Plug-in Vehicles and the Electric Grid Mark Kapner, PE Senior Strategy Engineer.
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Transcript of Plug-in Vehicles and the Electric Grid Mark Kapner, PE Senior Strategy Engineer.
Plug-in Vehicles and the Electric Grid
Mark Kapner, PESenior Strategy Engineer
1. How Many PHEVs Can the Power System
Accommodate without Additional Generating
Capacity ?
2. How does the Replacement of Conventional IC
Engine Vehicles by PHEVs Affect Greenhouse
Gas Emissions ?
3. How will Large-scale Deployment of PHEVs
Effect the Grid ?
Questions
Methodology to Answer
Question 1Estimate existing idle generation capacity in a NERC region using a “valley filling” methodology
System load profile data from NERC and EIA
Simplified hourly load profiles to two 24 hour dispatches,a typical summer and typical winter day
Simulate the economic dispatch of generators
Generation available to charge PHEVs = available capacity minus generation dispatched to meet load.
Assumed that peaking plants are not used to charge PHEVs
Austin Energy Generation
400
600
300
700
380
1
Natural Gas CombustionTurbine
Natural Gas Steam
Combined cycle
Coal
Nuclear
Summer Day Typical Load Profile
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
hour ending
MW
Nuclear
Coal
Comb Cycle
Other Gas-fired
Peakers
Typical Winter Day
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour Ending
MW
Nuclear
Coal
Comb Cycle
NERC Map
Specific Energy and Energy Storage Requirements by Vehicle Class
Vehicle Class Specific Energy in kWh per mile
Battery Capacity
Compact 0.26 8.6
Mid-Size Sedan 0.30 9.9
Mid-size SUV 0.38 12.5
Full-size SUV 0.46 15.2
Conclusion
(assuming max 2 kW charging rate)
NERC Region Technical Potential in Million PHEVs
ECAR 28.6
ERCOT 15.5
MACC 10.4
MAIN 13.1
MAPP 6.1
NPCC 15.6
FRCC 6.5
SERC 32.5
SPP 15.1
NWP 2.8
AZ & RMP 5.8
CNV 6.0
Total USA 158 million PHEVs
GreenHouse Gas Emissions
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Conventional Hybrid PHEV - coal PHEV - gas combcycle
Gra
ms
of
CO
2 p
er k
m
Nitrogen Oxides EmissionsGrams per km
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Gra
ms
of
No
x p
er k
m
EV - coalEV- nat gas
Gasoline - avg Gasoline – 2007 model
ERCOT load Duration curve 2007
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
hours
MW
nuclear
Coal
Wind
4860
24703
31000
Findings Valley Filling can charge approximately 75% of all
light duty vehicles in the US, if they were PHEVs
Potential Gasoline Displacement by PHEVs = 6.5
Million Bbls per Day (71% of total gasoline
consumption)
Assuming utilities have some control over when
charging occurs, PHEVs could increase minimum
system load, thus increase the utilization of baseload
units, and thereby increase utility profits (and/or reduce
electric rates).
Findings PHEVs charging on today’s coal-fired generation have about
33% lower GreenHouse Gas emissions per mile than conventional
vehicles, charging on gas-fired combined cycle, have about 78%
lower GHG emissions.
Deployment of PHEVs facilitates the introduction of more wind
energy in regions where wind generation is strong at night.
Distribution engineers have expressed concern that distribution
transformers may not be designed to sustain a constant high
loading without a daily “cool down” period.
Studies
Pacific NW National Laboratory: Impacts Assessment of Plug-
In Vehicles on Electric Utilities and Regional US Power Grids
EPRI and NRDC: Environmental Assessment of Plug-In Hybrid
Vehicles
NREL: An Evaluation of Utility System Impacts and Benefits of
Optimally Dispatched Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Plug-in Partners Campaign
Mark KapnerSenior Strategy Engineer
Austin Energy
GlobalCon 2008
The Perfect Storm
Economics Cheap oil is running out
Environmental Pressure to curb pollutants from transportation
National Security Pressure to curb dependence on oil
Alternatives to Petroleum
1. Energy Efficiency
2. Alternative Fuels
3. Hydrogen
4. Electricity
Electricity Advantages Cost Infrastructure Multiple Fuels
Renewable Energy Emissions
Plug-In Hybrid Power Train
Modest Electric Range – Large Impact
Nitrogen Oxides - grams per km
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
EV - coalEV -nat gasgasoline avggasoline - new
Carbon Dioxide - grams per km
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
EV - WindEV- Combined CycleEV- CoalGasoline - 30 mpg
The Dodge Plug-In Hybrid Sprinter
University of California at Davis
GM’s Chevy Volt
• Unveiled as a concept car at the January Detroit Auto Show, the Chevy Volt would range 40 all electric miles, then a three cylinder gasoline engine recharges the electric battery.
GM’s Saturn VUE
• GM announced at the November 2006 L.A. Auto Show that it will produce a plug-in version of its Saturn VUE.
Ford Airstream
• Unveiled as a concept vehicle at the Detroit Auto Show in January, the Ford Airstream uses a small hydrogen fuel cell to recharge the battery.
Volvo C30
• The Volvo C30 will be similar to GM’s E-flex platform for the Volt and will have a small diesel engine to recharge the battery.
Prius+
Plug-In AustinPurpose: Demonstrate a market
for flexible-fuel plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
Austin Energy rebatesCity of Austin and other local government and business fleet
ordersPetitions and endorsements from businesses, environmentalists, and
others
Plug-In Partners Campaign
Purpose: Demonstrate a national market for flexible-fuel plug-in
hybrid electric vehicles
Coalition: Local and state governments, utilities, businesses
and non-profit organizations
Actions: “Soft” fleet orders, endorsements, rebates and
incentives, petitions and letters
Kickoff: January 24, 2006National Press Club
Washington, DC
Ways to Help as a Partner
1. Obtain “soft” fleet orders from local government and businesses.
2. Create incentives and rebates
3. Support a Petition Drive
4. Consider recruiting other entities in your region
A Unique Coalition
“I call this a coalition between the tree-huggers, the do-gooders, the sod-busters, the cheap hawks, and the evangelicals.”
James Woolsey, former CIA Director at January 24, 2006 Plug-In Partners Kickoff
Plug-in Partners
Campaign
www.PlugInPartners.org
Cities
Arlington, TX Austin, TX
Baltimore, MD Boston, MA Boulder, CO
Corpus Christi, TX Dallas, TX Denton, TXDenver, CO Edmond, OK
Fort Worth, TX Irvine, CA
Los Angeles, CA Madison, WI
MemphisPhiladelphia, PA
Salt Lake City, UT Seattle, WA
Wenatchee, WA
Counties and Local GovernmentsAustin Community College, TX
California State ControllerPort of Chelan County, WA
Sarasota County, FL Travis County, TX
Wenatchee Valley Trans. Council
Biofuel OrganizationsAmerican Corn Growers Association, DC
Soybean Producers of America, DC
Non-ProfitsAmerican Lung Association, TX
Americans for Energy Independence, CA Apollo Alliance, WA
Association of Energy Engineers, TX Association of Energy Engineers (Local Chapter, TX), TX
Austin/San Antonio Chapter of the Association of Energy Engineers, TX Citizens for Rideable Communities, WA
Colorado Energy Group, CO Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), CA
Electric Auto Association, CA Electric Vehicle Association - San Jose, CA
Institute of Electrical and Energy Engineers, TX Institute of Electrical and Energy Engineers (IEEE), TX
Northeast Sustainable Energy Association (NESEA), MA NY State Energy & Research Development Agency (NYSERDA), NY
Public Technology Institute, DC Seattle Electric Vehicle Association, WA
Sun Day Campaign, MD Travis County Green Party, TX
Veridian Corporation
National/Local Environmental GroupsAlliance to Save Energy, DC
American Council on Renewable Energy Blue Water Network (a division of Friends
of the Earth), CA California Cars Initiative, CA
Clean Air Coalition, TX Clean Air Council, PA
Clean Air Force of Central Texas, TX Colorado Energy Group, CO
Community Clean Water Institute, CA Earth Policy Institute, DC
Electric Vehicle Association of Greater DC, DC
Energy Future Coalition, DC Environmental and Energy Study Institute
(EESI), DC Green Strategies, Inc., DC
Institute for Environmental Research and Education (IERE), WA
Plug-in America Stella Group, Ltd., DC Sustainable Dallas, TX
National Security OrganizationsSet America Free Coalition
Center for American ProgressInstitute for the Analysis of Global Security
National Utility AssociationsAmerican Public Power Association
Edison Electric Institute
Public Power UtilitiesAustin Energy
Memphis Light and GasAkron Municipal Utility, OH
Alameda Power & Telecom, CAAmerican Municipal Power-Ohio
American Samoa Power Authority (Pago Pago, AS)Anaheim Public Utilities, CAArcadia Electric Utility, WI
Arizona Municipal Power User’s AssociationAustin Utilities, MN
Public Power Utilities (cont’d)
Barnesville Municipal Power, MNBeach City Board of Public Affairs, OH
Benton PUD (Kennewick, WA)Bowling Green Municipal Utilities, KY
Braintree Electric Light Department, MA.Brigham City Corp., UTBristol Virginia Utilities
Buffalo Municipal Service, MNBurbank Water & Power, CA
Cavalier Light & Power Plant, NDCedarburg Light & Water Commission, WI
Chelan County PUD, WACity of Batavia, IL
City of Bentonville, ARCity of Camilla, GA
City of Chanute Utility, KSCity of Columbiana Public Utility, OH
City of Edmond Utility, OK
Public Power Utilities (cont’d)
City of Gunnison Public Utility, COCity of Holdrege, NE
City of Lake City Electric Utility, MNCity of Lamar Utility, MO
City of Mansfield, GACity of Mesa Electric Utility, AZ
City of Naperville Dept. of Public Utilities, IL
City of Redding Electric Utility, CACity of Safford, AZ
City of St. Charles Utility, ILCity Utilities of Springfield, MO
Clark Public Utility (Vancouver, WA)Clarksville Dept. of Electricity, TN
Clintonville Water & Electric Plant, WIColumbia Power & Water Systems, TN
Concord Municipal Light Plant, MACowlitz County PUD (Longview, WA)
CPS Energy (San Antonio, TX)Cumberland Municipal Utility, WI
Public Power Utilities (cont’d)
Cuyahoga Falls Electric Dept., OHDanvers Electric Division, MA
Danville Dept. Utilities, VADouglas County PUD (East Wenatchee,
WA)Emerald People’s Utility District
(Eugene, OR)Energy Northwest (Richland, WA)
Erwin Utilities, TNFarmington Electric Utility System, NMFrankfort Electric & Water Plant Board,
KYFreeport Electric, NY
Gainesville Regional Utility, FLGarland Power & Light, TX
Hagerstown Municipal Light Dept., INHeber Light & Power Co., UT
Imperial Irrigation DistrictIndependence Light & Power, IAIndianola Municipal Utilities, IA
Jackson Utilities & Public Works, MO
Public Power UtilitiesKansas City Board of Public Utilities, KS
Kaukauna Utilities, WIKirkwood Electric Department, MO
Klickitat County PUD, Goldendale, WALakeland Electric, FLLebanon Utilities, IN
Lewes Board of Public Works, DELewis County PUD (Chehalis, WA)
Lodi Electric, CALong Island Power Authority
Loup River Public Power District (Columbus, NE)Lower Colorado River Authority
MA. Municipal Wholesale Electric CompanyMaquoketa Municipal Electric Utility, IA
McMinnville Electric System, TNMcMinnville Water & Light, OR
Meade Municipal Plant, KSMonmouth Power & Light, OR
Murray City Power (Murray, UT)
Public Power Utilities (cont’d)
Nebraska Public Power District (Columbus, NE)New York Power Authority
Omaha Public PowerPacific County PUD No. 2 (Raymond, WA)
Paducah Power System, KYParis Board of Public Utilities, TN
Pasadena Water & Power, CAPend Oreille County PUD (Newport, WA)
Piedmont Municipal Power Agency (Greer, SC)Princeton Municipal Utility, NJ
Red Cloud Municipal Electric Dept., NERochester Public Utility, MNRock Falls Electric Dept., IL
Rock Hill Utilities, SCRoseville Electric, CA
Sacramento Municipal Utility DistrictSalt River Project (Phoenix, AZ)
Scottsboro Electric Power Board, AL
Public Power Utilities (cont’d)Seattle City Light, WA
Shelby Division of Electricity & Telecommunications, OHSnohomish County PUD (Everett, WA)
Solvay Electric Dept., NYSouthern California Public Power Authority (Pasadena)
Spencerport Electric Dept., NYStephen Municipal Utilities, MN
Stoughton Utilities, WITell City Electric Dept., IN
Town of Haxtun, COTruckee-Donner PUD (Truckee, CA)
Utilities Plus/CMMPA (Blue Earth, MN)Vermont Public Power Supply Authority
Village of Paw Paw (Paw Paw, MI)Village of Rouses Point, NY
Wadsworth Electric and Communications, OHWashington Public Utility District Association (Olympia)
Watertown Municipal Utilities, SDWaverly Light & Power, IA
Willmar Municipal Utilities Comm., MNWisconsin Public Power Inc. (Sun Prairie, WI)