Dunes An Alex Boukamp Presentation Michigan's Coastal Dunes Formations History Threats.
Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built...
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Transcript of Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built...
![Page 1: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
plum island, MA
![Page 2: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
developed -- streets and houses wildlife refuge
no dunes (removed, or built upon) sand dunes
a few beach grasses (between beach and first houses only);
no shrubs or forests (unless planted decoratively)
beach grass --> heath/heather --> shrubs --> deciduous trees
no deer or fox mice, rabbits, deer, skunk, red fox
Few birds diverse bird community
southern 2/3northern third
What’s currently there
![Page 11: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
developed -- streets and houses wildlife refuge
no dunes (removed, or built upon) sand dunes
a few beach grasses (between beach and first houses only);
no shrubs or forests (unless planted decoratively)
beach grass --> heath/heather --> shrubs --> deciduous trees
no deer or fox mice, rabbits, deer, skunk, red fox
Few birds diverse bird community
southern 2/3northern third
What’s currently there
![Page 12: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
developed -- streets and houses wildlife refuge
no dunes (removed, or built upon) sand dunes
a few beach grasses (between beach and first houses only);
no shrubs or forests (unless planted decoratively)
beach grass --> heath/heather --> shrubs --> deciduous trees
no deer or fox mice, rabbits, deer, skunk, red fox
Few birds diverse bird community
southern 2/3northern third
What’s currently there
![Page 13: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
developed -- streets and houses wildlife refuge
no dunes (removed, or built upon) sand dunes
a few beach grasses (between beach and first houses only);
no shrubs or forests (unless planted decoratively)
beach grass --> heath/heather --> shrubs --> deciduous trees
no deer or fox mice, rabbits, deer, skunk, red fox
Few birds diverse bird community
southern 2/3northern third
What’s currently there
![Page 14: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
developed -- streets and houses wildlife refuge
no dunes (removed, or built upon) sand dunes
a few beach grasses (between beach and first houses only);
no shrubs or forests (unless planted decoratively)
beach grass --> heath/heather --> shrubs --> deciduous trees
no deer or fox mice, rabbits, deer, skunk, red fox
Few birds diverse bird community
southern 2/3northern third
What’s currently there
![Page 15: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
developed -- streets and houses wildlife refuge
no dunes (removed, or built upon) sand dunes
a few beach grasses (between beach and first houses only);
no shrubs or forests (unless planted decoratively)
beach grass --> heath/heather --> shrubs --> deciduous trees
no deer or fox mice, rabbits, deer, skunk, red fox
Few birds diverse bird community
southern 2/3northern third
What’s currently there
![Page 16: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
developed -- streets and houses wildlife refuge
no dunes (removed, or built upon) sand dunes
a few beach grasses (between beach and first houses only);
no shrubs or forests (unless planted decoratively)
beach grass --> heath/heather --> shrubs --> deciduous trees
no deer or fox mice, rabbits, deer, skunk, red fox
Few birds diverse bird community
southern 2/3northern third
What’s currently there
![Page 17: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
developed -- streets and houses wildlife refuge
no dunes (removed, or built upon) sand dunes
a few beach grasses (between beach and first houses only);
no shrubs or forests (unless planted decoratively)
beach grass --> heath/heather --> shrubs --> deciduous trees
no deer or fox mice, rabbits, deer, skunk, red fox
Few birds diverse bird community
southern 2/3northern third
What’s currently there
![Page 18: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
developed -- streets and houses wildlife refuge
no dunes (removed, or built upon) sand dunes
a few beach grasses (between beach and first houses only);
no shrubs or forests (unless planted decoratively)
beach grass --> heath/heather --> shrubs --> deciduous trees
no deer or fox mice, rabbits, deer, skunk, red fox
Few birds diverse bird community
southern 2/3northern third
What’s currently there
![Page 19: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
developed -- streets and houses wildlife refuge
no dunes (removed, or built upon) sand dunes
a few beach grasses (between beach and first houses only);
no shrubs or forests (unless planted decoratively)
beach grass --> heath/heather --> shrubs --> deciduous trees
no deer or fox mice, rabbits, deer, skunk, red fox
Few birds diverse bird community
southern 2/3northern third
What’s currently there
![Page 20: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded
Grasses on beach hold sand in place
Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets
More sand stays on the beach
Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear
Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves
Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore
Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand
Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life
Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife
Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients
southern 2/3northern third
In case of storms…
![Page 21: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded
Grasses on beach hold sand in place
Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets
More sand stays on the beach
Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear
Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves
Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore
Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand
Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life
Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife
Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients
southern 2/3northern third
In case of storms…
![Page 22: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded
Grasses on beach hold sand in place
Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets
More sand stays on the beach
Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear
Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves
Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore
Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand
Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life
Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife
Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients
southern 2/3northern third
In case of storms…
![Page 23: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded
Grasses on beach hold sand in place
Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets
More sand stays on the beach
Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear
Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves
Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore
Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand
Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life
Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife
Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients
southern 2/3northern third
In case of storms…
![Page 24: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded
Grasses on beach hold sand in place
Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets
More sand stays on the beach
Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear
Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves
Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore
Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand
Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life
Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife
Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients
southern 2/3northern third
In case of storms…
![Page 25: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded
Grasses on beach hold sand in place
Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets
More sand stays on the beach
Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear
Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves
Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore
Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand
Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life
Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife
Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients
southern 2/3northern third
In case of storms…
![Page 26: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded
Grasses on beach hold sand in place
Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets
More sand stays on the beach
Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear
Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves
Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore
Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand
Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life
Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife
Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients
southern 2/3northern third
In case of storms…
![Page 27: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded
Grasses on beach hold sand in place
Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets
More sand stays on the beach
Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear
Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves
Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore
Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand
Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life
Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife
Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients
southern 2/3northern third
In case of storms…
![Page 28: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded
Grasses on beach hold sand in place
Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets
More sand stays on the beach
Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear
Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves
Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore
Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand
Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life
Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife
Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients
southern 2/3northern third
In case of storms…
![Page 29: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded
Grasses on beach hold sand in place
Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets
More sand stays on the beach
Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear
Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves
Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore
Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand
Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life
Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife
Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients
southern 2/3northern third
In case of storms…
![Page 30: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded
Grasses on beach hold sand in place
Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets
More sand stays on the beach
Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear
Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves
Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore
Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand
Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life
Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife
Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients
southern 2/3northern third
In case of storms…
![Page 31: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded
Grasses on beach hold sand in place
Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets
More sand stays on the beach
Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear
Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves
Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore
Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand
Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life
Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife
Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients
southern 2/3northern third
In case of storms…
![Page 32: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Detritivore community very diminished Detritivore and decomposer communities continue to cycle nutrients and provide fertilizer for further vegetation growth
Salt marshes mostly lost Highly productive salt marshes are protected and continue to grow
Little/no tourism Tourism and visitors continue
Educational value…?? Educational and recreational value of land is sustained
Continued efforts and costs to remove and manage erosion, sand washed over roads, road washout, etc.
Natural communities can sustain themselves with little input or cost from us
southern 2/3northern third
![Page 33: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Detritivore community very diminished Detritivore and decomposer communities continue to cycle nutrients and provide fertilizer for further vegetation growth
Salt marshes mostly lost Highly productive salt marshes are protected and continue to grow
Little/no tourism Tourism and visitors continue
Educational value…?? Educational and recreational value of land is sustained
Continued efforts and costs to remove and manage erosion, sand washed over roads, road washout, etc.
Natural communities can sustain themselves with little input or cost from us
southern 2/3northern third
![Page 34: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Detritivore community very diminished Detritivore and decomposer communities continue to cycle nutrients and provide fertilizer for further vegetation growth
Salt marshes mostly lost Highly productive salt marshes are protected and continue to grow
Little/no tourism Tourism and visitors continue
Educational value…?? Educational and recreational value of land is sustained
Continued efforts and costs to remove and manage erosion, sand washed over roads, road washout, etc.
Natural communities can sustain themselves with little input or cost from us
southern 2/3northern third
![Page 35: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Detritivore community very diminished Detritivore and decomposer communities continue to cycle nutrients and provide fertilizer for further vegetation growth
Salt marshes mostly lost Highly productive salt marshes are protected and continue to grow
Little/no tourism Tourism and visitors continue
Educational value…?? Educational and recreational value of land is sustained
Continued efforts and costs to remove and manage erosion, sand washed over roads, road washout, etc.
Natural communities can sustain themselves with little input or cost from us
southern 2/3northern third
![Page 36: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Detritivore community very diminished Detritivore and decomposer communities continue to cycle nutrients and provide fertilizer for further vegetation growth
Salt marshes mostly lost Highly productive salt marshes are protected and continue to grow
Little/no tourism Tourism and visitors continue
Educational value…?? Educational and recreational value of land is sustained
Continued efforts and costs to remove and manage erosion, sand washed over roads, road washout, etc.
Natural communities can sustain themselves with little input or cost from us
southern 2/3northern third
![Page 37: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Detritivore community very diminished Detritivore and decomposer communities continue to cycle nutrients and provide fertilizer for further vegetation growth
Salt marshes mostly lost Highly productive salt marshes are protected and continue to grow
Little/no tourism Tourism and visitors continue
Educational value…?? Educational and recreational value of land is sustained
Continued efforts and costs to remove and manage erosion, sand washed over roads, road washout, etc.
Natural communities can sustain themselves with little input or cost from us
southern 2/3northern third
![Page 38: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Detritivore community very diminished Detritivore and decomposer communities continue to cycle nutrients and provide fertilizer for further vegetation growth
Salt marshes mostly lost Highly productive salt marshes are protected and continue to grow
Little/no tourism Tourism and visitors continue
Educational value…?? Educational and recreational value of land is sustained
Continued efforts and costs to remove and manage erosion, sand washed over roads, road washout, etc.
Natural communities can sustain themselves with little input or cost from us
southern 2/3northern third
![Page 39: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Detritivore community very diminished Detritivore and decomposer communities continue to cycle nutrients and provide fertilizer for further vegetation growth
Salt marshes mostly lost Highly productive salt marshes are protected and continue to grow
Little/no tourism Tourism and visitors continue
Educational value…?? Educational and recreational value of land is sustained
Continued efforts and costs to remove and manage erosion, sand washed over roads, road washout, etc.
Natural communities can sustain themselves with little input or cost from us
southern 2/3northern third
![Page 40: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Detritivore community very diminished Detritivore and decomposer communities continue to cycle nutrients and provide fertilizer for further vegetation growth
Salt marshes mostly lost Highly productive salt marshes are protected and continue to grow
Little/no tourism Tourism and visitors continue
Educational value…?? Educational and recreational value of land is sustained
Continued efforts and costs to remove and manage erosion, sand washed over roads, road washout, etc.
Natural communities can sustain themselves with little input or cost from us
southern 2/3northern third
![Page 41: Plum island, MA. developed -- streets and houseswildlife refuge no dunes (removed, or built upon)sand dunes a few beach grasses (between.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062712/56649c7e5503460f94934708/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Detritivore community very diminished Detritivore and decomposer communities continue to cycle nutrients and provide fertilizer for further vegetation growth
Salt marshes mostly lost Highly productive salt marshes are protected and continue to grow
Little/no tourism Tourism and visitors continue
Educational value…?? Educational and recreational value of land is sustained
Continued efforts and costs to remove and manage erosion, sand washed over roads, road washout, etc.
Natural communities can sustain themselves with little input or cost from us
southern 2/3northern third