1979 ANNUAL AVERAUE PRIe.E LEVELS

REGION I NORTH'CLNIWAL

URHANILATION I UkUAN.!

0

1010****P440.1**0414144044,44$41******VpftqW***4410*00441*******4**********4104,4441400****MO********414$41*****041********

AGE UF (HILD(YEARS)

FormTOTAL AT

HOmF(2)

FOOOAWAYFROM..HOME

CLOTHIVG HOUSINU(3)

MEDICALCARE

EDUCA 'tNAWORTION TAtIUN.

ALLOTHER(4)

410404100,0**********W041****0400*00404,4t49*****7000*1***4to**004t0***************0**********4,4***1***a4Im********

/ANDER I

,29277

1 2,359

2,152

2,275

2,309

2,411

10 di 11 7,534

12 2,660,

201,1

6 17 3,020

TOTAL 450P3

13 IS

409 0 65 937 i3 0 453

491 o 937 139 0 453 253

470 0 1 9 603 .119 0 396' 235--

532 61 29 803 119 0 396 235

532 61 201 727 119 38 378 . 253

634 61 727 .119 38 378 1 253

757 61

.201

?61 727,

119 38 378 253

4757

.._

e. (61 212 746/

119 .38 396 271

BA 61 . 212 71 119' , 38 396 1 271

941 61 .313 765 119 434 . 289

1200 654 3,72S 43,96P ,20102 456. /0210 4,626

"!:

11) CHILD IN A FAMILY,OF HOMAN() AND WIFE AND NO NORE THAN 5 CHILDREN, 4

(2) INCLUDES HOMFPRODUCED 1 000 ANU SCHOOL LUNCHES ..'

(3) INCLUDES SHELTER, FbEL$111UTLEITIES, HbUgEHOLD OPeAfIONS", FURMISHINGSIANO EPU111"MLNT..

(4) INCLUDES ptRSONAL *CRE, REWEAIION9 REAUINO, A40 UTHCR MISCELLANEOUS EXPENDITURES ,

,et

SOURCti.COSTS HERE UPDATED FH0M ESTIMVES IN TABLE a UF CFE (41)4Od.318,1971, USDA,AGRICULTURAL HEsrARCH simylqr, COST OFIRAISIVG 8 CHILDDERIVED FROM 1960"'61,SURVEYP-UF CONSUMER EAPFNOITURE5, DETAIL TABLES. ESTIMATES ROUNDED TO NEARESI SI

% 4 *.

( 18

a.

ANNUAL COST JF HAIING A CHILD (1)

FROM 6IRTH (U A6F 18

Ho3ER4TE -PRICE LEVEL

1979:AN\1UAL AVERAOE PRICE LEVELS

HEGIDN WORTH CENTRAL .

URHANIZATIUN UHOAN

0

*********i*****************************tt**************************************************************. -

Foot) FOOD .ALL

AGE OF CHILD . TOTAL AT AWAY CLOTHING' HOUSING MEDICAL EDUCA- THANSPOR.. OTHER

(YEARS) HOME FROM (3) CARE TION TATION . (4) '

(2) HOME

***************************************$0**

UNDER

10*..0

12

13 -

16

TOTAL

m

f 29972 40t0 0 115 1,263 179 0 * 585 380

.'03,074 941$1h . 115 1,263_

179 0 ,585 380

2,881 552 0 186 1,110 179 0 510.

344

3.065 634 102 186 1,110 179 0 510 344

3,189 614 102 259: 1.052 179 76 510 398

: 3,332 77 1U2'' 258 1,052, 179 '76 ,510 \ 39(1

II 3.475 9(18 102 1,052 179 76.

S1Q 398.258,

.3:724 920 122 373 . 1,090 179 76 548.

e

416

IS 3.827 1,023. 122 373 1.090 179 76 548 416

17, 4,20b 1.145 122 51* 1,129 179 76 804. 452

61.724 14,338 ' 1,548 -5,046 19096 3.9222 912 9,670 7,092

. .

t . k 1 ., A .

(1)tcHILD IN A FAMTLY-OF HuSPAND AND WIFE AND NO MOREN:HAN 9,CHILDREW(2),NC6UOES Pomr-PRoONCE,0 foot) ANu SCHOOL LUNCHES(3) INNUOES SHELTER, EUFL4 UTILITIESt.HOUSOWLO 4POATIONS, FONISHINoS, AND EQUIPMENT(4)- INCLUDES PERSONAL CARE, RECREATION. READIND, A40 OTHEH MISCELLANEOUS EXPENDITURES

SOURCE! COSTS wERE UPDATED FROM ESTTMATEB IN TABLE 2 OF CFC(A0M.)..318, 1971, USDA..

AGNICULAMAL RESEARCH SERVICE, COST OF RAIS140 A CHILO--nERIVEO FROM.1960*61SURVEY 'OF CONSUMER tXPENDITURES, DETAIL T BLE4., ESTIMATES ROUNOED TO NEAREST. $1

t

194

14)

Ate

ANquAL COST UF RAISING A CHILD (40

1H04 H1HTH ID AGE 18

'LcOycily PHICE,LEVFL.

1979 ANNUAL AVEHAGL PRICE LEVELS

1+EGIUN SXJT11

911, . /

.URRANIZATION URBAN

141444140404**010,4******************414,04,4**.A*****;***************************0414***410AMMIt4041**************I .

-asAL

AGE OF CHILD,

: AWA'Y 'CLOTHING HOUSING MEDICAL EDUCA- THANSOOH- U.'RFoon FOOD 6

TOTAL AT(.YEAkS) -, HomF_ FROM . (3) CARE TION TATIDN (4)

..-. (2) HOME

w4* **********4***********44,0** 43-****434,43*****It a A 0 a a w**434,4,4,4,4,4(*****4, 4 00**4,00 0,tior********************0*****

.-,

uNoEH k.

1',t.

- .5

10 -. 11

12

13 15

16 17

TOTAL

.4'

.

. 1,574

1,61

1,479

1,561

1,595,

1,67-7;

1,799

1077

1,91A

2,020.

31,104

3n7

..368

368

/!99

409

491

'573

573

614

716

9,1,0,4

o

0

,- 0

41

20

20

20

41

41

41.

448

72

, 72.1

86,

86

143.' 143

.143

2.04.-

201

201i

1?,A52

'NI612. 80,

612 BOa.

517 8°

517 80.

.

'497 80. 497 80

497 80

517 80

517 80

517 80

9,376. 1,440

(?) CHILD IN A FAMILY OF HUSHANA AND WIFE AND NO 404E THAN,5'CHILDREN(?) INCLUDES HoNF-PROOUCE0 FOODiAND SCHOOL LUNCHES.

,. 0 '340 163.

0 34'0 163

0 183 145.

.t

263 145...

19 261/4,

163k

19 264 163

19 .264 163

194

20? 163

19(

,f..J3

t,

163

19 283 163

228 ',. 5,094 .20862

0 %b

. 40

(3) INCLUDES §HELTER, FUW. UTILIrIESc'AOUSEVJLD.OPERAINNS, FORNISHINOS4 AND EQUIPMENT '

00 INCLUDES PEHSONAL.0 RE. HECREAIION, REA000,- AND 01HER KISCELLANEOUS EXPENDITURES

OURCII.COSTS: wERE wit)AGRICULTURALSURVEYWF CON

Ati

V:Dvf,404 ESIIMATES IN TABLE 2 OF CFE 1071, USDA, "-StARCH WiVICE, COST OF RAISING A CHILO--DERIVED FM011960-61,

UMER L4PENDITURES, OETAIL TABLES+ ES TI,NATES BO6NUEb TO NEARE,ST. SI4ks

20

ANNUAL COST OF .RAIhING A CHILD (1).

ER04 IRTH 10 AGE 18

LOw PRICE LEVrL

1919 ANNUAL AVERAGE PRICE LEVELS

REGION 'SJOTH

URdAN1Z4TION URBAN

44041044*001040M0*********************************************44044************440444444************************09.

AGE 0F CHILD(YEARS)

UNDER 1

1

2 .3

- 5

10 11

12,

13 - -15,o

16 17,

TOTAL

Fnnp FOOuTOTAL ATi AwAY

Humt PROM(2) 44, HOME .

,CLOTHING HOUSING MEDICAL EDUCA. TRANsp0H-

(3) CARE. TION 1ATION

. .

.

I2;195," 1A9 0 f00 899 139 0 I 415f

253,.,

2,276. . 470 :0. 100( 899 139

.

0 415 253

20053 450 0 1.43 765.

L 119 0 359 ?17

2,155 511 41 143 .765' .119. 0 / 359 217

2,159. 511 41 - 201 670 :119 38 340 235.

.,

2,237 593 41 201 6,71 119 38 40 235, /

. 412,339 695' 41 201 670 119 38 340 235<

1 i24 '505 695 61 2,/,2 689 119, 38 . 3'78 253

\2,587 777 61 212 '\,,, 689 119 38 ,..378 251

2,787 879 61I 1-

'N315 , 708N .119 '313 396 271.

N 442,271 11045 694 . 3.696 13,050N 2,182 "...:-'7056 6,610- 4,838

. a ,. N

ALLOTHER(4)

0

(L) CHILD IN A FAH1LY OF HOHAN0 ANT; WIFE AND NO mORE THAN 5 CHILORENN(2) "INCLUUES HuMF.-PRODUCEo Fuon ANU SCHOOL LUNCHES(3) INCLUDES SHELTER, FUFL,-uTTLITIES, HOUSEHOLD DPERATIONS, FURNI INGS,,ANO EUUIPMENT14/ INCLUULS PERSONAL CARFs RECREATION, RLADDO, 440 OTHER HIISCEItLANEOUS EE,NDITURLS

SOURCEI COSTS «ERE UPDATED EHDM ESTIMATES IN TABLE e OF CFE (ADN.).-318, 1971, USDAGRICULTURAL,RESEARCH SCRVICE, COST OF RAISINGA A CHILO--nERIVEO FROM 1964 I

suRVEy uF CONSUMER EXPENDITURES, UETAIL JES, ESTIMATEs ROVNOED TO NEARES.\ SI\\

wAS

A

ANNUIAL COST ONHAISING A CHILO (1)

FROM iIRTH TU AUE Id

MODERATE PRICE:LEVEL

1979 ANNU41. AVER/WE PRICE LEVELS

HE(.11uN r SOJTH

uRDANIZMIUN UHNAN

' .

. ... ..

. -

..

F. no FooU ALLARE OF CHILD TOTqL A 4WA7 CLDT11VG HOUSING MEDICAL EDUCA- . TRANsPUW- OTHER

. (YEARS), . HuME FRom (3) CARE TION TATIUN (4)_

(2) HOmE

A

UNDER 1,

3,234.-..'.

; °Ill0 129,

,

1,35A 199 0 623 434

1.. 3,336 993. 0 . 12.9 1,358 199 0 623 434ft

".

.2 3 3,14? 73 0 201 1,205 199 0 , 548

4 5 . 3,305 '634.

- 102 201 1,205 199 0 5,4A .416 \.

3,4RA Z134 i .122 272 1,14A 199 113 v40 4524,

..7 9

I 4.3,611 . 7.51 1?2 . 272. 1,14A 199 113 548 452v

,

10 7 11 3%774 9P0 12 272 1,148 199 113 , 548 4520

'.2

12 4,035 .920 143 401 1,186 194 113 585 46.

1.4 ...- 15 4,,158 1,043 143 401.

1418i) 199 113 505 488.

16 17 4,488 . 1,445 143.' '516 1,224 199 113 642. t

WAL .. 66,41A. 14,582 '1,794 5o330 el,61.6 3,5162 1o356 10,350 e 8,4:18

.4

(1) CHILO IN A FAMILY OF HoSRANo AND wIFE AND Nu 40RE THAN. S CHIOREN(2) -INCLUDES HOMEPRODUCEO POGO ANU SCHOOL LUNCHES111 INCLUDES toELTER, MEL, UTILITIES, HOPSEHULD OPOATIONS, FURNISHINGS, AND EuUIPMLNT(4) INCLUDES PERSONAL CANE, HECREATION, REAUINO, AND OTHER MISCELLANEOUS EXPENDITURtS'

SOURCE.: COSTS wkRE UPDATE() Foom ESTIMATES IN fAHLE 2 OF CFE (A0M.)-3113, 1971, USDA,14% AORICULPURAL RESEARCH SERVICE, OUST UF RAISIVG.A CHILU--PERIVE9 FROM 1960-61

SURVEY 'OF CONSUMER LAPENDITURE5i UETAIL TAM-ES. ESTIMATES ROUNDED TO NEARE5-t. $I

(22

ANNUAL COST OF RAIgING A CHILD (1).

. FRUM 41RTH ID AGF lb

E.0.404Y 'PRICE LEVFL

1979 ANNUAL AVERAGE PRICE LEVELS

REGION WATHEA5T.

URBANIZATION URBAN.

el

.. . ..."

Fiinn FOOD- ALLOE OF CHILD TOT.AL AT AWAY CLOTHING HOUSING MEDICAL EDUCA- TRANSP0,1 OTHER(YEARS) HoMF FROM, 'r (3) CARE TION TATIO4 (4)

(2) HOME 4kt .

*04***************************************************************************0************************44 .

UNDER

1..,

2 ''' 3

,

1. 19393

1,454

34a

' 409 0

57

57

' ..574

574

80

- 80

1,421 409 - 0 100. 517 80v

1,503 4S0 41 100' 517 80

.19526 450 41 ,143. 4,97 80,

1,9608 53? 41 143 497 80.

11 1.710 634 . 41 143 497 80

1.7,65 654 41 159 517 80

.15

,.4.

. . 1.1.827 716 41 15B

. '517 80

17 ,. 2.004 798 41 215 ".- 536 on

..

29,019 109187 574 2,434 9 318 1.440... -,

.r ,

(12 CHILD IN A FAMILY OF HUSHAND AND.WIFE AND NO 434E THAN 5 CHILDREN(2,1 INCLUDES homr-Pimucto Fool) ANU SCHOOL LUICHES

0 189 145

.. 0' 189 145

01 170 14541

0 170 145

19 151 145

19* 151 145'

19 151 145

19 151 145

19 151 145

19 170 145

28 . 29908 29610

\(3) INCLUDES SHELTER, FUEL, UTILITIES, HOUSEHOLD 0PER4TIONS, FURNISHINGS, AND EQUIPMENT(4) INCLUDES PEHSONAL'CARE. HECREA(ION, READINcl, A%) OTHER MISCELLANEOUS EXPENDITURES

SOURCE* COSTS wEOE UPDATED PRIWESTIMAIFS IN TABLE 8 OF C.FE IADM.)+318, 1971, USDA,AGRICULTURAL RESEAROi SERVICE, COST. OF RAIS14O A CHILD++OEFIIVED FROM 1960-'61 .

SURVEY OF CONSYMER EAPENDITURES9 DETAIL TAR S. ESTIMATES ROUNDEIJITO NEAREST $1z-

ANNUAL COST OF RAI5FNG A CHILD (1)

FRO4 31HTH ID ',Lir 18

LOw. PRICE LIVEL

1979 ANNUAL A.v.ERA6E PRIrE LEVELS

HEGIot.1 ( NoRTHEAbT

uR-HANIZATIoN I uHHAN

4441414,0000*****000.********.*********************************************************************0*****4440*.

. Form Fool)ALL,AVE OF CHILD TOTAL AT AWAY CLOTHING NOOSING MEDICAL 'EDUCA- TRANSPOH- OTHER(yEARS) . HoNIF FROM 1 (3) CARE. TION TAT1ON .(4)_

00 - (2) HOME.

*0414,04,0,004,44444**0,44**************440**********************444444******44444444***********44000000**144**44*****440*1

()WIER I . _19883 4p9 0 86 803 119 0 283 1631 1,965 511 0 86 803 119 0 2832 - 3 1,856 511 0 P29 689 100. 0, 0 264 163

.

% .5 1,959 573 r 41 129 689 100 0 64 163,i .

10976 573 41 186,

631' 100 19 ,'245 181. . 4

.

.2,078 675 41 186 631 100 .19 245 18110 11' 2,201 798 41 ' 166 631 100. ; 19 , 245 181.4

It ..,..

412 '2,354r 818 41 244 650 100 19 .283 199

13 15 21415 879 41 246' 650 1001.9 283 199.

416 17 2,603 1,002 41 2f2' 650 ' 100 19 '302 217TOTAL 38,895 12,761 574 3,324 12,048 1.0838 228 4,628 . 3,294:

1.

(l) CHILD IN A FAMILY OF HUSHAND AND wIFE AND NO MORE THAN 5 CHILDREN'.(p) INCLUDO HGAlkPRODUCFO FOOD ANU SCHOOL LUACHES(3) INCLUDES SHELTER, FUEL, UTILITIES, HOUSEHOLD OPERMIONS, FURNISHINGS, AND EQUIPMENT(4) INCtUDES PERSONAL CARE, HECREATION, REAUINO, AND OTHER MISCELLANEOUS EXPENDITURES°

SOURCE! COSTS 04CRE UPDATED (HOM ESTIMATES IN'TAHLE 2 OF CFE IARM4)318, 1911, US0010.'AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH'SERVICE, COST OF RAISING A CHILODERIVEU FROM 1960..61SURVEY OF CONSUMER WENOITURES, DETAIL TA9LES,4,-E6TIMATES,ROUNDEO TO NEARES! $1

4,

4A

-a

0,

4

AIINUAL -COST OF NAIsINO4trmIto ..(1)

FROM(

HIRIN IU AGE 14-

MoDERAIE/ PRICE LEVFL

,t

1979 ANNUAL AVERAGE PRICE LEVELS'-

REIUN NORTHEW

uMGANIZATION UrNJAN.

1A,

4* ******************4* W**********040**0************,**0**0*****40********4**0 **4*****************0.00001****a.. .. .4

,

.'

. Fono ' t-'0ou . . 0 ALAGE UF CHILD' TOTAL AT AWAY CLOTHING HOUSING MEDICAL EDUCAr THANSPOR UT

(YEARS) HOME F,RO (3) CARE TION IATIUN .(k)(2) HOME .

A

w*****************04***********************************************************************************

UNDER 1 2,962 532 115 14282 179 b 510 344.V.;

.

.3,044 654 115 .! 1,282- 179 0 510 344

634 . 0 201 1,167 179 0 .. 472 362? "' 3

4, 5 3,199 71.6tr

102 , 201 14167 179 0 !"'472 362,

.

3,419 716 °*. ` ,1,22 2t2 1,14g 179 94 472 4164

. ..1*2 212 1,14R -, .179 94 4727 79.

3,562 0 859k

10 '41' 11 s 40,,,7.46 1,043 122 212 1,148 179' 94 472 416

12 3,9R4 .1,043 .122 401 1,186 179 94 529 434

13 - 15 4,111 1,166 122...

401 1,186 .179 94 529 4J4.

16 6, 17 T.4,429 1,201 . 143 ''s 502 1,205 179 ' 94 566 452r

'YOIAL 65,250 10,382 1,710 51274 , 214274 \34222 * 1,128 8,988 1,272

CHILU-101 A FAMILY oF RUSNAND AND WIFE AND NU 4014E THAN 5 CHILUREN(2) INCLUDES HOMF-.PRODUCED Fuon ANU SCHOOL LOJCHES(3) INCLUIAS SHELTER, FUEL, UTILITIES, HOUSEHULD'OPERATIONS, FURNISHINGS, AND EUU1PMt.NTt4)4NCLU S PERSONAL CARE, REtREATION, REAUING, ANL) OTHER MISCELLANEUUS.EXPENUITURES.

SOURCE) COSTS. wERE UPDATED PROM tSTIMATES IN TABLE 2 tlif'CI-E 4A001.1-318, 1971, USDA, '

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SEAVICE.i COST OF RAISING A CHILD,-.OENIvE0 FROM 1960-61SURVEY 9F.CONSUmER LOOFNDITURES, UETAIL TABLES. ES1ImATES ROUNOLD TO NEARES! $I

25

4

ANNUAL COST UF RAISING A CHILO (1)

FROM dIRTH 10 AGE: 18

-,t.00101Y RRICI. LFVFL

.44

1979*ANNUAL 4,VERk6E PRICE LEVELS

REGION I,WEST

URBANIZATI04 I BRRAN

r

414.9tANNIONMOWN******1110.***44144.44401*****4;000*4444**140Mk**410 41**44********0****PAN*******************0***********4AGE UF CHILD

(YEARS).

UNDER 1 .

1

, 3

4 5

oi 1f

7 9

s10 . 11.

12

13 . IS

16 ... 17

.TOTAL

N

TOTAL

1.657

1.739

11596

1.690

1.740

1042

1.924

2.035,

.2.097

-2.23n0*

9i13900

Fnno'VATHomE

(2)

.327

409

39

450

450

'552

634

, 654

7)6

MO

10.226

FOOUAwAY

, FROMHOME

'0

0

0

41

41

4 ,1

i

41

41

41

41

574

WIOTRING

57

5f.

Elk

66

129.

129

129

*0201

201,

201

39.T4111

HOUSIO(3)

65o

650

574

574

555

555

.555

4174

574

574

10,370

. MEDICALCARE

134

c 419

119

119

119

119'

.,

119

119

19

139

2,222

EDUCA.TION

I I

4A)

gm.0

0

'7----

0

0

19

19

19

19

19

19

228

TRANSPOR-TAT1ON

4321

321

.283

.263

264

264

264

264

264'

283

4,980

. "

ALLOTHER14)

163

.

163

145

145

163

163

163'

163,

163

463

'2620

(1) CHILD IN A FAMILY OF muSHANo AND wIFE, AND.NO mORE 1HAN 5 CHILDREN(2) INCLUDES HOMF7PROOUCEO 1(040 ANU SCHOOL LUNCHES "(3) INCLUDES SHELTER, FLIEL.,'UTILITIEs,

HOUSEHOLD OREBATIONS. OuRmISHINAS, AND EuuIPMENT(4) INCLUuES PERSOpL CARE, RECREATION, 4EADING.,,AN) OTHER MISCELLANEOUS ExPENOITURES

cosTs WPC UPDATEII--PRom ESTIMATES IN TABLE 2 OF CFE. 4A0m.)-318, 19719,6SDA,' 0 .AORICULTuRAL RESEARCH SERVICE, COST OF RAISING A CHILD-.01ERIVEO FROM 1960-61. SURVEY OF CON5uMER EXPENDITURES, DETAIL TABLES. ESTIMATES ROUNDED TO NEAREST 51

4

26,

ANNUAL COST DE RAISI,NG A CHILD (1)

FHOM 1IHT1 10 AGF

LU4 PH10E LEWL

1979 'ANNUAL AVEHAtiE PPM LEVELS_

REGIQN t WEST

URBAvIZATION UHHAN

itoto***410.4Mailtom********rno****400041*011**************************muq*0********041******4101141***4140041 to

0 .

s .Fono FO0U ALLAGE OF CH4.1) ( TOTAL AT . AWAY CLOTHING HOUSING MEDICAL EOUCA TAANSPOR- OTHER

(yEARS) HOmF FHOH (3) CI' CAHE TION TATION .'. (4)_.

e...

(P ) HOME..... .,

,

NNUAL COST OE'RAISING A CHILO (1)

FROM.11RTH,10.A6F 18

MODERATE PRICE LEVFL

1979 ANNUAL AVERAGE PRICE LEVELS

REOIUN 1 WEST

UR8A.4IlATIUN i UA8AN4

1144411410644000110011410110****40400*04,0110****04;0041*MM*11*****************000**100100114141*4,404100**********114011,11

FnOO ,f000 .ALLAGE UF CHILU 41 TOTAL AT AWAY CLOTHING HOUSING MEDICAL EUUCA TRANSPOR OTHER

(VEARS) HOmF FROM (3) ,CARE. ,TION TATION (4)

(21 HOME

440000000000***************************O*****4****Au..-4..******46........********01****************4444.0***it*. . . .

2 3

'

10 ... 11

12 4

13 15

16 17

TOTAL

3,144 491 115 1,320 , 219 0 623. 4160 4

3.3n7 0\ 115 11320 219 0 623 416

3.148 Sq3 0 186 1,186 219 0 548 416'

3.352 '675 422 186 1,186 219 0 548 416

3.5115 AS4 L43 272 1,167 219 94 566 410v,3.729 798 143 272 1,167 219 94 566

o,

410

3,913 942 143 272 1,167 219 94 566 _ 470

4.141 cbli 143 387 1,205 219. 94 p23 °4880

4.243 1,084 143 347 1,205 ,419 94 623 488,

4,67S 1.227 163 487 1,263 , e 219 94 680 b42

68,109 15,141 29000 5,121 21032 39942 1.120 , 10,606 , 0,35214

ft) CHILD IN A 4AMILY OF HUSHAWAND WIFE ARO Nlim4Q4E THAN 5 CHILDREN(2) INCLUUES H0'01EPR000CED FOOD ANU SCHOOL LUNCRTS(3) INCLUDES SHELTER'. FUEL. uTrLIT1ES, HOUSEHOLD OPERATIONS, FuRNI5HIunS, AND EQUIPMENT(4) INCLUDES PERSONAL CARE, RECREAtION, RLAUING, AND OTHER HISCELLANEDuS'EXPLNOITURLS

SOURCE) COSTS WERE UPDATED FROM ESTIMATES IN TAhLE 2 OF 1E (ADM.)...318. 1971. USDA.AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE, COST OF RAISING A HILODERIVED FROM 1960-61SURVEY OF CONSUMER hXPENUITURES DETAIL TARLES. ESTIMATES ROUNDED TO NEARES! SI

0).