Plumbing_pipe-fitting and Sewerage

8/9/2019 Plumbing_pipe-fitting and Sewerage

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FM 3-34.471(FM 5-420)

PLUMBING, PIPE FITTING, AND SEWERAGE

HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.


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i

*FM 3-34.471 (FM 5-420)

Field Manual Headquarters

No. 3-34.471 Department of the Army

Washington, DC, 31 August 2001

Plumbing, Pipe Fitting, and Sewerage

ContentsPage

PREFACE...................................................................................................................vi

Chapter 1 PLUMBING SYSTEMS ............................................................................................1-1

Section I - Basic Water Supply and Water Distribution Systems ......................1-1

Plans ........................................................................................................................1-1

BOM .........................................................................................................................1-2

Water Supply Lines and Branches ...........................................................................1-2

Tapping the Water Main ...........................................................................................1-8

Installing Curb and Meter Stops .............................................................................1-10

Hot-Water Supply System ......................................................................................1-11

Fire-Protection Water Systems ..............................................................................1-12

Section II - Theater of Operations Water Supply and Distribution System ...1-13

Water Distribution Methods ....................................................................................1-14

Plans and Installation .............................................................................................1-14

Design Procedures .................................................................................................1-14

Section III - Sewerage System ............................................................................1-14

Plans ......................................................................................................................1-14

Sanitary Sewer and Drains ....................................................................................1-14

Storm Sewer and Drain ..........................................................................................1-15

Industrial Drain .......................................................................................................1-16

Pipes and Fittings ...................................................................................................1-16

House Sewer ..........................................................................................................1-18

Manholes ................................................................................................................1-20

Sewage Disposal Systems .....................................................................................1-20

Sewage Disposal Facilities ....................................................................................1-24

Distribution Restriction: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

*This publication supersedes Field Manual (FM) 5-420, 7 May 1993, and FM 5-163, 15 October 1973.


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Page

Chapter 3 BASIC PLUMBING REPAIRS AND MAINTENANCE ............................................3-1

Leaks ........................................................................................................................3-1

Frozen Pipes ............................................................................................................3-3

Scale ........................................................................................................................3-4

Waste System Stoppages ........................................................................................3-4

Chapter 4 PLUMBING FIXTURES ...........................................................................................4-1

Water Supply and Piping Requirement ....................................................................4-1

Water Closets ...........................................................................................................4-1

Lavatories ...............................................................................................................4-12

Sinks ......................................................................................................................4-16

Urinals ....................................................................................................................4-18

Showers .................................................................................................................4-20

Bathtubs .................................................................................................................4-23Laundry Tubs ......................................................................................................... 4-24

Drinking Fountains .................................................................................................4-25

Chapter 5 WATER HEATERS...................................................................................................5-1

Types ....................................................................................................................... 5-1

Sizes ........................................................................................................................ 5-6

Operation Hazards ...................................................................................................5-6

Chapter 6 PIPES AND FITTINGS ............................................................................................ 6-1

Pipe Selection .......................................................................................................... 6-1

Pipe Assembly Materials ..........................................................................................6-2

Pipe Measurements .................................................................................................6-3

Cast-Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings. ...............................................................................6-7

Galvanized-Steel/Iron Pipe and Fittings................................................................. 6-19

Copper Tubing and Fittings.................................................................................... 6-27

Plastic Pipe and Fittings .........................................................................................6-36

Other Types of Pipes and Fittings ..........................................................................6-40

Chapter 7 VALVES AND FAUCETS .........................................................................................7-1

Section I - Valves.................................................................................................... 7-1

Types .......................................................................................................................7-1

Repair and Maintenance ..........................................................................................7-2Section II - Faucets ................................................................................................ 7-7

Types ....................................................................................................................... 7-7

Installation ................................................................................................................7-9

Repairs .....................................................................................................................7-9


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Page

Chapter 8 STACKS AND BRANCHES .................................................................................... 8-1

Pipe Selection .......................................................................................................... 8-1

Pipe Size ................................................................................................................. 8-1

Installation ............................................................................................................... 8-3

Stack and Branch Supports ..................................................................................... 8-5

Testing ..................................................................................................................... 8-5

Chapter 9 TRAPS AND VENTS ............................................................................................... 9-1

Section I - Traps ..................................................................................................... 9-1

Use .......................................................................................................................... 9-1

Types ....................................................................................................................... 9-1

Trap Seal Loss ........................................................................................................ 9-2

Section II - Vents .................................................................................................... 9-6

Installation ............................................................................................................... 9-6Sizes ...................................................................................................................... 9-10

Chapter 10 STEAM, GAS, AND AIR PIPING .......................................................................... 10-1

Steam Piping ......................................................................................................... 10-1

Gas and Air Piping ................................................................................................. 10-3

Chapter 11 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS ....................................................................................... 11-1

Characteristics ....................................................................................................... 11-1

Types ..................................................................................................................... 11-2

Installation and Operation ...................................................................................... 11-3

Valves .................................................................................................................... 11-4

Priming .................................................................................................................. 11-4

Maintenance and Repair ....................................................................................... 11-5

Trouble Sources .................................................................................................... 11-5

Chapter 12 INSULATION ......................................................................................................... 12-1

Types ..................................................................................................................... 12-1

Installation ............................................................................................................. 12-3

Maintenance .......................................................................................................... 12-3

Appendix A METRIC CONVERSION CHART .............................................................................A-1

Appendix B CONSTRUCTION PLANS AND DRAWINGS .........................................................B-1

Section I - Plans and Drawings ............................................................................ B-1Architect’s Design ....................................................................................................B-1

Typical Water Supply and Distribution System Plan ................................................B-1

Typical Utility and Building Waste System Plan .......................................................B-1

Unit Construction and Package Unit Prints ..............................................................B-4

Section II - Plumbing and Heating Symbols........................................................ B-8

Types of Symbols ....................................................................................................B-8


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List of Symbols ...................................................................................................... B-10

Appendix C BOM ........................................................................................................................ C-1

Description .............................................................................................................. C-1

Preparation .............................................................................................................. C-1

Appendix D PIPE SIZES FOR WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM DESIGN ............................. D-1

Appendix E DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS DESIGN PROCEDURES ........................................... E-1

Design Procedures.................................................................................................. E-1

Dynamic Water Distribution System Design ........................................................... E-3


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vi

PrefaceT h is m a n u a l is a g u id e f o r e n g in e e r p e r so n n e l r e sp o n sib le f o r co n d u ct in g p lu m b in g a n d p ip e

f i t t in g op er a t ion s. Th is m a n u a l p r o vid es in f or m a t ion o n w a t e r , w a st e , a n d h e a t in g sy st e m s a n d

b a s ic p lu m b in g t e ch n iq u e s. U se t h is g u id e t o h e lp r e p a ir f ix t u r e s, le a k y p ip es, a n d va lve s; t o

m a k e p i p e j o i n t s ; t o i n s t a l l w a t e r , w a s t e , a n d h e a t i n g s y s t e m s ; a n d t o t e s t a n d s e r v i c e t h e s e

systems.

Plu m b e r s in st a l l a n d r e p a ir w a t e r sy st e m s, w a st e sy st e m s, a n d f ix t u r e s; cu t , r e a m , t h r e a d , a n d

bend pipes; and caulk, solder, an d t est joints or sys tems for leaks.

U s e r s o f t h i s m a n u a l s h o u ld b e f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e t o ol s u s e d b y t h e c on s t r u c t i on m i l it a r y

o cc u pa t i o n a l s p e ci a l t y ( M OS ) i n c a r e e r m a n a g e m e n t f i e l d (C M F ) 5 1. Th i s m a n u a l p r ov i d e s

i n f or m a t i on o n u t i l i t y p l a n s a n d d r a w i n g s t o i n c lu d e b i ll o f m a t e r ia l s (B O M ) a n d s t a n d a r d

plumbing a nd heat ing symbols; plumbing mat erials a nd procedures; sewera ge, wat er supply, and

heat ing insta llat ion; insulat ion ma terial; an d pumps. The entire patt ern for soldiers in CMF 51 is

described in Department of the Army (DA) Pamphlet 611-21.

Ap p en d i x A conta ins a n E nglish to metric meas urement conversion chart .

The proponent of this publica tion is Hea dqua rters (HQ), U nited S ta tes (US) Army Tra ining a nd

Doctrine Comma nd (TRADOC). Send comments a nd recommend a tions on DA Form 2028 directly

t o C o m m a n d a n t , U S A r m y E n g i n e e r S c h o ol , ATTN : A TZ T-D O T-D D , F o r t L e on a r d W oo d ,

Miss ouri 65473-6650.

U nless this publication sta tes otherwise, ma sculine nouns a nd pronouns do not refer exclusively

to men.


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1-1

Chapter 1

Plumbing Systems

P l u m b i n g i s a s y s t e m o f p i p i n g , a p p a r a t u s , a n d f i x t u r e s f or w a t e r

distr ibution and waste disposal within a building. This chapter covers the

b a s i c w a t e r s u p p l y a n d w a t e r d i s t r i b u t i o n s y s t e m s , t h e t h e a t e r o f

o p e r a t i o n s ( T O ) w a t e r s u p p l y a n d w a t e r d i s t r i b u t i o n s y s t e m s , a n d t h e

s e w e r a g e s y s t e m . P l u m b i n g a l s o i n c l u d e s t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n a n d

m a i n t e n a n ce o f t h e s e s y s t e m s . Wh e n a r c h it e ct s d e s ig n a b u i ld i n g , t h e y

prepa re a set of prints a nd a set of specif ica tion sheets d eta il ing t he ty pes

a n d q u a l i t y o f m a t e r i a l s t o b e u s e d . P l u m b e r s u s e t h e p r i n t s a n d

specif ica tions to la yout a nd plan the project.

1 -1 . A w a t e r s u p pl y s y s t e m r ec ei v es , t r e a t s , a n d m ov e s w a t e r t o a w a t e r

distribution system. Wat er ma y come from a stream or lake, a deep or sha llow

w e ll , o r a r e se r vo ir w h ich co lle ct s su r f a ce w a t e r . T h e w a t e r su p p ly sy st e m

purifies and pumps the water into a storage tank. After the water is purified,

i t i s r e l e a s e d i n t o t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n s y s t e m . T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n s y s t e m i s a n

a r r a n g e m e n t o f co n n e ct e d p ip e s (ca l le d a r u n ) t h a t ca r r i e s t h e w a t e r t o it s

destinat ion. This system usua lly has a means of heating some of this w at er.

PLANS

1-2. S e e Ap p en d i x B for informa tion on construction plans, print s, dra wings,

and plumbing and heating symbols.

WATER SUPPLY AND WATER DISTRIBUTI ON PLANS

1-3. A plumber should be able to install a complete wat er supply system by

u sin g a p la n t og e t h er w it h st a n d a r d a n d sp ecia l d e t a i l d r a w in g s a n d a B O M .

A st a n d a r d d e t a i l d r a w i n g w i l l s h ow t h e w a t e r h e a t e r a n d s t a n d a r d s t o r a g e-

t a n k con n e ct ion s. Th e p la n w il l sh ow t h e t y p e of p ipin g b y siz e a n d f i t t in g s

(see Appendi x B ).

UTIL IT Y- AND BUIL DING-WASTE SYSTEM PLANS

1-4. F o r m or e in fo r m a t ion o n u t i li t y - a n d b u ild in g -w a st e sy st e m p la n s, see

Ap p en d i x B .

SECTION I - BASIC WATER SUPPLY AND WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS


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UNIT-CONSTRUCTI ON AND P ACKAGE-UNIT PRINTS

1-5. P rints are used for structures an d equipment in wa ter supply an d wat er

d i s t r i b u t i o n s y s t e m s . T h e t y p e o f p r i n t d e p e n d s o n w h e t h e r t h e u n i t i s

constructed or if it is a package unit to be assembled in the field (see Ap p en d i x B , p a ra g ra p h B-8 ) .

BOM

1 -6 . Th e d e s i g n er ( a r c h i t e ct ) or d r a f t s m a n u s u a l l y p r e pa r e s a B O M (D A

F o r m 2 7 02 ) w h e n p r e p a r i n g t h e o r i g i n a l d r a w i n g s . H o w e v e r , i f n o B O M

accompan ies the field prints, t he plumber must compile it . Ap p e n d i x C gives

instructions for prepar ing a B OM.

WATER SUPPLY L INES AND BRANCHES

1-7. The main w at er supply system provides pota ble cold wa ter at t he main

a t a p r e s su r e t h a t m e e t s N a t i o n a l P l u m b i n g C o d e s t a n d a r d s . Th e w a t e r

service ma in for the plumbing installa t ion Ts into th e ma in w at er supply. The

plumbing system must provide enough wa ter for norma l use at each outlet .

1-8. Fixture supply r isers ta ke wat er from the ma in supply to the fixtures on

each floor level. E ach fixture supply r iser must have a diam eter large enough

t o su p p ly w a t e r t o a l l t h e f ixt u r e s i t con n e ct s. Th e siz e is d e t e r m in e d b y t h e

design load for the riser ( refer to Ap p en d i x D , Ta b l es D -3 o r D -4 ) .

PIPE SELECTION

1-9. C o ld -w a t e r sy st e m s m a y u se g a lva n iz e d -ir on o r g a lva n iz e d -st e e l pip e,

copper tubing, plastic pipe, brass, cast iron, galvanized, wrought iron, or other

approved ma terial. The ma terial used depends on the—• Am ou n t of w a t e r t o b e su pp lied .

• Wa t e r p res s u re .

• Corrosion factor for different types of pipe in different temperatur es.

• C ost .

• Av a il a bi li ty .

PIPE SIZE

1-10. The size of wa ter supply piping depends on the—

• Wat er pressure a nd fr ict ion loss through the length of the pipe.

• N u m b er a n d k ind s of fixt u r e s in st a l led (f ixt u r e d e m a n d ).

• Number of fixtures in use at a given t ime (factor of simulta neous use).

• Type of f lushing devices ( refer t o Chapter 4).

Friction Loss

1-11. Wh e n a l iq u id f lo w s t h r o u gh a p ipe , la y e r s m o ve a t d i f f er e n t sp e ed s,

w it h t h e ce n t e r la y e r m o vin g f a st e st . Th is r e sist a n ce t o f low (ca l le d f r i c t i o n

loss ) varies wit h different t ypes of pipe. P ipe fr ict ion, in turn, causes a drop in

water pressure. In a small pipe, this friction loss is overcome by increasing the


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w a t e r p r e ssu r e . I f h ig h e r w a t e r p r e ssu r e is n o t p ossib le, in cr ea sin g t h e p ip e

size can reduce friction loss. See Ap p en d i x D for friction loss in different types

of pipe.

Water Hammer

1-12. In a wa ter supply system, wa ter hammer occurs when flowing wa ter is

stopped abruptly or can not be compressed, cau sing the flowing w at er to slam

a g a i n s t t h e v a l v e w i t h t h e s a m e a m ou n t o f p r es s u r e a s a p pl ie d t o t h e w a t e r

s y s t e m ( s u ch a s w h e n y o u f l u s h a w a t e r c l os e t , t h e w a t e r c lo s et ' s t a n k

completes the filling action, and the control valve in the tank closes).

1 -1 3. Th e e f f e ct s o f w a t e r h a m m e r a r e n o i s e f r o m r a t t l i n g p i p e s a n d

s o m e t i m e s l e a k y p i pe j oi n t s , b o t h o f w h i c h c a n b e e l i m i n a t e d e a s i l y b y

i n s t a l l i n g a d e v i c e c a l l e d a e x p a n s i o n c h a m b e r t o s l ow t h e w a t e r i n t h e

p lu m b in g sy st e m . Th e e x pa n sion ch a m b e r sh o w n in F i g u r e 1- 1 is ca p p ed a t

t h e u p p er e n d ca u sin g i t t o f il l w it h a ir , n o t w a t e r . Air , u n like w a t e r , ca n b e

compressed. Therefore, when the water flow is stopped abruptly, the air in theair chamber w orks like an a utomotive shock a bsorber relieving the slam ming

a c t i on a g a i n s t t h e v a l v e. I n s t a l l e xp a n s i on c h a m b e r s i n t h e w a t e r s u p pl y

s y s t e m o n b o t h h o t a n d c o ld s e r v i ce l i n es a t e a c h m a j or f i x t u r e w i t h i n a

structure.

1-14. Expansion cha mbers can be purchased or fabricated. Fi g u re 1 -1 shows

a n e x a m p le o f a co n st r u ct e d e x p a n sio n ch a m b e r . T h e t y p e o f p ip e a n d t h e

dimensions used are not crit ical, but ensure that the section identified as the

riser is at least 6 inches long.

Figure 1-1. Expansion Chamber Construction

From main supply

Water supply

Tee

To fixture

2 to 4 inches long

Elbow

Riser

Pipe cap


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Water Pressure

1-15. P r e ssur e in t h e m a in u su a lly r a n g e s fr o m 45 t o 60 pou n d s p e r sq u a r e

inch (psi). I f the pressure is over 60 psi, a pressure-reducing valve must be

p la ce d in t h e w a t e r se r vice l in e a t i t s e n t r y t o t h e b u ild in g . T h e siz e o f t h ew a t e r se r vice pip elin e , t h e r a t e o f u se , t h e le n g t h of t h e l in e , a n d t h e o u t le t

h e ig h t in t h e sy st e m con t r o l t h e p r essu r e a va i la b le a t t h e o u t let . I f t h e w a t e r

pressure is less tha n 15 psi, use a ta nk a nd a pump or other means t o provide

p r e s s u r e . I f t h e w a t e r p r es s u r e i s o v er 8 0 p s i , u s e a n a p p r o v e d pr e s s u r e

regulator.

Calculations for Sizing Pipe

1-16. The minim um pra ctical size for a w a ter service line is 3/4 inch. This

s i z e s h o u l d b e u s e d e v e n w h e n c a l c u l a t i o n s i n d i c a t e a s m a l l e r o n e .

Ca lculat ions for fa ctoring loss of pressure in complex systems a re beyond t he

ra nge of this ma nua l. For simple systems, use approximat e figures to find t he

p i p e s i z e . T a b l es D - 1 a n d D - 2 , A p p en d i x D , g i v e c a p a c i t i e s a n d p s i f o rga lva nized-steel/iron pipe, copper tubing, a nd pla stic pipe. Use t hese ta bles

com b in ed w it h t h e m a x im u m f ixt u r e d e m a n d a n d sim u lt a n e ou s u se f a ct o r t o

determin e pipe sizes.

1-17. Maximum Fi xture Demand. Th e m a x i m u m f i x t u r e d e m a n d i ng a llo n s p er m in u t e (G P M ) is t h e t o t a l a m o u n t o f w a t e r n e ed e d t o su p ply a l l

t h e f i xt u r e s a t t h e s a m e t i m e . E s t i m a t e t h e m a x im u m f i x t u r e d em a n d b y

counting the number and types of f ixtures in the plumbing system. T a b l e 1 -1

gives th e ma ximum fixture demand for different fixtures.

1 -1 8. F o r ex a m p l e , w h a t i s t h e m a x i m u m f i xt u r e d e m a n d f or a p l u m b i n g

s y s t e m w h i c h c o n s i s t s o f t h e f o l l ow i n g 1 4 f i x t u r e s : 2 w a t e r c l os e t s , 4

lavatories, 2 showers, 3 urinals, 1 slop sink, 1 laundry tub, and 1 floor drain?

U se T a b l e 1 -1 a nd t he following s teps:

S t e p 1 . Multiply the number of each fixture by the GP M of tha t type fixture

( from Table 1-1) .

S t e p 2 . Total these figures.

Table 1-1. Fixture Demand (in GPM)

Fixture GPMWater closet 45.0

Lavatory 7.5

Shower 15.0

Urinal 39.5

Slop sink 22.5

Laundry tub 15.0

Floor drain 7.5


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1-19. The result is a m aximum fixture demand of 313.5 G P M.

NOTE : Use the fixture demand (313.5 GPM) with the simultaneous-use factor to select the pipe size.

1-20. Simul taneous-Use Factor. Th e s i m u l t a n e o u s -u s e f a c t o r i s t h ep er cen t a g e of f ix t u r e s p ot e n t ia l ly in u se a t a g iven t im e (Ta b l e 1 -2 ) . I t i s a n

e st i m a t e of t h e t ot a l d e m a n d on a w a t e r s u p pl y s y s t e m , e xp r es s ed a s w a t e r

s u p p ly f i x t u r e u n i t s . S i m u l t a n e ou s -u s e f a c t o r s d e c r ea s e a s t h e n u m b e r o f

f ixt u r e s in a b u ildin g in cr ea se s. U se t h e f o r m u la s in Ta b l e 1 -2 t o d e t e r m in e

simultan eous use fa ctor.

1-21. If a t able for the simultaneous-use factor is not a vaila ble, estima te the

probable dema nd by computing 30 percent of the ma ximum fixture demand in

gallons.

1-22. Continuing the example in p a r a g ra p h 1 -1 8 , the 14 fixtures w ould ha ve

a simult a neous use of 42.72 percent (round up to 43 percent). Since th e fixture

d e m a n d w a s 3 13 .5 G P M , t h e w a t e r s e r v ic e li n e m u s t h a v e a c a p a c it y of 4 3

percent of 313.5 (110 G P M). Wha t size of pipe would be needed f or a 60-foot

l o n g p i p e l i n e w i t h a p r e s s u r e a t t h e m a i n o f 4 5 p s i ( r e f e r t o A p p en d i x D ,

Ta bles D-1 a n d D -2 ) ?

S t e p 1 . Rea d down th e 60-foot column in Tables D-1 or D -2 , t o 1 1/2 in ch

diameter.

S t e p 2 . Rea d across (left) to the psi column a nd esta blish the given as 45 psi.

Ste p 3 . Rea d back to th e 60-foot column . TableD-1 shows 150 GP M (the qua ntity

tha t includes 110 G P M); Ta b l e D -2 shows 155 GPM (round up to 160 GPM).

1-23. Eit her 1 1/2-inch ga lvan ized, copper, or plast ic piping w ould be large

enough for the water service line.

NOTE : Remember, the minimum practical size for a water serviceline is 3/4 inch. Thi s size should be used even when calculations

indicate a smaller size.

INSTALLATION

Main Water Supply Line

1 -2 4. Th e m a i n w a t e r s u pp l y is a p i p e, u s u a l l y h u n g f r om a c ei l in g , w i t h

bran ches connected to serve the fixture r isers. This supply pipe ha s t he sa me

d i a m e t e r a s t h e w a t e r s e r v ice f r om t h e m a i n a n d i s ce n t r a l l y l oc a t e d t o

Table 1-2. Simultaneous-Use Factor

Number of

Fixtures

Percent of

Simultaneous Use

1-5 100 minus (number of fixtures minus 1) x 12.75

6-50 50 minus (number of fixtures minus 1) x .56

51 or more Estimate at 30 percent


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provide short t a keoffs to t he fixture supply r isers t hroughout the building. To

r e d u ce f r ict io n loss, la y t h e m a in su p p ly p ip in g a s st r a ig h t a s p ossib le. Th e

main supply pipe must not sag or trap water. I t should be graded slightly, up

to 1/4 inch per foot , dropping t owa rd t he w a ter m eter. At th e low end of thegrade, place a drip cock or stop-and-waste valve for draining the pipe in the

winter. A drainpipe may be needed to carry the wastewater from the opening

in the va lve to a f loor dra in or sump. If it is impossible to gra de all th e piping

t o on e p oin t , a l l p a r t s t h a t ca n n o t b e ce n t r a l ly d r a in e d sh ou ld h a ve se pa r a t e

d r i p c o c k s o r s t o p - a n d - w a s t e v a l v e s . T h e m a i n s u p p l y p i p e m u s t b e w e l l

supported to ta ke its weight off the fit t ings a nd to prevent leaks.

Fixture Supply Risers

1-25. U se r e d u cin g Ts t o con n e ct f ix t u r e su p ply r ise r s t o t h e m a in su p p ly .

Run t he risers through t he interior w alls of the building. Tighten a ll the joints

before the partitions are finished. Use pipe rests or clamps to support vertical-

f i x t u r e s u p p l y r i s e r s a t e a c h f l o o r l e v e l . ( F i x t u r e s u p p l y r i s e r s m u s t n o t

depend on the horizontal branches for support .) Horizontal-fixture branches

s h o u ld b e w e ll s u p p or t e d a n d g r a d e d u p w a r d t o w a r d t h e v e r t i c a l -f i xt u r e

supply risers.

Valves

1-26. Inst all gat e valves in ea ch vertical supply r iser, so tha t a section can be

repa ired without shut ting off the wa ter to other sections. Sma ll gate va lves on

the supply to each fixture a llows for shut ting off the wa ter for faucet repairs.

TESTING FOR L EAKS

1 -2 7. I n s p e ct i n g f or l e a k s i s i m po r t a n t . A l ea k y j oi n t w a s t e s w a t e r a n d

c a u s e s c os t l y d a m a g e t o t h e b u i ld i n g . I n n e w c on s t r u c t i o n , t e s t t h e e n t i r es y s t e m f o r l e a k s b e f o r e t h e f l o or a n d p a r t i t i o n s a r e c l o s e d u p . W h e n

p er f or m i n g t h i s t e s t , u s e t h e w a t e r p r e s s u r e fr o m t h e m a i n t h a t f e e d s t h e

system. While the system is under pressure, inspect each joint for moisture. If

a leak is detected in a joint , t ighten t he joint or replace it by cutt ing the pipe

a n d c on n e c t i n g a n e w s e c t i o n w i t h a u n i o n . Wh e n w o r k i n g w i t h c op p er

s o l d e r e d j o i n t s o r p l a s t i c s o l v e n t - c e m e n t j o i n t s , d r a i n t h e p i p e a n d t h e n

connect t he joint. Copper compression joints ca n be t ight ened or replaced.

DISINFECTING THE PIPING SYSTEM

1-28. Af t e r in st a l la t ion or r e p a ir , cle a n a n d d isin f e ct p lu m b in g pip es a n d

o t h e r p a r t s o f a w a t e r s u p p l y s y s t e m c a r r y i n g d r i n k i n g w a t e r b e f o r e u s e .

Flush the syst em to remove dirt , wa ste, and surface wa ter. Disinfect ea ch unit

with a chemical such as a solution of hypochlorite or chlorine.

Dosage

1-29. Un der avera ge conditions, use the dosages (in pa rts per million [ppm])

in Table 1-3 . The chlorine dosage required to disinfect a unit depends on the—

• C on t a ct t im e.

• Amount of organic chlorine-consuming ma terial present.


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S t e p 5 . Add the predetermined chlorine dosage a s the ma in slowly fills with

w a t e r .

S t e p 6 . Continue feeding until the wat er coming from th e supply end

contains the desired amount of chlorine.S t e p 7 . Keep the chlorina ted wa ter in the unit for 24 to 48 hours.

S t e p 8 . Flush the main unt il the wa ter conta ins only the amount of chlorine

normally in t he supply.

S t e p 9 . Ana lyze sam ples daily for bacteria until the ana lyses show no

further need for disinfection. If the sa mples are un sa tisfactory, rechlorinat e.

MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR

Corrosion

1-31. G a lva nic corrosion (resulting from a d irect current of electricity) occurs

in a plumbing system th at includes two different kinds of metal pipe, such a s

g a lva n iz e d p ip e a n d cop p er p ip e . S e e C h a p t e r 3 f o r r e d u cin g a n d r e p a ir in gcorrosion.

Scale

1 -3 2. H a r d w a t e r c on t a i n s a l a r g e a m o u n t o f ca l ci u m a n d m a g n e s i u m

compounds, w hich prevent soap from la thering. This forms a scum tha t slows

the flow of wa ter. The scum deposits ha rden a nd form scale. See Chapter 3 f or

reducing a nd removing scale.

Frozen Pipes

1-33. Wa ter supply lines ma y freeze w hen exposed to temperat ures below 32

d e g r ee s F a h r e n h e i t . O u t s i d e p i pe s m u s t b e b u r i e d b e lo w t h e f r o s t l i n e . I n

northern zones, this is 4 feet or more. If th e building temperatu re falls below

f r e ez i n g , i n s i d e p i p es m a y a l s o f r e e z e , ca u s i n g t h e p i p e t o b r e a k a t t h e

wea kest point . U se the procedures in Chapter 3 to tha w frozen pipes.

TAPPING THE WATER MAIN

1-34. Wat er mains a re usually cas t iron, 8 inches or more in diam eter. I f the

ma in is less tha n 8 inches in dia meter, ta ps should be 2 inches or sma ller . U se

Fi g u re 1 -2 a n d t h e f ol low in g st e p s t o t a p t h e w a t e r m a in :

S t e p 1 . Dig to expose the pipe at the point w here the tap is to be made. Dig

as close to the top of the w at er ma in a s possible.

S t e p 2 . Clean a ll dirt and rust off the pipe a t tha t point .

S t e p 3 . P lace the gasket of the wa ter-ma in self-ta pping ma chine on the pipe,

an d set the sa ddle of the ma chine on the gasket.

S t e p 4 . Wrap th e cha in around the pipe, and t ight en it to clamp the w at er

ma in self-ta pping m achine to t he pipe.

S t e p 5 . Remove the cap from the cylinder of the machine, and place the

combinat ion drill and t ap in t he boring bar.


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S t e p 6 . Reassemble the ma chine by putting the boring bar thr ough the

cylinder an d t ightening th e cap.

S t e p 7 . Open the flap valve betw een the compar tments.

S t e p 8 . St art drilling the hole by applying pressure at t he feed yoke and

turning the ratchet handle until the drill enters the main.

S t e p 9 . When the ta p sta rts t hreading t he hole, back off the feed yoke to

prevent st r ipping the thr eads.

S t e p 1 0 . Continue to turn t he boring bar until the rat chet ha ndle ca n no

longer be turned without extra force.

S t e p 1 1 . Remove the ta p from t he hole by reversing the ra tchet . Then, backthe boring bar out by turning it counterclockwise.

S t e p 1 2 . Close the flap va lve between the upper a nd lower compartments.

S t e p 1 3 . Dra in the wat er from the cylinder through the bypass.

S t e p 1 4 . Remove the cap an d drill tool. P lace a corpora tion stop (Fi g u re 1 -3 ,

page 1-10) in the boring bar, ensuring tha t t he stop is closed.

S t e p 1 5 . Repeat st eps 6 an d 7.

Figure 1-2. Tapping the Water Main

Ratchet handle

Boring bar

Feed yoke

Cap

Cylinder

Flap-valve handle

Flap valve

Saddle

Gasket

Water mainCombinationdrill and tap

Bypass

Friction collar


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S t e p 1 6 . Turn th e ra tchet ha ndle to th read t he corpora tion stop into the pipe.

S t e p 1 7 . Repeat step 13.

S t e p 1 8 . Remove the cap from th e cylinder, and unbolt the boring bar from

the corporation stop.S t e p 1 9 . Remove th e lower cha mber from the pipe.

S t e p 2 0 . Ins pect for leaks.

S t e p 2 1 . I f the corpora tion stop leaks, t ight en it with a suita ble wrench.

INSTALLING CURB AND METER STOPS

1-35. C u r b a n d m e t e r st o ps con t r o l t h e w a t e r e n t e rin g t h e b u ild in g . F i g u r e

1-3 shows this installat ion.

CURB STOP

1 -3 6. Af t e r t a p p i n g t h e w a t e r m a i n a n d i n s e r t i n g t h e c or p or a t i o n s t op ,

insta ll the curb stop in a suita ble posit ion. I t is usua lly set in a cast-iron stop

b o x t o p r o v i d e e a s y a c c e s s i n t h e w a t e r s e r v i c e b e t w e e n t h e c u r b a n d t h e

building.

1 -3 7. Th e s t o p b ox h a s a v a r i a b l e t e l es c op i c l e n g t h f o r u s e o n d i f f er e n t

g r a d e s. Wh e n t h e w a t e r se r vice is cop p er , join t h e cu r b st o p t o t h e se r vice

piping w ith a compression joint . After insta lling the curb stop, run t he wa ter

service line to the building and through the building wall to the inside of the

Figure 1-3. Curb and Meter Stops

Road Grade Meter stop

Shutoff (gate valve)

Building foundationCurbstop

Corporationstop

Water mainStopbox


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basement. The wa ter service line can be laid in t he sam e trench as the sewer.

The bottom of the water pipe at all points should be at least 12 inches above

t h e t o p o f t h e se w e r l in e . Th e w a t e r p ip e sh o u ld b e p la ce d o n a s o lid sh e lf

excava ted a t one side of the common trench wit h a minimum clear horizonta ld i s t a n c e of a t l ea s t 1 2 i n ch e s f r om t h e s e w e r l i n e . I t m u s t b e p la c e d i n t h e

ground at a level deeper tha n t he ma ximum depth of frost penetra tion.

METER AND METER STOP

1-38. After running th e wa ter service lines through the side of the building

an d closing th e holes a round the service pipe with wa terproof cement, insta ll

the water meter and meter stop.

Meter Stop

1-39. The meter stop is a ground-joint va lve, w hich controls and shut s off the

f lo w o f w a t e r in t o t h e b u ild in g . Pla ce t h e m e t e r st o p a s clo se t o t h e se r vice

pipe entry as possible.

Water Meter

1-40. The wa ter meter, insta lled near the meter stop, measures the amount

of wa ter used in th e building.

1-41. Often the meter and stop are placed in a meter vault t ha t repla ces the

s t o p b ox a t t h e c u r b . I n t h i s c a s e , p la c e a s t op -a n d -w a s t e v a l v e i n t h e l i n e

where the w at er service enters t he building.

HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

1-42. Th e h ot -w a t e r sy st e m con sist s of a w a t e r h ea t e r a n d a p ip in g sy st em .

T h is sy st e m r u n s p a r a l le l t o t h e co ld - w a t e r p ip e s r u n n in g t o t h e p lu m b in gf ixt u r e s (f a u cet s) w h e r e h ot w a t e r is d e sire d . A st a n d a r d d e t a i l d r a w in g w il l

s h o w t h e w a t e r h e a t e r a n d s t a n d a r d s t o r a g e - t a n k c o n n e c t i o n s . T h e w a t e r

heater is fueled by gas, oil, electricity, or possibly solar energy.

WATER HEATERS

1-43. Wat er heat ers ar e clas sified int o four cat egories: range-boiler , ga s, oil-

burning, a nd electric. See Chapter 5 for water heaters.

PIPE SELECTION

1-44. The pipes used in hot-wa ter syst ems ar e similar to those used in cold-

wa ter supply syst ems. Old hot-wa ter sys tems us ed wr ought-iron or st eel pipe.

Newer systems use chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) plastic pipe, since

C P V C r e s i s t s c o r r o s i on . C o pp e r i s t h e m o s t c om m o n l y u s e d p i p i n g f o r

distribution.

PIPE SIZE

1-45. To size the hot-wa ter ma in supply lines and t he risers, follow t he same

procedure a s for basic w a ter supply, par agraph 1-10, page 1-2 .


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INSTALLATION

1-46. I n st a l la t io n b e g in s w it h a w a t e r -h e a t in g d e vice a n d t h e m a in su p ply

lin e fr o m t h a t d e vice. G r a d e t h e h o t -w a t e r su p p ly t o a ce n t r a l ly lo ca t e d d r ip

cock near t he w at er heat er. Wat er for t he fixtures a t various levels thr oughoutthe building is ta ken from t he ma in hot-wa ter supply by fixture supply r isers.

Ea ch of the r isers should have a valve.

ONE-PIPE SYSTEM

1-47. Buildings wit h a la rge floor area or with several f loors need the supply

of hot w a ter to the fixture a s soon a s possible after th e ta p is opened. In a one-

p ip e sy st e m , su ch a s t h a t u se d f o r co ld - w a t e r su p p ly , a la g o ccu r s f r o m t h e

t i m e t h e h o t -w a t e r t a p i s op en e d u n t i l t h e w a t e r t r a v e ls f r o m t h e w a t e r -

heat ing device to the ta p.

TWO-PIPE SYSTEM

1-48. To ove r com e t h is t im e la g , u s e a t w o -p ipe , cir cu la t in g - w a t e r su p p ly

system (Figure 1-4) . Hot water passes from the water heater through the main

f i xt u r e s u p p l y r i s er s a n d r e t u r n s t h r o u g h a l i n e t o t h e w a t e r h e a t e r . Th i s

looped system circulates the hot water at all t imes. Warm water tends to r ise

and cold wa ter tends t o fall , creating circula tion. The wa ter w ithin t he loop is

k ep t a t a h ig h t e m p e r a t u r e . Wh e n a t a p is op en e d , h ot w a t e r f low s f r om t h e

hot-water supply riser into the branch and out of the tap. The cold-water filler

w it h in t h e h ot -w a t e r st o r a g e t a n k (w a t e r h e a t e r ) h a s a s iph o n h ole n ea r t h e

top of th e ta nk. If r educed pressure occurs a t point A, the siphon hole allows

air to enter the cold-water filler . This breaks the vacuum and prevents back

siphonage of hot w at er into the cold-wa ter distr ibution s ystem.

1-50. Th is cir cu la t in g su p p ly sy st e m ( F i g u r e 1 - 4) is a n o ver h e a d - fe e d a n d

gravity-return system and is likely to become air-locked. An air lock preventscir cu la t ion o f t h e h o t w a t e r . S in ce a ir co llect s a t t h e h ig h e st p oin t (B ) of t h e

distribution piping, the most pra ctica l w ay to relieve the a ir lock is to connect

an uncirculated riser to th e line at t ha t point . The air lock is relieved when a

fixture on the uncirculated riser is used.

MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR

1-5 1. M a i n t e n a n c e a n d r e p a i r of h ot -w a t e r s y s t e m s is s i m i la r t o w h a t w a s

previously discussed. Refer to paragraphs 1-31, 1-32, a n d 1-33, p age 1-8.

FIRE-PROTECTION WATER SYSTEMS

FIRE HYDRANTS

1-52. Fire protection for buildings of f ire-resista nt construction is provided

by fire hydra nts. These are usua lly located a t lea st 50 feet from ea ch building

or from the wa ter distribution system w ithin th e building.


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AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEMS

1-53. Automat ic sprinkler systems a re used for fire-resistant structures onlywhen the va lue, the importa nce of the contents or activity, or th e possibility of

a f i r e h a z a r d ju s t i f i es a s p r i n kl er s y s t e m . B u i l d i n g s of f r a m e a n d o r d i n a r y

c on s t r u c t i o n t h a t a r e m o r e t h a n t w o s t or i e s h i g h a n d h o u s e t o p s w i l l b e

protected by a utomat ic sprinkler systems.

1-54. I n a TO , t h er e is a lw a y s a ch a n ce t h e Ar m y m a y h a ve t o t a k e over t h e

repa ir an d operation of a municipal wa ter system. Although most syst ems willb e s i m i la r t o t h o s e u s e d i n t h e U S , p r ob l em s c a n b e e x pe ct e d i n o b t a i n i n g

r e p l a c e m e n t p a r t s a n d o p e r a t i n g s u p p l i e s . S i z e s a n d d i m e n s i o n s o f b a s i c

components can be expected to differ from those in the US and even require

t h e u s e o f m e t r ic t o ols . A lso , ce r t a in n a t io n s m a y u s e d if f er e n t d isin f e ct in g

methods tha n chlorine. U nder t hese circumsta nces, t he Army should consider

hiring former local employees who ar e familiar wit h t he equipment to operat e

a n d m a in t a in t h e sy st em .

Figure 1-4. Circulating Hot-Water System (Two-Pipe)

SECTION II - THEATER OF OPERATIONS WATER SUPPLY ANDDISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

1-49. B

Uncirculated riser

Draw taps

Flow

Siphonholein the pipe

Storage

Drain valve

Heater

Return

A


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WATER DISTRIBUTION METHODS

1-55. After wa ter is purified, it is releas ed into the distribution system. The

d ist r ib u t io n of la r g e q u a n t i t ie s o f w a t e r u n d e r t a ct ica l con d it io n s w il l b e b y

p ip e lin e s, t r u ck s ca r r y in g b la d d e r s, a n d 5,000- g a llo n t a n k e r t r u ck s. S m a llqua ntit ies can be picked up from ta nk farm s or storage a nd distribution points

i n 4 0 0 -g a l l o n w a t e r t r a i l e r s o r i n r e f i l l a b l e d r u m s , 5 -g a l l o n c a n s , a n d

individual conta iners.

PLANS AND INSTALLATION

1-56. A p p en d i x B , F i g u r e B - 1 , sh ow s a w a t e r d ist r ib u t ion sy st e m p la n f or a

hospital area. The general location and size of the pipes are shown, together

with the valves, sumps, wat er ta nk, and other fixtures. Genera lly, the symbols

used on distribution-system plans are the same as those for water plumbing.

(See A p p e n d i x B , S e c t i o n I I , f o r st a n d a r d p lu m b in g sy m b o ls.) Th e p lu m b e r

w h o i n s t a l l s t h e s y s t e m d e t e r m i n e s t h e l o ca t i o n o f t h e p i pe s a n d o t h e r

e q u ip m e n t t o s u i t t h e c l im a t e a n d t e r r a i n , a n d a c cor d i n g t o t h e N a t i on a l

Plumbing Codes.

DESIGN PROCEDURES

1-57. S e e Ap p e n d i x E for water distribution system design procedures used

in the TO.

1 -5 8. A s e w e r a g e s y s t em c on s i s t s of t h e p ip es a n d a p pa r a t u s t h a t c a r r y

s e w a g e f r o m b u i l d i n g s t o t h e p oi n t o f d i s ch a r g e o r d i s p os a l . Th e s y s t e m

i n c l u d e s s e w e r p i p e a n d c o n d u i t s , m a n h o l e s , f l u s h t a n k s , a n d s o m e t i m e s

st o r m -d r a in in le t s . I f i t is n o t se r ve d b y a p r o ce ssin g p la n t , t h e sy st e m m a y

include fa cilit ies for pumping, t reat ing, a nd disposing of sewa ge. Roofs, inner

c o u r t s , v e n t s , s h a f t s , l i g h t w e l l s , o r s i m i l a r a r e a s h a v i n g r a i n w a t e r d r a i n s

s h o u ld d i s ch a r g e t o t h e o u t s i d e of t h e b u i l d i n g o r t o t h e g u t t e r . G e t

adm inistra tive approval before connecting to the draina ge system.

PLANS

1-59. Fi g u re 1 -5 sh o w s a t y p ica l se w e r a g e sy st em a n d a d r a in sy st e m .

SANITARY SEWER AND DRAINS

BUILDING DRAIN

1 -6 0. Th e b u i ld i n g d r a i n r e c ei v es t h e d i s c h a r g e o f s a n i t a r y a n d d o m e s t i c

wa stes (or soil and wa ste) from within t he building.

SECTION III - SEWERAGE SYSTEM


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HOUSE DRAIN

1-61. Th e h o u se d r a in is lo ca t e d b e t w e e n a n d is con n e ct e d t o t h e b u ild in g

d r a in a n d t h e h o u se se w e r . Th e h o u se d r a in , a lso ca l led t h e collect ion l in e ,

receives the discharge of sanita ry a nd d omestic wa stes from the building dra in

an d carries it t o the house sewer line or pipe, as shown in Fi gure 1-5 . The house

dra in ma y be underground or suspended from t he basement ceiling.

HOUSE SEWER

1 -6 2. Th e h o u s e s e w e r l i n e o r p i p e b e g i n s j u s t o u t s i d e t h e b u i l d i n g

f ou n d a t ion w a ll a n d e n d s a t t h e m a in se w e r l in e or p ipe in t h e st r e e t o r a t a

s e p t i c t a n k ( F i g u r e 1 - 5 ) . A h o u s e s e w e r l i n e o r p i p e c a r r i e s l i q u i d o rw a t e r b or n e w a s t e s f r om t h e h ou s e d r a i n t o t h e m a i n s e w e r l in e s . S a n i t a r y

sewers are not connected to the storm sewers, because the sanitary discharge

must be treated before it is dumped into a st ream or lake.

STORM SEWER AND DRAIN

1 -63 . A s t o r m s e w e r l in e or p i pe ca r r i e s r a i n w a t e r a n d s u b s u r fa c e w a t e r .

Since the discharge sewer is r unoff w a ter, trea tment is not needed. The storm

Figure 1-5. Sewerage and Drain Systems

Roof drainRoof drain

Sanitary sewer

Storm sewer

Sanitary and storm drains

Building drains

Cleanout

Grade

House drainHouse sewer

Main sewer

AdapterSewer pipe

Elevation (profile) view

Sewerage system

Roof drainRoof drain

Waste pipe

Soilpipes


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d r a in r e ce ive s st o r m w a t e r , c le a r r a in , o r su r f a ce - w a t e r w a st e o n ly ( F i g u r e

1-5, page 1-15) .

INDUSTRIAL DRAIN1-64. The industr ial dra in receives liquid wa ste from industria l operations.

However, this type of drain is of little importance in TO construction.

PIPES AND FITTINGS

1-65. Th e p ip es a n d f i t t in g s f or se w e r sy st e m s a r e st a n d a r d t o t h e N a t io n a l

Plumbing Codes and general usage.

PIPE SELECTION

1-66. Ca st-iron soil pipe or plast ic pipe is usually used for house sewers an d

d r a in s. B it u m in o u s-f ib er p ip e, w h e n n o t p r o h ib it ed , m a y b e su b st i t u t e d f o r

cast -iron pipe for the house sewer. C oncrete or vitr ified-clay pipe is found in

older insta llat ions.

Vitrified-Clay or Concrete Sewer Pipe

1-67. These pipes ar e connected w ith resilient joints, using a rubber sleeve

a nd/or rigid joints by compressing r ubber or neoprene ring s. Vitr ified-clay tile

is h ig h ly r esist a n t t o a l l se w e r a g e a n d in d u st r ia l w a st e s. C on cr et e p ipe m a y

be ma nufactured w ith s teel reinforcement; it comes in d iameters of 12 to 108

inches.

Cast-Iron Soil Pipe

1-68. Ca st-iron soil pipe is cla ssified as follow s:• Hu b-(or bell-)an d-spigot. Hub-a nd-spigot pipe comes in 5- a nd 10-foot

le n g t h s ( in va r io u s d ia m e t e r s) . I t is con n e ct e d w it h le a d , o a k u m , o r

mechanical compression joints.

• H ubless . H ubless pipe comes in 10-foot lengths (in va rious dia meters).

It is connected w ith a sta inless steel ban d over a neoprene sleeve.

Plastic Pipe

1-69. Acrylonitrile buta diene-sty rene (AB S) is gra y or black plast ic pipe used

for storm or sanitary drainage, above and below ground. It is connected with

solvent -cement joints . This pipe comes in 10- and 20-foot lengths in v a rious

diameters.

Cast-in-Place Concrete Conduit (Tube or Pipe)

1-70. Th is con d u it is u se d w h e n a p ipe la r g e r t h a n 60 in ch e s is n e e d ed t o

in cr e a se t h e ca p a cit y in a m a in , a t r u n k , o r a n o u t f a l l sew e r . Th e d r a in s a r e

arches or culverts reinforced with concrete.


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Pipe Capacity

1-75. T a b l e 1 - 6 l i s t s t h e c a p a c i t y (i n D F U s ) o f v a r i o u s p i p e s i z e s f o r

horizonta l dra ins. This t a ble is for cast -iron soil pipe, ga lva nized-st eel/iron

p i p e , o r p l a s t i c h o u s e d r a i n s , h o u s e s e w e r s , a n d s o i l a n d w a s t e b r a n c h e s .Wh e n u s i n g c op p er t u b i n g (d r a i n , w a s t e , a n d v e n t (D WV ) t y p e ) fo r a b ov e

ground only, it ma y be one size smaller tha n shown on t he ta ble.

1-76. To f in d t h e cor r e ct s iz e o f t h e p ip e, p la n t h e slo p e of t h e p ipe lin e b y

counting t he total num ber of DFU s emptying into a horizonta l drain line.

PIPE SUPPORT

1-77. A bas e of solid, undistu rbed eart h provides enough support for house

sewer and drain piping. This prevents future sett ling, which might cause the

weight of the pipe sections t o press too heavily on t he joints . If t he soil is loose,

each joint should be s upport ed on concrete, cinder block, or br ick.

HOUSE SEWER

INSTALLATION

1-78. U su a lly t h e f ir st s t e p in in st a l l in g t h e h o u se se w e r is t o con n e ct t h e

se w e r t h im b le a n d t h e n w or k b a ck, g r a d in g u p t o t h e h o u se d r a in . Th e h o le

cut in the sewer must be no la rger tha n necessary to fit the sewer th imble. All

joints m ust be supported. The th imble should be ta pped in above the norma l

Table 1-6. Horizontal Sanitary Drain Capacity (in DFUs)

Size of Pipe (in Inches)Slope (Inches per Foot)

1/8 1/4

1 1/4

1 1/2

2

3

4

5

6

8

10

12

1

2

5

15**

84

162

300

990

1,800

3,084

1

2

6*

18*

96

216

450

1,392

2,520

4,320

*No water closet will discharge into a pipe smaller

than 3 inches (includes DWV-type copper tubing).

**No more than two water closets will discharge intoany 3-inch, horizontal-branch house drain or house

sewer.


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f low le ve l . F or e x a m p le , i f t h e st r e e t se w e r is 24 in ch e s in d ia m e t e r a n d t h e

n o r m a l f l o w i s 5 0 p e r c e n t , t h e t a p s h o u l d b e a t l e a s t 1 2 i n c h e s a b o v e t h e

b ot t o m o f t h e p i pe . I n s t a l l t h e t h i m b l e w i t h i t s d i s c h a r g e p a r a l l el t o t h e

direction of sewer flow. This prevents backflow during periods of high flow.Use t he following inst alla t ion steps:

S t e p 1 . Tap gently a round the circumference of the ma in sewer to find the

depth of flow for placing the thimble. A dull sound results from tapping below

the sewer level, and a r inging sound results from ta pping a bove the sewer

level.

S t e p 2 . Us e the thimble as a patt ern for ma rking the size of the hole with

chalk.

S t e p 3 . Make the cut on this line with a sma ll, cold chisel and a n 8-ounce

ball peen ha mmer, as shown in F i g u r e 1 -6 . Use light blows t o prevent da ma ge

t o t h e m a in se w e r .

S t e p 4 . Work around t he cut unt il a depth of 1/8 to 3/16 inch is reached.

S t e p 5 . Make a sma ll hole in th e center of the ar ea to be removed. Alwa ys

use light blows.

S t e p 6 . Enla rge the hole into an oval sha pe as n ear the size of the sewer

thimble as possible. Try the thimble in the opening often to see if it will fit

with out enlarging the hole.

S t e p 7 . P lace the thimble in the proper posit ion a nd pack oa kum ar ound the

edges of the flange.S t e p 8 . Complete the insta llat ion by packing a r ich portla nd cement morta r

(one part san d t o one part cement) around the t himble. Use enough morta r

under the th imble, on the bottom of the ta p, and on t he top and sides. Support

the joint unt il the mortar sets.

NOTE : The system must be tested after it is completed.

Figure 1-6. Cutting a Hole in the Main Sewer


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GRADING

1-79. When possible, house sewers sh ould be gra ded t o a s lope of 1/4 inch per

foot . G reat er or lesser slope is permitted w hen n ecessary. Trenches for house

sewers may be graded with surveying instruments or with a carpenter's levelha ving a rising leg or a board under one end. F or example, a 1/4-inch-per-foot

slope would be 1/2 inch for 2 feet u sing a 2-foot car pent er's level w ith a 1/2-

inch thick board under one end. If the pipe is sloped correctly, the level will

r e a d level a n y w h e r e on t h e p ipe e xcep t t h e h u b . Th e d r a in is g r a d e d t o w a r d

t h e m a i n s e w e r w i t h t h e h u b e n d o f t h e p i p e l y i n g u p g r a d e . A s i m i l a r

procedure uses a n 8-foot board a nd a 4-foot level.

MANHOLES

1 -8 0 . M a n h o l e s a r e e n t r a n c e w a y s t o t h e s e w e r s y s t e m (f o r c l e a n i n g ,

in sp ect ion , a n d r e pa ir ) . Th e y a r e r o u n d a n d a r e con st r u ct e d o f ce m en t w it h

b r ick -a n d -m o r t a r w a lls o n a con cr e t e sla b . A r e m ova b le h e a vy l id in a ca st -

iron ring closes t he t op. Fi g u re 1 -7 , is a se ct ion d r a w in g o f a r o un d m a n h o le .

The ba se sla b slopes from 10 to 9 inches. The lid is 2 1/3 feet in diam eter by

3 1/4 in ch e s t h ick. Th e r e a r e t h r e e sh e lve s a r o u n d t h e p ip e s in a n o p e n in g

m e a s u r i n g 3 f e e t 6 i n c h e s i n d i a m e t e r . ( P r e c a s t c on c r e t e m a n h o l e s a r eavailable, but the military plumber rarely installs this type.)

SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS

GREASE TRAPS

1-81. G rease tra ps are placed in the flow line of the building’s sewer system

to catch grease a nd fa ts from kitchen and scullery sinks. (Solid grease usually

clo g s t h e w a st e p ip e s.) T h e b o x - t y p e t r a p s a r e m a d e o f b r ick , co n cr e t e , o r

meta l, in various shapes an d sizes. The grease tra p should be set in the w ast e

line as close as possible to the fixture. F i g u r e 1- 8, sh o w s b a f f le w a lls , w h ich

con t r o l t h e f lo w . B a f f le w a lls a r e p la ce d in b o xe s t o se pa r a t e f loa t in g g r e a se

particles.

SEPTIC TANKS

1 -8 2. A s e pt i c t a n k s p e ed s u p t h e d ec a y o f r a w s e w a g e ( F i g u r e 1 - 9, p a g e

1-22) . It ma y be concrete, stone, or brick, in box-section form. (Lum ber is us ed

w h e n o t h e r m a t e r ia ls a r e n o t a va i la b le .) I t sh o u ld b e w a t e r t ig h t . Th e sip h on

ch a m b e r m a k e s cer t a in t h a t l iq u id w il l f lo w f r o m t h e ch a m b e r ; h ow e ve r , t h e

siphon chamber is not absolutely necessary. The baffle boards are usually 2-

DANGER

All underground plumbing must be laid atleast 12 inches from any underground

electrical cable. Failure to do so couldresult in physical injury, death, and/or

destruction of equipment


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Figure 1-7. Round Manhole Construction

Figure 1-8. Grease Trap

Brick or concrete

Shelf

3 1/4"

2' X 4"2'

10"

Variable

9"

3' 6"diameter

Intercepted grease accumulating at surface(entirely protected from turbulence)

Calm flow-throughintercepting chamber,baffle

Turbulentincomingliquids

Inlet

Sewer-clogging solids

Air-relief and siphon-preventingbypass (optional) (baffle)

Outlet

Water flowing tooutlet


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i n c h o a k p l a n k s , w h i c h r u n e n t i r e l y a c r o s s t h e t a n k . Th e b o a r d s a r e

su sp e n d ed f r o m h a n g e r s a n d e x t e n d se ve r a l in ch es b e low t h e su r f a ce of t h e

se w a g e . O n e b oa r d sh o u ld b e loca t e d 10 in ch e s f r om t h e i n l e t p i pe a n d t h e

other about 4 inches from the outlet

part it ion. The septic tank should have ama nhole an d cover to give access for cleaning a nd repair . S eptic ta nks must be

d e sig n e d t o h o ld f or 24 h o u r s a n d n o t le ss t h a n 16 h ou r s, 70 p er ce n t o f t h e

p ea k w a t e r d em a n d of t h a t f a cil i t y .

1-83. Fi g u re 1 -10 , shows a sm all sewera ge system, which includes the septic

t a n k . T h e d ist r ib u t io n b o x , w h ich p e r m it s e q u a l f lo w t o a l l t h e l in e s o f t h e

d isp osa l f ie ld , ca n b e e i t h e r w o od , co n cr e t e , o r b r ick . Th e d ive r sio n g a t e is

usually w ood w ith a ha ndle slot , so it can be moved to cha nge the sewa ge flow.

Figure 1-9. Septic Tank

Screened vent

Manhole forcleaning

Screenedvent

Inlet

Baffles

Scummat

Liquid

Overflowpipe

Outletsiphon

Dosing chamber (tank)Capacity is two-thirds of theaverage daily flow

Detail of an adjustable board on the weir

NOTES:1. Use the board cover only to retain heat in cold climates or to control fly nuisance.2. When not required for dosing the tile drain system, the dosing chamber and siphon areomitted.

4"

Sludge


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1 -8 4. Th e s y s t e m s h o w n i n F i g u r e 1- 10 u s e s b o t h a s e pt i c t a n k a n d a

subsurface san d filter to dispose of sewa ge. A plumber needs both a plan a nd a

profile (elevation) view of th e syst em.

IMHOFF TANK

1-8 5. I f a s e pt i c t a n k c a n n ot h a n d l e t h e l oa d , a n I m h o ff t a n k m a y b e u s e d.Figure 1-11, page 1-24, shows typical construction details. When a treatment

p l a n t i s r e q u i r e d , p l a n s f o r a s p ec i fi c s i t e s h ou l d b e p r e pa r e d , t a k i n g i n t o

account soil conditions a nd features of t he lan d’s surfa ce.

Figure 1-10. Small Sewerage System Plan

Main sewer line

Distribution box

Septic tank

Sand field

Tile pipe


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SEWAGE DISPOSAL FACILITIES

DRAINAGE BED

1-86. Th e su b su r f a ce sy st e m is t h e m o st com m o n t y p e of d r a in a g e b ed . A

su b su r f a ce sy st e m is u se d w h e r e sp a ce a n d so il p er m it o r w h e r e t h e r e is n o

st r e a m o r p on d n e a r b y . Wh e n la y in g t h e p ipin g f o r a d r a in a g e b e d con sid e r

the—

• L a y of t h e la n d (t o pog r a p h y ).

• D e pt h of t h e p ot a b l e w a t e r s u pp ly .

• L oca t ion of su r f a ce la k e s a n d st r e a m s.

• Ty p e of soi l.

Figure 1-11. Cross Sections of an Imhoff Tank

Wall ties

Uppersettingchamber

Wood baffle

Effluentchamber

Uppersettingtank

Gate-valvebox

Sludgeoutlet,4" pipe

4" sludgepipe

Sloped bottom

Footing

Lower sludgedigestion

chamber

Pilaster

Longitudinalslot

Sludge


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1-87. For exa mple, a subsurfa ce irrigation system must han dle 2,000 gallons

p e r d a y ( G PD ) , a n d t h e a ve r a g e t im e n o t e d in t h e so il a b so r p t io n t e st is 10

m in u t e s. F r om T able 1-7, page 1-26 , this corresponds to 1.7 GPD per square

foot.1-88. The length of piping in a subsurface draina ge bed depends on the type

o f soil a n d t h e volu m e o f liq u id t o b e t r e a t e d . Th is is d e t e r m in e d b y a so i l

p e r co la t io n t e st ( p a r a g r a p h 1 - 9 1 ) . To co m pu t e t h e l e n g t h o f t h e d r a i n a g e

l i n es , a n a v e r a g e p er co la t i on r a t e i s u s e d . T a b l e 1 - 7, g ive s so il a b so r p t ion

ra tes of the dra inage lines.

1-89. The solution would be (round up to the nea rest 10 feet)--

1-90. I f t r e n ch e s a r e 18 in ch es w id e (1.5 f e et ) (r o u n d u p t o t h e n e a r e st 10

feet)--

1-91. Another factor of laying piping for a dra inage bed includes performing

a s o il p er cola t ion t e st . U se t h e f ol low in g st e p s t o p e r f or m t h is t e st ( F i g u r e

1-12, page 1-26) :

S t e p 1 . Dig at least six test holes, 1 foot squa re, to a depth equal of tha t of

the planned drainage bed.

S t e p 2 . P lace a 2-inch la yer of gravel in the bottom of the holes and fill the

h oles w it h w a t e r .

S t e p 3 . Let the test holes sta nd overnight if the soil is t ight or has a hea vy

clay content. I f the soil is sand y and t he wa ter disappears ra pidly, no soaking

period is needed. P our w at er into the holes to a depth of 6 inches above the

gravel. The bat ter board a cts as a reference line, and a ruler should be used to

record the level of wa ter in the hole below the ba tt er board.

S t e p 4 . Measu re the wa ter every 10 minut es over a 30-minut e period. The

drop in wa ter level during the fina l 10 minutes is used t o find the percolat ion

ra te of the soil.

• S o il t h a t t a k e s 30 m in u t es t o a b s or b 1 i nch o f w a t e r n e ed s 4 f ee t of

dra inage for each gallon of liquid.

• I f a t e st h o le n ee ds m or e t h a n 3 0 m i n ut e s t o a b s or b 1 in ch o f w a t e r ,

the soil is not suitable for a subsurface-dra inage syst em.

LE ACHING TANKS

1 -9 2. L e a c h i n g t a n k s a n d c e s s p oo ls r e ce i v e r a w s e w a g e o r s e p t i c t a n k

overflow. They ca n be m a de of 4- by 4-inch lumb er or 5-inch round tim ber. Dr y

m a so n r y m a y b e u se d f or w a ll con st r u ct ion w h e n t im e a n d m a t e r ia ls p e r m it .

Fi g u re 1 -13 , pa ge 1-27, shows the design for a sma ll lea ching tank.

SAND-FIL TER FIE LDS

1-93. P iping of surface irrigat ion an d subsurface san d filter disposa l systems

is installed using plans and profiles. The plans and profiles are based on the

2,000 GPD

1.7 GPD/sq ft --------------------------------- 1,180 sq ft =

1,180 sq ft

1.5 sq ft ------------------------- 790 ft of trench and pipe=


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Figure 1-12. Soil Percolation Test

Table 1-7. Soil Absorption Rates of Drainage Lines

Absorption (GPD)

Time Required for Water

Level to Fall 1 Inch

(in minutes)

Per Square Foot of

Trench Bottom

in the Field

Per Square Foot of

Percolating Area in a

Leaching Tank

1 4.0 5.3

2 3.2 4.3

5 2.4 3.2

10 1.7 2.3

30 0.8 1.1

60 0.6 0.8

Measuring stick

Mark the lines here at10-minute intervals

1' 2" layer of gravel

Batter board

Guideline

Watersurface


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area topography an d a soil percolat ion t est . The sma ll sewerage syst em shown

in F igur e 1-10, page 1-23, shows a sa nd filter field.

1-94 . Wa t e r u s a g e g en e r a l l y r es u l t s i n w a s t e w a t e r t h a t r e q u ir e s d is p os a l .

D e p en d i n g o n t h e s o u r ce , w a s t e w a t e r m a y c on t a i n s u s p en d e d s ol i d s a n d

p a r t i c u l a t e m a t t e r , o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l , d i s s o l v e d s a l t s , b i o l o g i c a l a n d

pathogenic organisms, and toxic chemicals. The volume of wastewater alone

can caus e significant problems in th e field.

POLICY

1 -9 5. Ar m y p ol i c y d i r e c t s t h a t w a s t e w a t e r a n d w a t e r b o r n e w a s t e s b e

c ol l ec t e d a n d d i s p os e d of i n a m a n n e r t h a t p r ot e c t s w a t e r r e s ou r c es a n d

p r e se r ves p u b lic h e a lt h . Th e se p r oced u r e s m u st h a ve a m in im a l im p a ct o n

unit readiness. The Army is required to comply with federal, state, and local

e n v ir o n m en t a l p ol l ut i on a n d w a s t e w a t e r l a w s on U S t e r r i t or y . ( F o r m o r e

in f o r m a t io n a b o u t U S la w s a n d r e g u la t io n s, r e f e r t o T r a i n i n g C i r cu l a r ( T C)

5-400.) Wh i l e i n o t h e r c ou n t r i e s , u n i t s m a y h a v e t o c om p l y w i t h t h e h o s t

Figure 1-13. Design for a Leaching Tank

SECTION IV - WASTEWATER

Wood or concrete

Stone wall

Footing

Earth bottom1' minimum

Crushed stoneor gravel

Water line

Intake

6" to 8"

Use at least 8" of soiled earth or 6"of tightly compacted damp clay for

cover in hot climates.

Grade

Minimum depth, 5'


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n a t ion 's la w s a n d p r o ce d u r es a s d e t e r m in ed b y t h e t h e a t e r com m a n d e r . I n a

t r u e c o n t i n g e n c y o p e r a t i o n , t h e t h e a t e r c o m m a n d e r d e t e r m i n e s i f l o c a l

e n v ir on m e n t a l l a w s a p pl y i n t h e a r e a o f op er a t i on . R e g a r d l e s s of l a w s a n d

r e g u la t io n s, p r op e r w a st e w a t e r d isp osa l is e ssen t ia l t o p r ot e ct t h e h e a lt h o ft h e f o r ce . P r o pe r d isp osa l p r eve n t s t h e con t a m in a t ion o f w a t e r su p p lie s a n d

development of rodent a nd insect breeding sites. La rge volumes of wa stewa ter

m a y i m p a c t o n u n i t o pe r a t i o n s a n d h e l p t h e en e m y l oc a t e a n d i d e n t i f y t h e

unit .

RESPONSIBILITIES

1-96. U n it s in t h e f ield a r e r e sp on sib le fo r co lle ct in g a n d d isp o sin g of t h e

w a s t e w a t e r t h e y g e n e r a t e . L a r g e -v ol u m e w a s t e w a t e r p r od u c er s , s u c h a s

hospita ls, normally require engineer support . I n t he continenta l U S (CONU S),

this support usua lly comes from ins ta llat ion fa cility engineers. The preferred

m e t h o d f o r w a st e s d isp o sa l is t h r o u g h co n t r a ct o r s w h e n t h e y a r e a va i la b le .

T h e a t e r c o m b a t e n g i n e e r s p r o v i d e t h i s s u p p o r t d u r i n g d e p l o y m e n t s a n dc on t i n g e n c y o p er a t i o n s o u t s i d e t h e c on t i n e n t a l U S (O C O N U S ) w h e n

co n t r a ct o r s a r e u n a va ila b le o r w h e n t h e m issio n d ict a t e s. I n a n y e ve n t , t h e

commander is responsible for coordinating proper wastewater disposal.

CONSIDERATION FACTORS

1-97. The method of wa stewa ter collection, treat ment, and ult ima te disposal

depends on a number of factors including the following:

• Th e volu m e a n d ch a r a ct er ist ics of t h e w a st e w a t e r .

• O pe r a t ion a l con sid er a t io n s (len g t h of s t a y a t a g ive n si t e , in t e n sit y of

comba t a nd such).

• G eolog ica l con di ti on s (t er ra i n t y pe, s oi l ch a r a ct er is t ics , a n dgroundwa ter-ta ble depth).

• C l im a t i c con d it i on s .

• E n g i nee r s u pp or t a v a i l a b le .

• Th e a cces si bi li t y of i ns t a ll a t ion a n d f ixe d s ew a g e col lect i on ,

t r e a t m e n t , a n d d isp osa l sy st e m s.

• The applicability of environmenta l regulations.

COLLECTION

1-98. B a se ca m p s p r od u ce sig n if ica n t vo lu m es o f w a st e w a t e r in r e la t ion t o

t h e v o l u m e of w a t e r c on s u m e d . N o d e f i n i t i v e s t u d i e s h a v e b e en d o n e t o

q u a n t i f y t h e v o lu m e o f w a s t e w a t e r g e n er a t e d b y t h e v a r i ou s b a s e c a m p s . Aco n se r va t ive e st im a t e f o r p la n n in g p u r p o se s is t h a t a b o u t 80 p e r ce n t o f a l l

w a t e r u s e d f o r p u r p o s e s o t h e r t h a n h u m a n c on s u m p t i o n e n d s u p a s

wa stewa ter. The largest volume of field wa stewa ter is genera ted by laun dries,

showers, and kitchens. While this wastewater is not unique to base camps, it

contributes to the total volume requiring collection and disposal.


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FIELD SHOWERS

1 -9 9. F i e l d s h ow e r s a r e g e n er a l l y c ol l oc a t e d w i t h a b a s e c a m p t o s u p po r t

b ot h r e s i d en t s a n d t r a n s i en t s . Q u a r t e r m a s t e r p e r s on n e l o pe r a t i n g t h e

showers a re responsible for collecting a nd disposing of shower w ast ewa ter. Insom e ca se s, t h is d isp osa l m a y b e in co n ju n ct ion w it h t h a t o f t h e b a se ca m p .

When possible, units should consider recycling shower and laundry water to

reduce the volume requiring disposal.

FIELD LAUNDRIES

1-100. Field laundries may a lso be collocated w ithin the ba se cam p. They are

t h e la r g e st so u r ce of w a st e w a t e r . As w it h sh o w e r s, q u a r t e r m a st e r p er so n n el

o p e r a t i n g t h e l a u n d r i e s a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r w a s t e w a t e r c o l l ec t i o n a n d

d i s p os a l . Wh e n p o s s ib l e, u n i t s s h o u ld r e cy c l e l a u n d r y w a t e r t o r e d u ce t h e

volume requiring disposal.

FIELD KITCHENS1-101. The base cam p's dining and food san ita t ion centers are a significant

s ou r c e of w a s t e w a t e r . I n a d d i t i on t o v ol u m e, g r e a s e a n d p a r t i cu l a t e m a t t e r

p r e sen t a com p lica t in g f a ct or . A s su ch , g r e a se t r a p s m u st b e con st r u ct e d t o

r e m o v e f oo d p a r t i c l e s a n d g r e a s e b e f or e c o l le ct i n g a n d d i s p os i n g o f t h e

wa stewa ter. Design criteria for grease traps are outlined in Secti on V I I I , p a ge

1-44, of this chapter.

DISPOSAL

1 -1 02 . Th e w a s t e w a t e r d i s p os a l m e t h o d d ep en d s o n t h e f a c t o r s l i s t e d i n

par agraph 1-97, page 1-28 . The followin g options sh ould be considered in ea ch

case:• C o n n ect ion t o a n est a b lish ed in st a l la t ion sa n it a r y sew e r sy st e m .

• C o ll ect i on a n d r et e n t ion of w a s t ew a t e r f or e ng in ee r/con t r a c t or

removal t o a f ixed trea tment fa cility .

• En g in e er con st r u ct ion of sem ipe r m a n e n t w a st e w a t e r colle ct ion a n d

disposal s ystems.

• U se of a field e xp ed ien t w a st e w a t e r d isposa l sy st em , if a va i la b le .

FIXED FACILITIE S

1 -1 03 . E x i s t i n g i n s t a l l a t i on d i s p o s a l f a c i li t i e s s h o u l d b e u s e d i n m o s t

t r a in in g scen a r ios in t h e C O N U S . Th is a lso h old s t r u e f o r m a n y n o n co m b a t

operations outside the OCONUS, especially in developed countries. A point of

conta ct (P OC) should be established wit h t he host na tion, via joint t ask forces

(J TF) or civil affairs. In some operations, preplanned base camp sites can take

a d va n t a g e o f lo ca l se w e r sy st e m s. F a cil i t y e n g in e e r a ssist a n ce is n e e d e d t o

m a k e t h e r e q u ir ed con n e ct ion s a n d a cce ss t h e sy st e m . P r e t r e a t m e n t w il l n o t

be required since the composit ion of wa stewa ter is roughly equivalent to th a t

of a f ixed installa t ion. Grease tr aps or filters ma y be required in ar eas, such as

t h e d in in g -f a ci l it y s t r e a m , t o r e m ove g r e a se a n d p a r t icu la t e m a t t e r b e ca u se

they could a ffect the operat ion of the wa stewa ter pumps.


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1-104. If the insta llat ion sewer system is unava ilable, collect the wa stewa ter

in containers, such as expandable pillow tanks or drums. The containers can

be moved to a sewa ge-trea tment plant or a san itar y sewer a ccess by engineers

or c on t r a c t or s . S t or a g e c on t a i n e r s , w a s t e w a t e r t a n k t r u c k s , a n d p u m ps a r enot standard equipment so this option requires extensive prior planning and

coordination.

1-105. S e m ip er m a n e n t collect ion , t r e a t m e n t , a n d d isp osa l f a cil i t ies m a y b e

possible in permanent training sites and preplanned deployment sites. Small

package plants are also available as listed in the Army Facilit ies Components

Syst em (AFC S). Extensive construction engineer support is required to build

a n d m a in t a in su ch sy st e m s.

FIELD FACILITIES

1 -1 06 . Ac t u a l f i e l d ex p ed i e n t d i s p os a l m e t h o d s m a y n o t b e pe r m i t t e d i n

t r a i n i n g a r e a s i n t h e C O N U S o r m o s t d e v e l o p ed c ou n t r i e s . H o w e v e r ,

p e r s on n e l m u s t k n o w h o w t o c on s t r u c t a n d o p e r a t e t h e s e f i el d e x p ed i e n tm e t h o d s w i t h l i m i t e d o r n o n e x i s t e n t e n g i n e e r s u p p o r t . O b v i o u s l y , s o m e

e n g in e e r su p p o r t is a lm o st a lw a y s n e e d e d . Ea r t h m o vin g e q u ip m e n t m a y b e

n e ce ssa r y d u e t o t h e vo lu m e of w a st e w a t e r g e n er a t e d . Th is su p p or t m u st b e

included in site- prepar at ion planning.

1-107. Tra dit ional f ield expedient d isposa l methods consist of soaka ge pits,

soaka ge tr enches, a nd/or evapora tion beds. The effectiveness of these m ethods

d e p en d s o n g e o log ica l co n d it io n s, so i l com p o sit io n , a n d t h e cl im a t e . Th e se

devices, especia lly soaka ge pits, a re generally constru cted for sma ll volumes of

wa stewa ter. With proper design a nd opera tion, they can be effective for la rger

v o lu m e s o f w a t e w a t e r . S i n c e t h e s e m e t h o d s r e s u l t i n f i n a l d i s p os a l , s o m e

w a s t e w a t e r p r e t r e a t m e n t m a y b e n e c e s s a r y t o r e m o v e g r e a s e , p a r t i c u l a t e

m a t t e r , a n d o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l . D e s i g n a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n c r i t e r a f o r t h e s edevices a re outlined in Secti on VI I I , p a g e 4 4 . G u id a n ce is a lso a va i la b le f r om

supporting engineers and preventive-medicine personnel. These methods are

g e n e r a l ly a p p r op r ia t e f or sh o r t p e r iod s o n ly , so co n sid e r t h e a l t e r n a t ive s in

paragraph 1-103, page 1-29 w h e n o ccu py in g t h e sa m e si t e f or m o r e t h a n t w o

weeks.

1-108. Soaka ge or evaporation ma y be impossible in a rctic environments, or

under certain geological or climatic conditions. The only alternative may be to

collect wa stewa ter in t a nks or drums for removal by engineers or contra ctors.

As in p a r a g r a p h 1 - 1 0 3 , t h i s o pt i o n r e q u i r e s e x t e n s i ve p r i or p l a n n i n g a n d

coordination.

1-109. P roper human w ast e disposal (feces a nd urine) is essential to prevent

t h e s p r e a d o f d i s e a s e s ca u s e d b y d i r e ct c o n t a c t , w a t e r c on t a m i n a t i on , o r

dissemination by rodents a nd insects. P roper disposal is crit ica l because ma ny

disease organisms are transmitted through feces.

SECTION V - HUMAN WASTE


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Plumbing_pipe-fitting and Sewerage

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