Plough
-
Upload
ramasubbu-p -
Category
Education
-
view
1.851 -
download
0
description
Transcript of Plough
![Page 1: Plough](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062418/555a27f6d8b42ab3088b4b7e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Tillage
Chapter #10
![Page 2: Plough](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062418/555a27f6d8b42ab3088b4b7e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What is Tillage?
the practice of keeping the soil mellow (soft) and free from weeds mechanically (physically)
can be seedbed preparation or postemergence cultivation
![Page 3: Plough](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062418/555a27f6d8b42ab3088b4b7e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What are the purposes of tillage?
1) develop soil tilth (physical condition of the soil)
2) kill weeds 3) manage crop residue
![Page 4: Plough](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062418/555a27f6d8b42ab3088b4b7e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
What is a seedbed? place where seeds germinate & nourish
young plants must be firm to allow seed to come in
contact with soil particles to absorb moisture
must be pourous to allow air to move, root development, water movement
water will not easily penetrate hard soil to get to roots
![Page 5: Plough](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062418/555a27f6d8b42ab3088b4b7e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Seedbed Characteristics if soil is too loose, rain will wash away
young plants some soils have excess water oxygen is needed by roots air and water conduct heat more rapidly
than soil, looser soils warm up sooner plant residue on surface insulates,
warms up slower, also provides buffer against wind
![Page 6: Plough](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062418/555a27f6d8b42ab3088b4b7e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
What is Soil Tilth?
The physical condition of the soil fitness for cultivation
![Page 7: Plough](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062418/555a27f6d8b42ab3088b4b7e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
How is good soil tilth developed?
till at proper time to maintain proper aggregation
too wet during tillage makes soil lumpy, too dry during tillage makes soil too fine and likely to blow
over tillage will destroy soil structure and lead to soil compaction
![Page 8: Plough](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062418/555a27f6d8b42ab3088b4b7e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
What is the definition of a weed?
a plant that grows out of place -tillage can cut roots or bury weeds
![Page 9: Plough](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062418/555a27f6d8b42ab3088b4b7e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Is crop residue a benefit or detriment?
definitely a benefit helps control erosion, retain water,
improve tilth
![Page 10: Plough](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062418/555a27f6d8b42ab3088b4b7e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
What is primary tillage?
the first tillage operation of a season loosen soil to permit air and water to
penetrate dark soils absorb light, warm up quicker residue insulates, warms slower in wet areas soil is plowed in dry areas leave residue
![Page 11: Plough](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062418/555a27f6d8b42ab3088b4b7e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
What are the types of tillage equipment?
• Moldboard Plow: inverts soil, turns residue under soil surface
![Page 12: Plough](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062418/555a27f6d8b42ab3088b4b7e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Disk Plow
rolling disks, similar to moldboard plow, better in sticky soils
![Page 13: Plough](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062418/555a27f6d8b42ab3088b4b7e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
One-Way Disk Plow
for dry soils, leaves more residue on soil surface than moldboard and disk plow
![Page 14: Plough](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062418/555a27f6d8b42ab3088b4b7e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
What is summerfallow?
tilling uncropped land in summer primary tillage is deepest, rest shallower leave residue
![Page 15: Plough](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062418/555a27f6d8b42ab3088b4b7e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Chisel Plow
does not invert soil, uses chisels or sweeps that shatter the soil
leaves residue on surface
![Page 16: Plough](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062418/555a27f6d8b42ab3088b4b7e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
What is Hardpan?
compacted soil layer below the soil surface
created by continuous tillage at the same depth
![Page 17: Plough](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062418/555a27f6d8b42ab3088b4b7e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
How can hardpan be corrected?
use a subsoiler
![Page 18: Plough](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062418/555a27f6d8b42ab3088b4b7e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Disk Harrow
similar to disk plow except smaller discs, tandem. cuts residue, but leaves on surface
![Page 19: Plough](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062418/555a27f6d8b42ab3088b4b7e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
What is secondary tillage?
all tillage operations after primary till at shallower depth
![Page 20: Plough](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062418/555a27f6d8b42ab3088b4b7e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Plough](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062418/555a27f6d8b42ab3088b4b7e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Spike-Tooth Harrow
steel spikes that break soil crust, uproot small weeds
![Page 22: Plough](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062418/555a27f6d8b42ab3088b4b7e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Rod Weeder
rod turns as it is pulled beneath the soil rod turns opposite direction as wheels,
lifts weeds and coarse material to surface
packs seedbed
![Page 23: Plough](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062418/555a27f6d8b42ab3088b4b7e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Rotary Hoe
hoe wheels on long shaft dig into soil (shallow)
usually mounted on tractor for row crops
![Page 24: Plough](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062418/555a27f6d8b42ab3088b4b7e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
What is minimum tillage?
delay primary tillage until seeding
![Page 25: Plough](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062418/555a27f6d8b42ab3088b4b7e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
What are the benefits of minimum tillage?
1) soil surface is left covered residue (conserve moisture)
2) redidue protects soil from erosion
3) reduced costs (fewer operations)
4) soil tilth improved (less compaction) -Weeds are controlled with chemicals
![Page 26: Plough](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062418/555a27f6d8b42ab3088b4b7e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
What is stripcropping?
alternating summerfallow and cropped fields
![Page 27: Plough](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062418/555a27f6d8b42ab3088b4b7e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
What is contour tillage?
strip cropping so that fields are all at the same elevation (along hills)
slows water runoff
![Page 28: Plough](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062418/555a27f6d8b42ab3088b4b7e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
What is Terracing?
earth structure built across the slope to hold water
![Page 29: Plough](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062418/555a27f6d8b42ab3088b4b7e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)