PLSQL CourseWare.doc

8/16/2019 PLSQL CourseWare.doc

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ORACLE 9iPL/SQL

By System Consultant


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Table of Contents

Serial No. Topic Name Pae No.

1 Programming Basics 3

2 PLSQL Records 21

3 Cursors 25

4 PLSQL Tables 34

5 Ece!tions 41" Procedures 4#

$ %unctions "1

& 'racle Su!!lied Pac(ages ""

# Pac(ages $#

1) Re* Cursors #4

11 Ty!es #"

12 +arrays ##

13 ,ested Table 1)5

14 B*ile and L'Bs 111

15 Triggers 11&

-ssignments 133


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Prorammin !asics "it# PL/SQL

PL/SQL features $$$

PL.SQL is an etension o* SQL

/t is an a!!lication de0elo!ment language containing !rocedural statements andcommands along it SQL commands

/t bridges te ga! beteen database tecnology and !rocedural !rogramming

languages

/t allos you to !rocess data using *lo control statements li(e iterati0e loo!s and

conditional brancing

ses !rocedural tecniues o* control loo!ing and brancing

Su!!orts SQL i6e6 cursor o!erations ece!tions *unctions and transactional

commands

+ariables and constants robust error andling and *unctions

-dds *unctionality to non7!rocedural tools suc as SQL8%orms

9e0elo!ers using SQL8%orms can enter an entire PL.SQL bloc( using a singletrigger

Structure of PL/SQL

Stan%ar% PL/SQL co%e sement is calle% a !loc&

A bloc& consists of t#ree parts or sections

– 'eclaration Part

– E(ecutable Part

– E(ception )an%lin Part

9eclaration Part

– o!tional !art ere 0ariables are de*ined

Eecutable Part


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– mandatory !art ic consists o* eecutable statements

Ece!tion :andling Part

– o!tional !art ic consists o* code *or andling errors ;runtime<

Pl/SQL *iles $

PL.SQL !rograms can be ritten in any editor and sa0ed as *iles it 6sl

etension

Can also use =E9> command in SQL8Plus to create a PL.SQL !rogram *ile

se te =? @*ilenameA> command to eecute a PL.SQL !rogram *ile

o +ariables $$

sed to store results o* a uery *or later !rocessing or to calculate 0alues to be

inserted into database tables

Can be used anyere in an e!ression eiter in SQL or PL.SQL statements

ust be declared be*ore re*erencing it in oter statements including oterdeclarati0e statements

-re declared by s!eci*ying te name along it te dataty!e

Can be declared to be o* any dataty!e nati0e to 'racle

Eam!les

old*are ,BER;5


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Ta&in ,alue from t#e user usin 3

declare

I number

a 0arcar2;1)


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/4 Selectin ename5sal from emp

6se of more t#an one columns ,alue "it# 7nto clause4/declare

n 0arcar2;5)


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E(ample

emprec employee8RO;T:PE1

A specific fiel% can be reference% usin

emprec.empnum1

declare E em!Mroty!e

.8roty!e attribute olds te dataty!e o* te columns o* te entire ro8.

begin

select 8 /,T' E

*rom em! ere ename F G-RT/,G

dbmsDout!ut6!utDline;E6sal


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dbmsDout!ut6!utDline;GPassedG


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create table adm

;,ame 0arcar2;3)


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0alues;nmc*7nner !loc& ,ariable ,alue > 00 yD1

en%1

%bmsoutput.putline>Outer !loc& ,ariable ,alue > 00 (D1

en%1

Scope of ,ariables

A ,ariable %eclare% in t#e outer bloc& is accessible in t#e inner bloc&. !ut a ,ariable

%eclare% in t#e inner bloc& is accessible only in t#e inner bloc&.

%eclare

outer number1

bein

outer - ?@1

%eclare

inner number1

bein

inner - 9@1 %bmsoutput.putline>7nner !loc& ,ariable ,alue > 00 innerD1

%bmsoutput.putline>Outer bloc& ,ariable is accessible in t#e inner

bloc&D1

%bmsoutput.putline>Outer bloc& ,ariable ,alue > 00 outerD1

en%1

%bmsoutput.putline>Outer !loc& ,ariable ,alue > 00 outerD1


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%bmsoutput.putline>7nner !loc& ,ariable ,alue > 00 innerD1

en%1

/

Labels

7f t#e ,ariables names of t#e outer an% inner bloc&s are same t#en labels #a,e to be

use% "it#in t#e inner bloc& to a,oi% ambiuity.

outerbloc&FF

%eclare

( number1

bein

innerbloc&FF

%eclare ( number - +alue of t#e inner bloc& ( is > 00 (D1

$$ Gi,in ,alue of ( of t#e inner bloc& to t#e outer bloc& (

outerbloc&.( -innerbloc&. (1

en%1

( - ( H I@@1

%bmsoutput.putline>+alue of t#e outer bloc& ( is > 00 (D1

en%1

.LOOPS

Te ability to re!eat or s(i! sections o* a bloc( can be acie0ed it te usage o*

L''P or 'T' statements

Tere are tree *orms o* te L''P statement

– L''P

– :/LE7L''P

– %'R7L''P

LOOP Statement

L''P re!eats a seuence o* statements

Statements to be re!eated are !laced beteen (eyord L''P and E,9 L''P

it eac iteration o* te loo! te seuence o* statements is eecuted ten

control resumes at te to! o* te loo!

L''P

statementsE,9 L''P

EJ7T Statement


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sed to com!lete a loo! i* *urter !rocessing in a loo! is undesirable or

im!ossible

Tere are to *orms o* te E/T statement

– E/T

– E/T7:E,

%orces a loo! to com!lete unconditionally

ust be !laced inside a loo!

L''P

statements

/% @conditionA T:E,E/T 77 eit loo! immediately

E,9 /%

E,9 L''P77 control resumes ere

Eam!le o* Loo! /4To s#o" < to


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*OR LOOP

-d0antages 77

1< ,o need o* declaring loo! 0ariable

2< ,o need o* gi0ing condition

3< ,o need o* u!dation statement ;increment or decrement < 4


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total number;4


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E(ample < of "#ile loop to s#o" < to


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!asic Loop

9eclare

number

Begin

F 1 Loo!

dbmsDout!ut6!utDline;


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%eclare

number1

m number1

% number1

%is ,arc#ar=1

insert into %iscount%etails

,alues5m5%isD1

% - % $


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– *rom a bloc( to an eecutable statement

– branc *rom an ece!tion andler into an enclosing bloc(

Trans*er o* control using 'T' statement is ,'T alloed in te *olloing

!laces

– *rom itin one /% statement or loo! clause to anoter

– *rom an enclosing bloc( into a sub7bloc(

– *rom an ece!tion andler into te current bloc(

– out o* a sub!rogram

– to (eyords

E(amples of GOTO

1< create table !rec;name 0arcar2;2)


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end

;ron usae of oto

declare

number begin

F #)

@@s1AA dbmsDout!ut6!utDline;GS1G


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dbmsDout!ut6!utDline;+E6eno HH G 7 G HH +E6name HH G7G HH+E6s


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En%1

7777777777777777777777777777777777777


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8Ro"type "it# Recor%

%eclare

type t< is recor%

e% emp8ro"type5

%% %ept8ro"typeD1

+T< tACCO6NT7NG>1

%bmsoutput.putline+T


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– %ETC:

– CL'SE

Cursor must be declared be*ore it can be re*erenced using te 'PE, CL'SE or

%ETC: statements

T#e OPEN Statement

/nitialiIes or o!ens a cursor

Cursor must be o!ened be*ore any ros are returned by te uery

'PE, @cursornameAEam!le 77

'PE, em!Dcur

T#e *ETC) Statement

Can be eecuted re!eatedly until all ros a0e been retrie0ed

%ETC: @cursornameA /,T' 0ar1 Y 0ar,

'R %ETC: @cursornameA /,T' recordD0ariable

Eam!le

%ETC: em!Dcur /,T' mrec

T#e CLOSE Statement

Closes te cursor and ma(es te acti0e set unde*ined

CL'SE @cursornameA Eam!le

CL'SE em!Dcur

'nce a cursor is closed it can be reo!ened by using te 'PE, statement

Attributes of E(plicit Cursors

E0ery cursor as *our attributes tat can be used to access te cursorUs contet

area

– M,'T%',9

– M%',9

– MR'C',T

– M/S'PE,

To use tese attributes sim!le a!!end tem to te name o* te cursor M,'T%',9

– e0aluates to TRE i* last %ETC: *ailed because no more ros ere

a0ailable

– e0aluates to %-LSE i* last %ETC: returned a ro

M%',9

– e0aluates to TRE i* last %ETC: returned a ro


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– e0aluates to %-LSE i* last %ETC: *ailed because no more ros ere

a0ailable

MR'C',T

– returns te number o* ros %ETC:ed *rom te acti0e set so *ar

M/S'PE,

– e0aluates to TRE i* an e!licit cursor is o!en

– e0aluates to %-LSE i* an e!licit cursor is closed

Eam!les o* Cursor


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else

Open cf1 dbmsDout!ut6!utDline;GCursor is no o!enedG


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*etc c* into

i* c*Mrocount F 3 ten dbmsDout!ut6!utDline;6em!noHHG7GHH6enameHHG7GHH6salHHG7GHH6de!tno


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Cursor c* is

select 8 *rom em!

ere sal AF 3)))

Begin

%or mrec in c* Loo!

dbmsDout!ut6!utDline;mrec6enameHHG GHHmrec6salHHG GHHmrec6de!tnoD1 L''P

%ETC: C% /,T' E/T :E, C%M,'T%',9

dbmsDout!ut6!utDline;6ename


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o!en c* >CLER>D

L''P %ETC: C% /,T'

E/T :E, C%M,'T%',9

dbmsDout!ut6!utDline;6ename


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Cursor *OR 6P'ATE O* an% C6RRENT O*

CRRE,T '% clause is used in an P9-TE or 9ELETE statement to re*er to

te current ro o* te cursor

Te cursor must be declared it te %'R P9-TE '% clause and must be o!en

and !ositioned on a ro /* te cursor is not o!en CRRE,T '% clause results in an error

?D E(ample of Cursor *OR 6P'ATE O* an% C6RRENT O*

create table esal

;em!no number sal number


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eit en c*Mnot*ound

/* 6Sal AF 1"))) Ten

6Sal F 2))))

Els/* 6Sal AF 14))) Ten 6Sal F 1&2))

Els/* 6Sal AF 12))) Ten

6Sal F 1"$))

Els/* 6Sal AF 1)))) Ten 6Sal F 135))

Els/* 6Sal AF &))) Ten 6Sal F 11)))

Els/* 6Sal AF "))) Ten

6Sal F #5))

Els/* 6Sal AF 4))) Ten

6Sal F $5))

Else

6Sal F 5)))

End /*

!date esal

set sal F 6Sal

;#ere Current Of cf1 End Loo!

End

7mplicit Cursors

• -utomatically de*ined and o!ened by 'racle to !rocess eac

SQL statement

•

most recently o!ened contet area is re*erred to as a SQLMUcursor

Attributes of 7mplicit Cursors


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-ltoug 'PE, CL'SE and %ETC: statements cannot be used to mani!ulate

te SQLM cursor te attributes can be used to access its contet area

-ttributes e0aluate to ,LL be*ore te cursor is o!ened automatically

T#e follo"in four cursor attributes can be use% to access t#e SQL8

cursors conte(t area

SQL8NOT*O6N' SQL8*O6N'

SQL8RO;CO6NT

SQL87SOPEN

SQL8NOT*O6N'

e0aluates to TRE i* an /,SERT P9-TE or 9ELETE statement

a**ected no ros else it e0aluates to %-LSE

SQL8*O6N'

logical o!!osite o* SQLM,'T%',9

e0aluates to TRE i* an /,SERT P9-TE or 9ELETE a**ected one or

more ros else it e0aluates to %-LSE

SQL8RO;CO6NT

– returns te number o* ros a**ected by an /,SERT P9-TE or 9ELETE

statement SQL87SOPEN

– 'racle automatically closes an im!licit cursor a*ter eecuting its

associated SQL statement

– %or an im!licit cursor SQLM/S'PE, alays e0aluates to %-LSE

9D E(ample of 7mplicit Cursors

Begin

9elete *rom em!

ere ename F GJnameG

/* SQLM%ound Ten

dbmsDout!ut6!utDline;GRecord *ound and it is deletedG


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1)< /m!licit Cursor *or rocount

9eclare

C number F )

Begin !date Em!

set sal F sal 5)) ere de!tno F Jde!tno

/47f no recor% is up%ate% since t#e %eptno supplie% is "ron t#en i,in

t#e customise% error messae.4/

/* SQLMRocount F ) ten

dbmsDout!ut6!utDline;G,o records are u!dated since te de!artment number entered

is not in te table6G


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B/,-RND/,TEER is a s!ecial data ty!e ic can be gi0en only to te

column o* PL.SQL table *or itUs indeing !ur!ose to store and retrie0e 0alues6 Range o* binaryDinteger is 7214$4&3"4$ to 214$4&3"4$

$< SiIe is unconstrained ;Table siIe gros as te ros are added to te table


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i F i 1

End Loo! Close c*

.8,o retrie0ing te names *rom te 0name !lsl table using *or loo!68. %or n in 1660ros

Loo! dbmsDout!ut6!utDline;G,ame is GHH0name;n


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end i*

dbmsDout!ut6!utDline;GTe total number o* elements in d are GHH d6count


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EJCEPT7ONS

7ntro%uction to E(ceptions

-n error condition is called an Ece!tion

en an error occurs an ece!tion is raised i6e6 normal eecution sto!s andcontrol trans*ers to te ece!tion andling !art o* te PL.SQL bloc( or

sub!rogram

To andle raised ece!tions se!arate routines called ece!tion andlers are

ritten

Tere are to ty!es o* ece!tions

– Pre7de*ined ece!tions ;/nternal Ece!tions<

– ser7de*ined ece!tions

Nou cannot declare an ece!tion tice in te same bloc( but can declare te

same ece!tion in to di**erent bloc(s Ece!tions declared in a bloc( are local to tat bloc( and global to all its sub7

bloc(s

Enclosing bloc(s cannot re*erence ece!tions declared in a sub7bloc( because

bloc(s can only re*erence local or global ece!tions

Pre%efine% E(ceptions

-re im!licitly raised ene0er a PL.SQL bloc( 0iolates an 'racle rule or eceeds

a system7de!endent limit

E0ery 'racle error as a number but ece!tions must be andled by name

PL.SQL !rede*ines some common 'racle errors as ece!tions

Tese !rede*ined ece!tions are declared globally by PL.SQL

Some Pre7de*ined Ece!tions CRS'RD-LRE-9ND'PE,

,'D9-T-D%',9

T''D-,NDR'S

+-LEDERR'R

KER'D9/+/9E

ore tan one ece!tion can be andled in a single ece!tion andler by

se!arating tem it te (eyord 'R ECEPT/',

:E, ,'D9-T-D%',9 'R T''D-,NDR'S T:E,statements:E, 'T:ERS T:E,

statements

E,9


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Eam!les o* Ece!tion andling


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Ece!tion en KER'D9/+/9E ten

dbmsDout!ut6!utDline;GCannot di0ide by Iero[[[G


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Ece!tion en tooDmanyDros ten

dbmsDout!ut6!utDline;Gore tan one 0alueG


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create table errorDlog;errorDnumber number errorDmessage 0arcar2;255


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6ser$%efine% E(ceptions

ser7de*ined ece!tions need to be de*ined in te declarati0e !art o* a PL.SQL

bloc( sub!rogram or database trigger

9eclared by naming te ece!tion and de*ining it as dataty!e ECEPT/',

Eam!le9ECL-RE

!astDdue ECEPT/',IeroDerror ECEPT/',

Li(e 0ariables user7de*ined ece!tions must be gi0en names

nli(e 0ariables user7de*ined ece!tions cannot be assigned 0alues and cannot be

used in SQL statements

Tey need to be raised e!licitly using te R-/SE statement

- bloc( sould R-/SE an ece!tion only en an error ma(es it im!ossible or

im!ractical to *inis !rocessing

R-/SE statement *or a gi0en e!ression can be coded anyere itin te sco!e

o* tat e!ression

/% mrec6ssD*are @F ) T:E,

R-/SE IeroDerrorE,9 /%

-n ece!tion raised inside a andler immediately !ro!agates to te enclosing

bloc( ic is searced to *ind a andler *or te nely raised ece!tion

%rom tere on te ece!tion !ro!agates normally

To re7raise an ece!tion !lace a R-/SE statement in its local andler


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E(ample of E(ception ,ariable usin Raise &ey "or%

declare

! number

n number F " si number

r number F 1)65 E ece!tion

Begin

! F J! i* ! @ 1)) ten

raise E

elsesi F ;! 8 n 8 r< . 1))

dbmsDout!ut6!utDline;GTe Sim!le /nterest is GHH si


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end i*

end 777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777

E(ample of Raiseapplicationerror an% error #an%lin toet#er

declare number

begin F GJG

i* @ ) ten

raiseDa!!licationDerror;72)))#GtyG


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PROCE'6RESA%,antaes of Subprorams

Pro0ide Etensibility

– PL.SQL language can be tailored to suit te needs o* te a!!lication

Promote reusability and maintainability

– 'nce 0alidated tey can be used it con*idence in any number o*

a!!lications

– Sim!li*ies maintenance.enancement as sub!rogram is only a**ected i*

de*inition canges

Pro0ide odularity

– Program can be bro(en don into manageable ell7de*ined logical

modules

– Su!!orts to!7don design and ste!ise re*inement a!!roac to !roblem

sol0ing

-id in abstraction

– -llo mental se!aration *rom !articulars

– Stubs allo !rogrammers to de*er de*inition o* !rocedures.*unctions until

main !rogram is tested and debugged

Procedure !er*orms s!eci*ic action

Stored in database and can be in0o(ed or called by any anonymous bloc( Can ta(e !arameters

9ataty!e s!eci*ier in !arameter declaration must be unconstrained

:as to !arts

– S!eci*ication

• begins it (eyord PR'CE9RE ends it !rocedure name or

!arameter list

– Body

• begins it (eyord /S ends it (eyord E,9 *olloed by

o!tional !rocedure name

CRE-TE V'R REPL-CEW PR'CE9RE @!rocedurenameA V;!arameter1 Y

!arameter,


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ece!tion andlersW

E,9 V@!rocedurenameAW

!arameter stands *or

0ariablename V/,H'TH/, 'TW dataty!e V\F H 9E%-LT] 0alueW

;#en a proce%ure is create%5 Oracle automatically performs t#ese steps – Compiles t#e proce%ure

– Stores t#e compile% co%e

– Stores t#e proce%ure in t#e %atabase

T#e PL/SQL compiler use% to compile t#e co%e

7f an error occurs5 t#e proce%ure is create% but it is in,ali%

Enforce 'ata Security

– Can rant users access to a proce%ure t#at ueries a table5 but not

rant access to t#e table itself

7mpro,e 'atabase Performance – Less amount of information sent o,er net"or&

– Compilation not reuire% to e(ecute co%e

– Proce%ure present in s#are% pool so retrie,al from %is& not reuire%

emory Sa,ins

– Only one copy of proce%ure nee%s to be loa%e% in memory for

e(ecution by multiple users

7ncrease in 'e,elopment Pro%ucti,ity

– Can a,oi% re%un%ant co%in an% increase pro%ucti,ity5 by "ritin a

sinle proce%ure

7nterity

– Proce%ures nee% to be teste% only once5 to uarantee t#at it returns

accurate results

Callin a Store% Proce%ure

Can call a proce%ure in a PL/SQL statement

– E(ample

branc#sumBN:D1

Can call a proce%ure from SQL4Plus

– E(ampleSQLF EJEC6TE branc#sumBN:D1


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E(amples of Proce%ures


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3< Gi,in %efault ,alues to t#e parameters

'ue to %efault ,alue i,en t#e parameter becomes optional also.

!ut if any ot#er ,alue is i,en t#en it ta&es it.

create or re!lace !rocedure !r3 ;Eno em!6em!noMty!e , em!6enameMty!e S em!6sal

Mty!e dno em!6de!tnoMty!e 'E*A6LT


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e(ec %eptrecploc F >Pune>5 p%eptno F 5 -paymentD774


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6sin local ,ariable for out parameter "#en proce%ure is calle% insi%e anot#er

bloc&.

create or re!lace !rocedure !1;n in em!6enameMty!e s out emp.sal8type<

is begin

select sal into s

*rom em!ere ename F n

end

declare

em!6salMty!e

begin !1;GS/T:G(D1dbmsDout!ut6!utDline;


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7t #as to be calle% insi%e a plsl bloc&. 7t actually i,es t#e suare ,alue to t#e

,ariable of t#at plsl bloc&.

7n s#ort 7N O6T type of paramter ma&es a proce%ure similar to function5 as t#e

function also returns t#e ,alue to t#e callin en,ironment.4/

b<

declare

a number

Begin a F Ja

!r";as status is of 7N O6T. So 7N means t#e user

input ,alue an% O6T means t#e c#anes suare fiure %ue to t#e proce%ure pr.After t#e proce%ure is calle% "it# a as parameter t#en a ,alue ets c#ane%. At t#is

time a acts as a O6T parameter5 since t#e proce%ure is i,in t#e c#ane% ,alue to

a.4/

dbmsDout!ut6!utDline;a


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D 7N O6T e(ample from "it# respect to %atabase

aD

create or re!lace !rocedure salrise;salary /, 'T number< is

Begin

salary F salary ;salary 8 )62)


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'eclarin Sub proce%ures

Create table logDtable;username 0arcar2;3)


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)an%le% or 6n#an%le% E(ceptions for a proce%ure ettin calle% in anot#er.

create or replace proce%ure innerproc( number5y numberD

is

bein%bmsoutput.putline(/yD1

e(ception

"#en 2ero%i,i%e t#en

%bmsoutput.putline>y cannot be neati,e>D1

en%1

create or replace proce%ure outerproc

as

bein

%bmsoutput.putline>AA>D1

/4Callin t#e innerproc prece%ure.4/innerproc5@D1

%bmsoutput.putline>ccD1

e(ception

"#en ot#ers t#en

%bmsoutput.putline>A Run Time Error #as occurre%.>D1

en%1

7f t#e innerproc proce%ure is not #a,in any error #an%ler t#en t#e error #an%ler

outer proce%ure ets e(ecute%.

A6T)7' C6RRENT6SER

/* a !rocedure reads data *rom table and !er*orms some 9L ten -T:/9CRRE,TDSER is a!!licable6 9ue to tis clause te oner o* te !rocedure only can

eecute tis !rocedure and read or !er*orm 9L6 E0en i* te oner as gi0en eecute

!ri0ilege o* suc a !rocedure to any oter user still te oter user cannot eecute te

!rocedure6 So *rom data security !oint o* 0ie tis clause is el!*ul6Te *olloing scenario ill e!lain tis conce!t6

Case stu%y $$$$

Lo on as System/anaer '!A LoinD

create user a< i%entifie% by a


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rant resource5 create session to a=1

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

;it#out A6T)7' C6RRENT6SER

conn a


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*unctions

Sub!rogram tat returns a 0alue

:a0e a RETR, clause

Stored in database and can be in0o(ed or called by any anonymous bloc(

enerally ta(e !arameters

9ataty!e s!eci*ier in !arameter declaration must be unconstrained

:as to !arts

S!eci*ication

begins it (eyord %,CT/', ends it RETR, clause

Body

begins it (eyord /S ends it (eyord E,9 *olloed by

o!tional *unction name

Synta(

CRE-TE V'R REPL-CEW %,CT/', @*unctionnameA V;argument1 Y argument,


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5&

cardays F dayD*n;3


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5#

9eclare

number y car;3)


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")

;name 0arcar2;1)


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$$ *irst %eclare t"o bin% ,ariables location an% %eptname

$$SQLF ,ariable %eptname ,arc#ar=


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ORACLE S6PPL7E' PACAGES

• '!SSQL

• '!S''L

• '!SO!

• 6TL*7LE


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'!SSQL Pac&aeWhat Is Dynamic SQL?

'ynamic SQL enables you to "rite prorams t#ose reference SQL statements "#ose

full te(t is not &no"n until runtime. Be*ore discussing dynamic SQL in detail a clear

de*inition o* static SQL may !ro0ide a good starting !oint *or understanding dynamicSQL6 Static SQL statements do not cange *rom eecution to eecution6 Te *ull tet o*

static SQL statements are (non at com!ilation ic !ro0ides te *olloing bene*its

• Success*ul com!ilation 0eri*ies tat te SQL statements re*erence 0alid database

obXects6

• Success*ul com!ilation 0eri*ies tat te necessary !ri0ileges are in !lace to access

te database obXects6

• Per*ormance o* static SQL is generally better tan dynamic SQL6

Because o* tese ad0antages you sould use dynamic SQL only i* you cannot use staticSQL to accom!lis your goals or i* using static SQL is cumbersome com!ared to

dynamic SQL6 :oe0er static SQL as limitations tat can be o0ercome it dynamic

SQL6 Nou may not alays (no te *ull tet o* te SQL statements tat must be eecuted

in a PL.SQL !rocedure6 Nour !rogram may acce!t user in!ut tat de*ines te SQLstatements to eecute or your !rogram may need to com!lete some !rocessing or( to

determine te correct course o* action6 /n suc cases you sould use dynamic SQL6

%or eam!le a re!orting a!!lication in a data areouse en0ironment migt not (note eact table name until runtime6 Tese tables migt be named according to te starting

mont and year o* te uarter *or eam!le INV_01_1997 INV_04_1997 INV_07_1997

INV_10_1997 INV_01_1998 and so on6 :ou can use %ynamic SQL in your reportin

application to specify t#e table name at runtime.

Nou migt also ant to run a com!le uery it a user7selectable sort order6 /nstead o*

coding te uery tice it di**erent ORDER BY clauses you can construct te uery

dynamically to include a s!eci*ied ORDER BY clause6

9ynamic SQL !rograms can andle canges in data de*initions itout te need to

recom!ile6 Tis ma(es dynamic SQL muc more *leible tan static SQL6 9ynamic SQL

lets you rite reusable code because te SQL can be easily ada!ted *or di**erent

en0ironments6

'ynamic SQL also lets you e(ecute %ata %efinition lanuae ''LD statements an%

ot#er SQL statements t#at are not supporte% in purely static SQL prorams.


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Why Use Dynamic SQL?

Nou sould use dynamic SQL in cases ere static SQL does not su!!ort te o!eration

you ant to !er*orm or in cases ere you do not (no te eact SQL statements tatmust be eecuted by a PL.SQL !rocedure6 Tese SQL statements may de!end on userin!ut or tey may de!end on !rocessing or( done by te !rogram6 Te *olloing

sections describe ty!ical situations ere you sould use dynamic SQL and ty!ical

!roblems tat can be sol0ed by using dynamic SQL

Executing DDL and SCL Statements in PL/SQL

/n PL.SQL you can only eecute te *olloing ty!es o* statements using dynamic SQL

rater tan static SQL

•

9ata de*inition language ;99L< statements suc as CREATE DROP GRANT andREVOKE

• Session control language ;SCL< statements suc as ALTER SESSION and SET ROLE

Executing Dynamic Queries

Nou can use dynamic SQL to create a!!lications tat eecute dynamic ueries ose *ull

tet is not (non until runtime6 any ty!es o* a!!lications need to use dynamic ueries

including

• -!!lications tat allo users to in!ut or coose uery searc or sorting criteria at

runtime• -!!lications tat allo users to in!ut or coose o!timiIer ints at run time

• -!!lications tat uery a database ere te data de*initions o* tables are

constantly canging

• -!!lications tat uery a database ere ne tables are created o*ten


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9BSDSQL is used to rite dynamic SQL in stored !rocedure and to !arse 99Lstatements6

Some Procedures and %unctions in 9BSDSQL !ac(age are

OpenCursor '!ens a ne cursor and assigns a cursor /9 number6

PARSE Parses te 99L or 9L statements i6e6 it cec(s te synta and associates itit te o!ened cursor6 /n case o* 99L statements tey are eecuted immediately a*ter

!arsing6

P-RSE ;/9 number o* te cursor 99L or 9L statement languageD*lag<

languag_!lag

9etermines o 'racle andles te SQL statement6 Te *olloingo!tions are recogniIed

• V" ;or 0< s!eci*ies 0ersion " bea0ior6

• NATIVE ;or 1< s!eci*ies normal bea0ior *or te database to

ic te !rogram is connected6

• V7 ;or #< s!eci*ies 'racle$ bea0ior6

EJEC6TE Eecutes te SQL statement and returns te number o* ros !rocessed6

Es!ecially suitable *or (ee!ing trac( o* count o* ros a**ected by a 9L statement6

create or re!lace !rocedure dro!Dtable;!Dtablename in 0arcar2<

isC ,BER

begin

c F 9BSDSQL6'PE,DCRS'R9BSDSQL6P-RSE;CG9R'P T-BLE G HH !Dtablename 9BSDSQL6,-T/+E


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create or re!lace !rocedure deleteDros;tableDname 0arcar2<

is c number

rosDdeleted number begin

c F 9BSDSQL6'PE,DCRS'R

9BSDSQL6P-RSE;c G9elete *rom G HH tableDname 9BSDSQL6,-T/+E


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'!S''L Pac&ae

Scenario of recompilation for a proce%ure

dro! table t1

create table t1;a numberPJ1

alter !rocedure !1 com!ile 'R Eec !1

select status from userobUects

"#ere obUectname>PJ1


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9BSD99L6-LTERDC'P/LE;obXectDty!eU oner nameU obXectDname<

'bXectDty!e can be a !rocedure *unction !ac(age s!eci*ication !ac(age body or a

trigger only6

create or re!lace !rocedure com!ileD!rocedure;!rocedureDname 0arcar2<

as begin

'!S''L.ALTERCOP7LE>PROCE'6RE>5>SCOTT>5 proce%urenameD1

dbmsDout!ut6!utDline;GTe !rocedure G HH !rocedureDname HH G is recom!iledG


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'!SO! Pac&ae

Enables te sceduling and eecution o* PL.SQL !rograms6

Submit is te !rocedure o* 9BSDZ'B !ac(age6

Te !arameters o* Submit !rocedure are 777

Z'B niue identi*ier o* te Xob ;'ut !arameter<:-T PL.SQL code to eecute as a Xob

,ETD9-TE ,et eecution date o* te Xob

/,TER+-L 9ate *unction to com!ute te net eecution date o* a Xob6

Eam!le

E0ery net day a ne record sould get added in te table dXt16

Create table dXt1;a number


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$)

/n te init6ora *ile O!Q6E6EPROCESSES n as to

be settedn can be beteen 1 and 3"6

Cange te system date to te net date6 Te t1 table gets te net

0alue o* te seuence6

-gain re!eat te !rocess6

/m! setting Uobueueprocesses n n bet"een < an% D in t#e init.ora file

Select Xobat *rom userDXobs

Eec dbmsDXob6Bro(en;1true< 1 is Xob no

Eec dbmsDXob6Remo0e;1<

9bmsDXob6cange;Xobno at netDdate inter0al<

Zobno cannot be canged6/* tere is no cange *or at netDdate inter0al ten s!eci*y ,LL

%or having interval of &' seconds it will be (Ssdate ) !+ *&'*&'""/


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6TL*7LE Pac&ae

TLD%/LE !ac(age is used to rite data to o!erating system *iles suc as

tet *iles ord *iles ecel *iles etc6

Te data *rom te oracle table is trans*erred to te o6s6 *iles6 So e can

generate a re!ort o* 'racle data in a non7oracle *ormat6

embers o* TLD%/LE Pac(age are as *ollos

FOPEN uncti!n

Tis *unction o!ens a *ile *or in!ut or out!ut6 Te *ile location must be anaccessible directory as de*ined in te instanceGs initialiIation !arameter

TLD%/LED9/R6 Te com!lete directory !at must already eist it is not

created by %'PE,6

/t ta(es 3 !arameters

16 9irectory name Te !at

26 %ile name ;6tt 6doc6ls<

36 '!enDode

a6 rU Read Tet b6 U77 rite Tet

c6 aU -!!end Tet

PU"F #r!cedure

Tis !rocedure is a *ormatted PT !rocedure6 /t or(s li(e a limited

!rint*;


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FCLOSE #r!cedure

Tis !rocedure closes an o!en *ile identi*ied by a *ile andle6

NEW$LINE #r!cedure (Can specify how many blank lines are required.Default is 1)

Tis !rocedure rites one or more line terminators to te *ile identi*ied by

te in!ut *ile andle6 Tis !rocedure is se!arate *rom PT because te line

terminator is a !lat*orm7s!eci*ic caracter or seuence o* caracters6

Syntax'TL_(ILE)NE*_LINE + !,l IN (ILE_TYPE- l,n% IN NAT'RAL ./ 2


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Eam!le o* generating a tet *ile o* salary status *rom te em! table6

create or replace proce%ure salstatus

pfile%ir in ,arc#ar=5 pfilename in ,arc#ar=D

is

,file#an%le 6TL*7LE.*7LET:PE1 Cursor empinfo is

select ename5sal5%eptno

from emp

or%er by sal %esc1

!ein

,file#an%le - 6TL*7LE.*OPENpfile%ir5pfilename5>">D1

6TL*7LE.P6T*,file#an%le5>SALAR: REPORT - GENERATE' ON

8sXn>5S:S'ATED1

6TL*7LE.NE;L7NE,file#an%leD1

for ,emprec in empinfo

LOOP 6TL*7LE.P6T*,file#an%le5>'EPARTENT- 8s Xn>5

,emprec.%eptnoD1

6TL*7LE.P6T*,file#an%le5> Employee-8s earns- 8sXn>5

,emprec.ename5,emprec.salD1

EN' LOOP1

6TL*7LE.P6T*,file#an%le5 >444 EN' O* REPORT 444>D1

6TL*7LE.*CLOSE,file#an%leD1

EJCEPT7ON

;)EN 6TL*7LE.7N+AL7'*7LE)AN'LE T)EN

raiseapplicationerror$=@@@7n,ali% *ile>D1 ;)EN 6TL*7LE.;R7TEERROR T)EN

raiseapplicationerror$=@@@=5>6nable to "rite file>D1

En%1


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$4

Ste!s *or eecuting te !rocedure are as *ollos

16 /n te init6ora *ile o* te database te *ile location as to be de*ined

as a 0alue o* TLD%/LED9/R

'!en te init6ora *ile and add te !ro!erty as *ollos7

TLD%/LED9/R F C^-BC

Step 0 is onl re1uired for earl version. 2f director ob3ect is not

created then 4#L5%2L65728 path is re1uired"

26 Create a *older -BC in C dri0e6

36 Create a directory obXect in database as

create directory 91 as GC^-BCG

9irectory is a nonscema database obXect tat !ro0ides a ay *or

administering te o6s6 *iles troug 'racle Ser0er #i6

- 9irectory s!eci*ies an alias *or te actual o6s6 !at 6

46 Eecute te !rocedure

Eec SalDStatus;G91GGa16ttG


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Pac&aes

9atabase obXects tat grou! logically related PL.SQL ty!es obXects and

sub!rograms

Tey cannot be called !assed !arameters to or nested Tere are to !arts

– S!eci*ication

– Body

A%,antaes of Pac&aes

odularity

– allos enca!sulation o* related ty!es obXects and sub!rograms in a named

PL.SQL module

– easy to understand it sim!le clear and ell de*ined inter*aces

– el!s in a!!lication de0elo!ment

Easier -!!lication 9esign

– en designing a!!lications only inter*ace in*ormation in !ac(age

s!eci*ications initially reuired

– can code and com!ile s!eci*ication itout body

– stored sub!rograms re*erencing te !ac(age can be com!iled as ell

– need not de*ine !ac(age bodies until ready to com!lete te a!!lication

/n*ormation :iding

– can s!eci*y ic ty!es items and sub!rograms are !ublic or !ri0ate

– de*inition o* !ri0ate sub!rograms is idden so tat only te !ac(age ;not

te a!!lication< is a**ected i* te de*inition canges

– sim!li*ies maintenance and enancement and !rotects integrity o* te

!ac(age

Better !er*ormance

– en a !ac(aged sub!rogram is called *or te *irst time te ole

!ac(age is loaded into memory

– later calls to related sub!rograms in te !ac(age reuire no dis( /.'

Pac&ae Specification

/s an inter*ace to te a!!lications

9eclares te ty!es 0ariables constants ece!tions cursors and sub!rograms

a0ailable *or use :olds !ublic declarations 0isible to te a!!lication

Can be tougt o* as an o!erational inter*ace

Sco!e o* te declarations are local to te database scema and global to te

!ac(age

Lists te !ac(age resources a0ailable to a!!lications

Created using CRE-TE P-CO-E command


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Synta( for Pac&ae Specification

CRE-TE V'R REPL-CEW P-CO-E @!ac(agenameA -S

lobal 0ariables declarationProcedure s!eci*ications

%unction s!eci*ications

Ty!e 9e*initions

Cursor 9eclarationsE,9 V@!ac(agenameAW

Pac&ae !o%y

/m!lements te !ac(age s!eci*ication %ully de*ines cursors and sub!rograms

:olds im!lementation details and !ri0ate declarations idden *rom te

a!!lication

Can be tougt o* as a blac( bodyU

Can be re!laced enanced or re!laced itout canging te inter*ace

Can be canged itout recom!iling calling !rograms

Sco!e o* te declarations are local to te !ac(age body

9eclared ty!es and obXects are inaccessible ece!t *rom itin te !ac(age body

/nitialiIation !art o* a !ac(age is run only once te *irst time te !ac(age is

re*erenced

Synta( for Pac&ae !o%y

CRE-TE V'R REPL-CEW P-CO-E B'9N @!ac(agenameA -S

Pri0ate members ;0ariables and !rocedure.*unctions.cursors.ty!es<

Procedure Code

%unction Code/m!lementation o* Ty!es

se o* Cursors

sing lobal 0ariables in te members o* te !ac(age6E,9 V@!ac(agenameAW

Referencin Pac&ae ObUects

Pac(aged obXects and sub!rograms must be re*erenced using te dot notation

!ac(agename6ty!ename

!ac(agename6obXectname !ac(agename6sub!rogramname


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$$

E6g 7 '!SO6TP6T. P#"_$NE

aintainin a Pac&ae

Can dro! a !ac(age using te 9R'P command

9R'P P-CO-E @!ac(agenameA

Eam!le

9R'P P-CO-E airlinesTo dro! Xust one construct remo0e it *rom te !ac(age and ten recom!ile te

!ac(age

E(amples of Pac&aes $


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$&

is

Begin dbmsDout!ut6!utDline;GProcedure !3G


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$#

number

Begin F !(26m;$))


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&)

D 6se of Type in a Proce%ure $

Pac&ae Specification $

create or re!lace !ac(age !(3 as

Ty!e t1 is REC'R9;e1 Em!6Em!no MTy!e

e2 Em!6EnameMTy!ee3 Em!6SalMTy!e


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&1

Pac&ae !o%y $

create or re!lace !ac(age body !(4 as

!rocedure CP

is

Begin '!en c*

Loo! *etc c* into m

.8Soing te *irst entry o* manager8.

i* c*Mrocount F 1 ten dbmsDout!ut6!utDline;m6em!no HH G7G HH m6ename HH G7G HH m6sal


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&2

-& Exam#'e ! #ri,ate mem(ers in #ac)age (!dy *

create or re!lace !ac(age !r0members

is

!rocedure m1end

create or re!lace !ac(age body !r0membersis

.8Creating Pri0ate Procedure in te body8.

!rocedure m2is

begin

dbmsDout!ut6!utDline;GTis is te !ri0ate member o* te !ac(age bodyG


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&3

I the #ri,ate mem(er is n!t getting ca''ed in any g'!(a' mem(ers then !r.ard dec'arati!nis n!t reuired0

create or replace package body prvmembersisprocedure m1

isbegindbms_output.put_line('abc');end;/*Creating Private Procedure in te body*/procedure m!is begindbms_output.put_line('"is is te private member o# te package body');end m!;end;/

1& Exam#'e ! !ne time !n'y #r!cedure +Pr!cedure in #ac)age (!dy&

Useu' !r setting rem!te c!nnecti,ity !r r!nt ends0In the sessi!n !r the irst time any ! the mem(ers ! the #ac)age is ca''ed then the#r!cedure .i'' (e im#'icit'y in,!)ed0"hen !r the uture ca''s ! the mem(ers ! the same #ac)age in the same sessi!n the#r!cedure .i'' n!t get executed0

create or re!lace !ac(age !(1

is

!rocedure !1 !rocedure !2

end


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create or re!lace !ac(age body !(1

is !rocedure !1

is

begin

dbmsDout!ut6!utDline;G!1GD1

end !(1


is ty!e namelist is table o* em!6enameMty!e inde by binaryDinteger

0 namelist

cursor c* is select ename *rom em! c*Mroty!e

!rocedure *irstD*i0e

!rocedure netD*i0e

end


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&5

create or replace pac&ae bo%y p&<

is

i Number1

proce%ure firstfi,e is

bein for i in


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is a0erageDsal number

*unction calcDsalDde0iation;s number< return number

!rocedure salDstatus;s number


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&$

?D E(ample of O,erloa%e% embers


is

!rocedure !;a number b number


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&&

Exam#'e ! !,er'!aded mem(ers *Parameter data ty#es can (e same2 (ut names sh!u'd (e dierent0

create or replace package pk!asprocedure p(salary number$ commission number);

procedure p(salary number$ ta% number);end pk!;

create or replace package body pk!as procedure p(salary number$ commission number) is total number; begin total & salary commission; dbms_output.put_line(total); end; procedure p(salary number$ ta% number) is take_ome number; begin take_ome & salary ta%; dbms_output.put_line(take_ome); end;end pk!;

Whi'e executing such #r!cedure the #arameters need t! (eca''ed (y named meth!d !n'y0

e%ec pk!.p(salary +,,,$ commission -,,);

e%ec pk!.p(salary +,,,$ ta% !,,);


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Exam#'e ! Persistent Curs!rs *

create or replace package pciscursor c# is select * #rom emp;

procedure pp1;procedure pp!;c c#rotype;end ;

create or replace package body pc isprocedure pp1 is begin

open c#; loop #etc c# into c; dbms_output.put_line(c.empno00''00c.ename00''00c.sal); e%it en c#rocount ; end loop; end pp1;procedure pp! is begin loop #etc c# into c; dbms_output.put_line(c.empno00''00c.ename00''00c.sal); e%it en c#rocount 2; end loop; close c#; end pp!;end;


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#)

PR/TN LE+ELS

P34564 378"39C"_37:737C78


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#1

Pac(age Body Code 7

create or replace pac&ae bo%y pramapac&ae

as

function etTotalcommission in numberD

return number

is

salary number - @1

bein

select a into salary from pt< "#ere a


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#2

return area1

en%1

en%1

E(ample of RNPS

Pac&ae Specification Co%e

create or replace pac&ae purityle,el<

as

sellinprice number - @@@1

ta( number - I@1

proce%ure cust%etails1

PRAGA RESTR7CTRE*ERENCES cust%etails5 RNPSD1en%1

Pac&ae !o%y Co%e $$

create or replace pac&ae bo%y purityle,el<

as

proce%ure cust%etails

is

bein

7nsert into pt< ,aluespurityle,el


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#3

RE* C6RSORS

Limitations of a normal cursors are $$

1< - PL.SQL !rogram cannot pass a cursor as a parameter to anoter !rogram6

2< - PL.SQL !rogram can only o!en te cursor and process t#e information "it#int#e proram itself.

To o0ercome tese limitations tere is a conce!t o* RE* C6RSOR 6

*eatures of RE* C6RSOR $$

1< Tere can be a TNPE o* re* cursor6 Te 0ariable o* tis TNPE can be used to

!ass te !arameters to a !rogram and return 0alue *rom te cursor6

2< Te 0ariable o* RE% CRS'R ty!e returns te same data ty!e as te cursor0ariable6

3< Te cursor 0ariable is !assed as a !arameter to a !rocedure6

4< Te cursor 0ariable ta(es all te ros *rom te s!eci*ied table65< Tese ros are gi0en to te bind 0ariable6

So te !arameter !assed sould satis*y to conditions 77 a< Te !arameter sould be ta(en *rom te T:PE of Ref Cursor. b< /t sould be o* 7N O6T mode6

"< %inally te data retrie0ed by te cursor 0ariable can be seen troug te bind

0ariable6 %or tis te data ty!e o* te bind 0ariable sould be RE%CRS'R6

$< ile eecuting te !rocedure bind 0ariable sould be directly gi0en6 -nd ten by !rint statement te data is dis!layed6

&< Te cursor 0ariableGs data structure and te !rocedure bloc(Gs data structure sould

be same6

A%,antae of RE* C6RSOR$$

%&tually we &an get the view of the entire data of the table with simpli&ity using 'E #'SO'*

itout using re* cursor i* e a0e to acie0e tis ten te !arameter !assed ill

be o* 0ariable ty!eand ten te user as to manual loo! using cursor to *etc all te records6 :ere in

RE% CRS'R tere is no need o* loo!ing6


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#4

E(ample of RE* C6RSOR

Pac&ae Specification

create or re!lace !ac(age PRC as

TNPE Em!RC /S RE% CRS'R RETR, em!Mroty!e

TNPE 9e!tRC /S RE% CRS'R RETR, de!tMroty!e

Procedure Em!9etails;0e /, 'T Em!RC


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#5

T:PES

sers can create teir on data ty!es by combining !re0iously de*ined data ty!es

-lso called 'bXect ty!es

'bXect ty!es made u! o* attributes and members

Creating ty!e /n*o ic olds te attributes

Create or re!lace ty!e /n*o as 'BZECT

; ,ame 0arcar2;3)


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#$

Alterin types

'roppin t#e typeY

To dro! a ty!e *irst all te tables in ic tat ty!e is used sould be dro!!ed ten only

te ty!e can be dro!!ed6

6serTypes is te in built table *or ty!e in*ormation6

select ty!eDnamety!ecode *rom userDty!es

Alterin types

Te attributeUs data ty!e siIe can be increased at any time6

create or re!lace ty!e as obXect

; number;3


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#&

+ARRA:

-lso (non as 0arying arrays

/t is an aggregation o* 0alues stored in a single column

- single column in te database ould !oint to a grou! o* elements

Can associate a single identi*ier it an entire collection Can re*erence te entire collection as a ole or access te elements indi0idually

To access indi0idual elements use standard subscri!ting synta i6e6

arrayDname;subscri!t<

aimum siIe must be s!eci*ied at time o* de*inition

/nde as a *ied loer bound o* 1 and an etensible u!!er bound

A ,aryin array allo"s to store repeatin attributes of a recor% in a sinle

ro".

Steps for Creatin +ARRA:s

Create a ty!e ic ill old in*ormation *or a single line item

Create an array o* ty!e (non as +array ty!e olding multi!le 0alues o* a

!articular ty!e

Create a table a0ing one o* te columns (non as 0array column based on te

+array ty!e

T#e S:NTAJ for creatin a +ARRA:

CREATE T:PE ,arraytypenameF

AS +ARRA:limitD O* typeF1

E(ample /n a *actory table tere are or(ers using di**erent tools6 Eac or(er isusing say 3 numbers o* tools6 Tus i* a single or(er is ta(ing 3 tools ten tat or(erUs

name ill come trice in te table6 So tere ill be data redundancy6 +arrays ill re!eat

0alues tat cange *or a !articular column ic ill sa0e te storage s!ace6

A set of ro"s is repeate% in one column in ,array.

Step < Create an ,array #ol%in elements of ,arc#ar==@D.

create or replace type TOOLS+A as ,arrayD of ,arc#ar==@D1

Step = $ Create a table #a,in one of t#e column as t#e ,array column

base% on t#e ,array type.

create table *actory ;name 0arcar2;2)< !rimary (ey

tools TOOLS+A


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##

Step 7nsertin recor% in t#e factory table

7nsert into factory ,alues >o#n>5 TOOLS+A >)ammer>5 >Sle%e>5 >'rill>DD1

7nsert into factory ,alues >Smit#>5 TOOLS+A >Scre" Gaue>5 >)ammer>5 >AJ>DD1

7nsert into factory ,alues >artin>5 TOOLS+A null5 >Sle%e>5 nullDD1

To see names of tools for eac# "or&er.

select %6,ame +68 *rom %actory % TA!LE;%6Tools< +

+ is an alias table created *or te tool names6 T-BLE *unction is used to sim!li*y te !rocess o* selecting data *rom 0arying arrays6

Conditional records

To see records o* !ersons a0ing :ammer tool

select %6,ame +68 *rom %actory % T-BLE;%6Tools< +

ere +6Column+alue F G:ammerG

Summary records

To see count o* tools *or eac !erson

select %6,ame CountColumn+alueD*rom %actory % T-BLE;%6Tools< +rou! By %6,ame

6p%atin +ARRA:s

/ndi0idual elements cannot be u!dated

Entire +-RR-N as to be u!dated i* one o* te elements as to be canged

To c#ane t#e ,alue of first in%e( tool of artin from null to +ernier C

u!date *actory

set tools F toolsD0a;>+ernier C>GSledgeG ,LL<ere name F GartinG


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1))

Creatin customi2e% an% a%,ance report usin PL/SQL bloc&s

'isplayin %ata from t#e ,array column

declare

cursor c* is select 8 *rom *actory

0c* c*Mroty!e begin

*or 0c* in c*

loo!

.8Tis loo! is *or te normal column name68. dbmsDout!ut6!utDline;GContact ,ame GHH 0c*6name


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1)1

dbmsDout!ut6!utDline;G777777777777777777777777777 G


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1)2

end loo!

end loo! i* count'*Sa*t:olders F ) ten

dbmsDout!ut6!utDline;GSorry tere are no sa*t oldersG


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1)3

Creating a 0array *rom a ty!e

ulti!le attributes *or a single record and multi!le sets o* attributes *or a single record6

create or re!lace ty!e ontlyDSales as 'bXect

;ont +arcar2;3


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1)4

Nested "a('e• "able itin a table

• 4 table is represented as a column itin anoter table

• "here is n! 'imit t! the num(er ! r!.s in the nested ta('e !r each

r!. in the main ta('e0• >asically used #or mapping masterdetail relationsips beteen tables.

i.e. 7n t#e parent table t#ere "oul% be one column5 "#ic# "ill store t#e location of

t#e neste% table.

Ste#s !r Creating Nested "a('es Create a type ic ill old in#ormation #or a single line item (tis

represents te nested table details) Create "ype o# "able to old details #or te multiple ros o# te nested

table (tis ill be te nested details nested table type) Create te master table it one o# te columns ic ill old te nested

table typeCreating a Nested "a('e

S3N"45C6E4"E "3PE 7nested$ta('e$ty#e$name84S "49LE OF 7ty#ename8:

7%ample "ere is main table :are_"ab1.9t as columns suc as 3oute_Coe$3oute_=esc$?rigin$=estination$ :irts_:are$>us_:are$7co_:are and @ourney_rs.

"ere is a type as table :s_st_"ype. "is type table olds column suc as :ligtno$ 4irbusno$=eprt_"ime$:ligt_=ay1 and :ligt_=ay!.

o e are trying to establis te relation beteen :are_"ab1 table and tistype table :s_st_"ype.

?ne route_code #rom :are_"ab1 table can old multiple :ligtno$ 4irbusno$=eprt_"ime$ :ligt_=ay1 and :ligt_=ay!. :or tis purpose e illcreate a column in :are_"ab1 table ic ill so details o# te :s_st_"ype#or a particular route_code. 8o tat column actually represents te nested table.


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1)5

Ste# ; B7 o# :ligt_8c_"ype;

Ste#>


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1)"

9nsert into :are_"abDalues ('5oa>an'$ '5oa >angalore'$ '5oa'$ '>angalore'$ +-,$ ,,$ !,,$ $ Fs$Nst$"y#e + F'ight$Sch$"y#e+AF=A2 A49B;A2A BBA2;2>&2

F'ight$Sch$"y#e+AF>A2A49B=A2 A;;BBA2 >2 %& & &:

Eere in tis insert statement #or one route_code '5oa>an' ! nested ros o# :!and : are inserted.

Dis#'aying the data ! the nested ta('e c!'umns an')

"$ :are_"ab1 ere ".:ligtno ':!';

In Orac'e i "a('e uncti!n is used instead ! "GE c'ause .hich ma)es theuery ,ery easy t! understand

select route_code$ ".#ligt_day1$ t.#ligt_day!$".=eprt_"ime$".#ligtno #rom :are_"ab$ "able(:are_"ab.:ligt_8c_=et) " ere route_code '5oa>an' 4nd ".#ligtno ':'

S! Syntax in i isSe'ect master$ta('e$c!'s2 4'ias0Neste$"a('e$C!'sFr!m aster$"a('e2 "a('e+aster$"a('e0Nested$"a('e& 4'ias

"o see all attribute columns o# te ested "able e can use * it alias name o#te nested table Fselect route_code$ ".*#rom :are_"ab1$ "able(:are_"ab1.:ligt_8c_=et) "


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1)$

ere route_code '5oa>an' 4nd ".#ligtno ':'

U#dating the nested r!. in i

S3N"45UPD4"E "GE +SELEC" 7nested$c!'umn8F6O 7master$ta('e8WGE6E 7master$ta('e$c!nditi!n8& 7nested$a'ias8SE" 7nested$a'ias807attri(ute;$name8 7,a'ue820002WGE6E 7nested$ta('e$c!nditi!n8:

"! change the ,a'ue ! 'ight$day; r!m > t! % !r the F'ightn! F> !n ther!ute$c!de AH!aB7(select nested_table_name) :rom 6aster_"able


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1)&

De'eting a r!. r!m the nested ta('e

S3N"45 in i

DELE"E F6O "GE

+SELEC" 7nested$c!'umn8F6O 7master$ta('e8WGE6E 7master$ta('e$c!nditi!n8& 7nested$a'ias8WGE6E 7nested$ta('e$c!nditi!n8:

"! de'ete the detai's ! 'ightn! AF=A !r the r!ute$c!de AH!a


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1)#

Dierence 9et.een 46643s and Nested "a('es

46643s

6a%imum siIe speci#ied attime o# de#inition

=ata is stored inline

3etain teir ordering and

subscripts en stored indatabase

Nested "a('es

o ma%imum siIe =ata is stored outo#line in a

store table =o not retain ordering and

subscripts en stored indatabase

When t! use Nested "a('es instead ! 46643s


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!file an% LO!s!file Binary *ile ;tet sound image or 0ideo< is stored outside te database6 Telocator to tat *ile is stored in te database6 B*ile data is read only *or oracle6

L'B !LO! and CLO! are te to ty!es o* L'Bs6 B is binary and C is caracter data6

L'B *iles are stored inside te database6 Since te *iles are inside db tey can bemani!ulated toroug oracle6 - ma o* 4B data can be stored in a BL'B or CL'B data

ty!e6

'irectory is a non7scema obXect oned by =SNS> user6 /t is used *or managing te

o!erating system *iles ;tat are eternal to oracle


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Ste! 4 Create a table mytable it to *ields *ileDid and *ileDdata

Create table mytable

;*ileDid number

file%ata clob


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CRE-TE 'R REPL-CE PR'CE9RE insertclob ;!D*ileDid number *ilename

+-RC:-R2<

-S 0Dclob CL'B

0Db*ile B%/LE

BE/, /,SERT /,T' mytable +-LES ;!D*ileDidem!tyDclob;


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Note 9 2n a session, the number of B%2L6s that can be opened in one session is limitedb the parameter session5ma$5open5files and total number of files that can be open is

limited b the parameter ma$5open5files. #hese parameters are to be setted in the

init.ora file session5ma$5open5files:0'

ma$5open5files:'"

T#e '!SLO!.REA' Proce%ure

Reads data *rom L'B starting at s!eci*ied o**set

9BSDL'B6RE-9;loc num offset buff <

ere

loc is locator o* te L'B

num is number o* bytes.caracters to be read

offset is o**set in bytes.caracters *rom te start o* te L'Bbuff is out!ut bu**er *or te read o!eration

Eam!le To retrie0e a !art o* data *rom te *irst recordUs

*ileDdata column

declare

0Dclob clob

num numbero**set number

0store 0arcar2;2)


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ere *ileDid F 1

'!SLO!.REA',clob5num5offset5,storeD1

dbmsDout!ut6!utDline;0store


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Eam!le1o* Erase metod

9BSDL'B6Erase

Synta 7 9BSDL'B6Erase;Source ,o6 o* caracters to erase

Position *rom ere it as to erase<

To remo0e some tet *rom clob column

Remo0ing te *irst 5 caracters o* *ileDdata column *or *ileDid 2

9eclare

loc clob num number

o**set number

Begin

num F 5 o**set F 1

select *ileDdata into loc *rom mytable ere *ileDid F 1

9BSDL'B6Erase;locnumo**set


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TR7GGERS

/t is a stored PL.SQL !rogram unit associated it a s!eci*ic database

table

'racle eecutes ;*ires< te trigger automatically ene0er a gi0enSQL o!eration a**ects te table

Tey are in0o(ed im!licitly

Tey are use*ul *or customiIing a database

Tey sould be used only en necessary

Can automatically generate deri0ed column 0alues

Can !re0ent in0alid transactions

Can en*orce com!le security autoriIations

Can en*orce re*erential integrity across nodes in a distributed database

Can en*orce com!le business rules Can !ro0ide trans!arent e0ent logging

Can !ro0ide so!isticated auditing

Can maintain syncronous table re!licates

Can gater statistics on table access

Can deri0e column 0alues automatically

Can restrict 9L o!erations to regular business ours

Synta( $$CRE-TE V'R REPL-CEW TR/ER @triggernameA

BE%'REH-%TER

/,SERTH9ELETEHP9-TE '% @columnnamesA ', @tablenameA

V%'R E-C: R'W

:E, ;@conditionA<

@PL.SQL Bloc(A

,ame in te ', clause identi*ies te database table associated it te

trigger

Te trigger e0ent s!eci*ies te SQL 9L statement ;/,SERT 9ELETE orP9-TE< tat a**ects te table

-%TER s!eci*ies tat te trigger *ires a*ter te mani!ulation is done

BE%'RE s!eci*ies tat te trigger *ires be*ore te mani!ulation is

done

By de*ault a trigger *ires once !er table

11$


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%'R E-C: R' s!eci*ies tat te trigger *ires once !er ro

%or te trigger to *ire te Boolean e!ression in te :E, clause

must e0aluate to TRE

REPL-CE can be added to te CRE-TE statement to dro! and re7

create te trigger automaticallyCRE-TE TR/ER *ligtDu!date

-%TER /,SERT ', reser0ation

%'R E-C: R'

BE/,

/% ne6class F %U T:E,

statements

ELS/% ne6class F BU T:E,

statements

E,9 /%

E,9

Pre*i ne is a correlation name tat re*ers to te nely u!dated

column 0alue

itin a trigger te ne and old 0alues o* canging ros can be

re*erenced

- single trigger can andle more tan one o!eration

se conditional !redicates to identi*y te ty!e o* statement used to

in0o(e te section o* code

E(amples of Triers $ Ro" Le,el

A*TER clause

1<

77 ain table

create table tem!as

select 8 *rom em!

77 Table to trans*er inserted record

create table instem!

as

11&


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select enamesal

*rom em!

ere 1F2

;#ene,er a ro" is inserte% in t#e temp table t#en t#at ne" ro"

s#oul% be transferre% in t#e instemp table

Create or re!lace trigger trig1

-*ter /,SERT on tem!

%or Eac Ro

Begin

/nsert into /nsTem!

+alues;ne6ename ne6sal


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*rom em!

ere 1F2

ene0er a record is u!dated *rom te tem! table ten te old record

soul go in u!tem! table

create or re!lace trigger trig3

-*ter P9-TE on tem!

%or Eac Ro

Begin

/nsert into !tem!

+alues;old6ename old6salD1

En% 7f1

En%1

=D $$To pre,ent user from %eletin recor%s of sal F I@@

12)


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Create or re!lace trigger trig4

Be*ore 9ELETE on tem!

%or Eac Ro

Begin

i* old6sal AF 35)) Ten

raiseDa!!licationDerror;72)))5GCannot delete records o* sal greater

tan or eual to 35))G


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end

6se of ;#en Cluase

create or re!lace trigger useo*en

a*ter insert on tem!

*or eac ro

"#en ne".Uob >CLER>D

.8-*ter any cler( record is inserted in te tem! table te date and time o*

entry ill be inserted in te table reco*cler(8.

begin

insert into reco*cler(

0alues;sysdate toDcar;sysdateGmissG


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dbmsDout!ut6!utDline;G-*ter ro le0elG


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End

4< ene0er a record is deleted *rom em! table ten te count o* records

remaining sould be re*resed in te a log table countDem!

create table countDem! ;noDo*Drecords number


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Combinin 'L e,ents in one Trier

$$Combinin all 'L in one !ein bloc&

$$Any 'L s#oul% be trace% in t#e table eepTrace

create table Oee!Trace

;username 0arcar2;3)


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Callin a proce%ure insi%e a trier

create table Em!Summary

;TotalDSalary number


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create or re!lace trigger trig11

a*ter delete on tem!1

*or eac ro

begin

insert into tem!1 ;em!noename< 0alues;$&G!rG


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On 6p%ate Casca%e

Similar to on %elete casca%e built in for primary an% forein

&ey interity.

create table st

;roll number

name 0arcar2;4)


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7nstea% Of Triers

Pro0ides a trans!arent ay o* modi*ying 0ies tat cannot be

modi*ied directly troug /,SERT P9-TE or 9ELETE statements

because underlying tables contain Xoins /t is called /,STE-9 '% because 'racle *ires te trigger instead o*

te triggering statement;s<

sers can be trans!arent to te trigger because tey rite normal

9L statements against te 0ie and te /,STE-9 '% trigger is

used to ta(e care o* te modi*ications

/t can be !laced on 'bXect +ies to insert u!date or delete data in te

underlying relational tables

CRE-TE TR/ER em!Dinsert

/,STE-9 '% /,SERT ', em!D0ie

BE/,

statements

E,9


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insert into r

0alues;1#)


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=D E(ample of 7nstea% of 7nsert

Create or re!lace trigger tig14

/nstead '* /,SERT on SR

%or Eac Ro

Begin

.8/nserting te ne record into bot te tables s and r68.

/nsert into s

0alues;ne6rollno ne6name


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''L E+ENT TR7GGERS Can be create% by '!AD


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create or re!lace trigger PutD9ro!D'bXs

After 'ROP ON Scott.Sc#ema

Begin

/nsert into Scottdro!

+alues;ora%ictobUname SysdateD

Ten

raiseDa!!licationDerror;72))"$GCannot dro! column 2G


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Assinments

Note 9 All the programs are based on the demonstration tables emp and dept. Beforee$ecuting the 1ueries please ensure that the standard records default" are present.

1< /* te 4t record in te em! table o* te Xob -,-ERU ten dis!lay te entire

record ;eac 0alue se!arated by an y!en


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12< sing ile loo! tecniue dis!lay all te multi!les o* $ beteen 31 and 4&6

13< Create a table /ns!ectionD9etails tat as one column Readings o* numeric ty!e6

sing !l.sl bloc( add numbers ic as te di**erence o* )616 Te numbers sould be

beteen )61 and "6&6

14< 9is!lay te names o* te em!loyees o are earning salary less tan te a0erage

salary o* teir on Xobs6

15< 9is!lay te di**erence o* salary beteen te oldest and te latest em!loyee6

1"< Create a !rocedure tat ill ta(e de!artment name as a !arameter6 Te !roceduresould delete te record o* te em!loyees *rom te em! table only *or te de!artment

name !assed6

1$< Create a *unction ic ill so 2)M o* te raised salary *or eac em!loyee6

1&< Create a !rocedure ic ill so te total igest loest and a0erage o* tesalary *or te Xob6 ;Zob ty!e is te !arameter to be !assed6<

1#< Create a trigger ic ill not allo records to be entered beteen 1 and 2 !m onee(days6

2)< Create one trigger ic ill allo insert u!date and delete *or a 0ie ic is

based on an inner Xoin beteen tables em! and de!t6

21< Create a trigger ic ill not allo records getting inserted in table T1U i* te

b * d i bl i di

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