•.. ; ~ ..... ·= .,,. • • ~- < ..• ,. ·.~ . •• "

•". ,. •:I

~: • .:t •• • '\" ~ !

.; ·<'

Pyram..s -·and.this~ : .·.:.::. · ··~::.;·-:_.~:-:~:-.. ·_ : .. . . . Shakespeare'-~ R~ and Jali~f~. ;:._plOt :·similar :- to Ovicr s tale of

Pyrarntii and Thisbe.- ·The. siofyJ( ~f 1'i .B~J(mia. Pyramtts· and Thisbe live in a duplex, -a ,house wit;h ~~;watt: amt. they have: fallen in love with each other; -·.~~ ~~!~.~#µi:.~dr~ge~ - the two meet to converse' and ·S'eJ'id lds~~S» fb.toi:rgh ... a·. cnrck~ m~ the· wall, but -when love bcCOmes too powerful· and the~ w.iilf too!-~®'able1'. the 'two lovers decide to meet ur the woods at tn¢ iorob ~.Nib,.. :it~ a: mulberry tree. Thisbe comes firSt ·and drQps ·~r ·· veil, P."t. fflg~. ~, •~Jf~ in ~ cave in fear of a lion all bloody · fr~ :a ~nt km: 11:\e lion .-~,- the veil with its blooqy mouth and departs~ :Tiieti ~ ~ '$i~. sees· This~'s veil all bloody; ' agonizing over liiS' tardy: 'ilnivali ':1le :~:~lf. :Thishe_ ~en comes from the cave, sees: the- body and 'bkX>dy ~PJ: ~-~es that she has been the cause of Pyramus'· ~·~ ll:L~~ ~~ :pl\t~ .·ttie dagger into herself. The mulberry ~- wIµCft: up Mi~ 'had ~~~~ ~es. now' bears purple fruit from the bl~~ gr,qy,~~~=~·,~,;--?d thep_arents bury the _ ashes of the two ~tili;in .a: siftile,;um:~b~ u.sed~ story of Pyr- -amus and Thisbe as :tb.i play~~ ))y ~GK:l~P~~ -in Midsummer Night's Dr~am. · ··---.-,._._. , · ''"'._:"··, -·

~ """'.. . ..

Notes

Chapter XV PYRAMUS ET THISBE (pars prTma)

Pyramus iuvenis pulcherrimus et Thisbe virgo fOrmosissima domos vicinas tenuerunt. Amantes erant, et amor tempore crevit. Parentes amorem mvenum prohibere temptaverunt. Sed amor viam facit. Fissum erat in pariete domuum quod 1 nemo per multos annos viderat. Amantes hoc fissum primi viderant (quid amor non sentit?) et iter vocis fecerunt. Pyramus stabat hinc, illinc Thisbe, et per fissum verba mollia2 murmurabant. Nocte, "Vale," dicebant et utrimque oscula dabant.

Deinde Pyramus et Thisbe, duo amantes, consilium habent. Nocte tallere parentes et domos relinquere temptabunt. Cum reliquerint domos et oppidum, ad tumulum Nini3 sub arborem convenient. Arbor est moms, uberrima pomis al bis, 4 vicina fonti.

Primo Thisbe pervenit et sub arbore sedet. Ecce venit leo qui aquas lnntis bibere desiderat. Quia recens leo animal necaverat, cruor erat in ore. Procul This be I eon em videt et in speluncam obsciiram f ugit. Ubi f ugit, tlamina relinquit quae leo ore cruento laniat. 5

Nunc venit Pyramus; vestigia leonis et velamina cruenta Thisbes vidit. Miserrimus dixit, "Una nox mortem duorum amantium viderit. Tii fuisti i lignissima vita longa. Ego sum causa mortis tuae. Ego iussi te venire nocte 111 loca periculosa nee ego hiic prior veni. 0 venite, 6 leones, devorate meum orpus! Sed est timidum solum optare mortem!" Portavit velamina Thisbes

1d arborem, dedit oscula lacrimasque; clamavit, "Ego quoque mortem ~uucram"; itaque gladio se necavit. Sub arbore iacuit, et gladium e vulnere

11 1 1t Cruor in herbam emicat' ut fons; ubi radicem arboris m6ri4 tangit, 1)(nna alba facit purpurea.

1 In the wall ~f the hou.ves was a crack which . . . ·•H words.

1 It the· tomb of Ninus. I mulbern• tree, very heavy with white .fruit; mori, of the mulberry ; do not confuse with

""' ' tlic the infinitive of the deponent morior. H I ·h the lion tears with it.'I b/oodt• mouth. • om1 1mperat1ve, pl. · '•·• t up

123

Translation Notes

124 Latin via Ovid

Verba

Certain words will appear in the vocabulary with an asterisk (*) beside them. These words will be required to be learned as valuable additions to the student's vocabulary. The others are necessary for the reading, but need not be acquired at this time.

NOUNS

*amlns, amantis, c. •consilium, -ii, n. •cruor, -aris, m. *domus, -lis, f fissum, -i, n.

*gladius, -ii, m. *herba, -ae,f *iter, itioeris, n. le0, le6nis, m.

*mors, mortis, -ium, f. *parens, parentis, c. paries, parietis, m. p6mum, -i, n.

*Pyramus, -i, m. radix, radicis, f.

*tempos, -oris, n. *Thisbe, -is, f. tumulus, -i, m. vetlmen, -inis, n.

*vestigium, -ii, n.

one who loves, a lover plan, advice blood house, home crack sword grass road, path, way lion death parent wall fruit, apple Pyramus (a youth) root, radish time Thisbe (a maiden) grave, mound garment, covering track, footstep

VERBS

*bibO, -ere, bibi, bibitum •convenio, -ire, -vmi, -ventum fallo, -ere, fefelli, falsum

*fugio, -ere, fiigi, -itmn murmuro ( 1) opti> (1)

•pervenio, -ire, -veni, -ventmn •quaero, -ere, quaesivi, quaesitum *quaesl, -ere; quaelO (te) •relinquo, -ere, re6qui, relictum *sentii>, -ire, sensi, -sum

drink meet, assemble deceive flee murmur wish for, desire arrive seek, ask, inquire seek, beg; I beg (you), please leave behind feel, know, sense

•traho, -ere, traxi, -ctum •veniO, -ire, veni, ventum

XV Pyramus et Thisbe (pars prima) 125

draw, draw out, drag come

ADJECTIVES

*albus, -a, -um cruentus, -a, -um

*dignus, -a, -um + abl. prior, prius (comparative) purpureus, -a, -um

*vicious, -a, -um + dat.

white bloody worthy (of) before, earlier purple neighboring, near (to)

OTHER WORDS

•e (ex) + abl. *hinc illinc procul

*qui, quae, quod •quia rec ens

•sub + acc. or abl. *ut utrimque

Structure

out of, from, out from here, on this side, hence there, on that side, thence at a distance who, which because recently under, beneath as, like on each side, on both sides

89. Fourth conjugation. The infinitive ending of the fourth conjugation is -ire: venire. To the stem veni- are added the personal endings. Notice how similar the fourth conjugation is to the third -io.

Third -io Conjugation fugio, fugere

fugiii I flee, am fleeing,

fugis fugit fugimus fugitis fugiunt

do flee

Fourth Conjugation venio, venire

veniO I come, am coming,

venis venit venimus venitis veniunt

do come

The vowel of the fourth conjugation is -i-, but it, like all vowels, must be shortened before final -t or -nt. Notice that the accent is on the penult in

126 Latin via Ovid

the first and second person plural of the fourth conjugation because of the long vowel.

Imperfect tense: veniebam, veniebis, veniebat, veniebimus, veniebitis, veniebant

Perfect tense: veni, venisti, venit, venimus, venistis, venerunt Past perfect tense: veneram, veneris, venerat, venerimus, veneritis,

venerant Future perfect tense: venero, veneris, venerit, venerimus, veneritis,

venerint

90. Future tense, all conjugations. The greatest difference between the first and second conjugations and the third and fourth conjugations is in the formation of the future tense. The tense sign for the future in the.first and second conjugations is -bi-,8 but in the third andfourth, the sign is -e.9 The English auxiliary is shall (will) for the future: "I shall love, you will love, he will love, we shall love, you (pl.) will love, they will love."

First Second Third Third-io Fourth amabo veniam amabis amabit amabimus amabitis amabunt

venies veniet veniemus venietis venient

~ REMEMBER THESE SIGNS I -e- I

91. Synopsis of the verb. A short-cut method for reviewing the forms of a verb is the synopsis, a presentation of a single person and number of the verb in all tenses. A synopsis of voco, vocire, vocivi, vocitum in the third person singular, all tenses, follows:

Present Imperfect Future Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect

vocat vocibat vocibit vocivit vociverat vociverit

92. Figures of speech: simile. The comparison of two ideas, using like or as to introduce the compared image is called simile. It is a device much used

8 Note -oo for first person singular and -bu- for third person plural. 9 Note that -e- becomes -a- in the first person singular.

XV Pyramus et Thisbe (pars prima) 127

by poets, and although the idea of gore spouting up, fountain-like, may be a bit too graphic for a poetic image today, it is, nevertheless, the simile used by Ovid, although the original compares the spurting up to a jet ,. stream from a broken pipe.

Cruor emicat, ut fons ••• The blood spurts out, like a fountain ...

93. Superlative of adjectives in -er. The superlative of adjectives which end in -er is formed by adding -rimus, -a, -um to the nominative masculine singular.

pulcher, -chra, -ch rum miser, misera, miserum sacer,sacra,sacrum

pulcherrimus, -a, -um most beautiful miserrimus, -a, -um most unhappy sacerrimus, -a, -um most sacred

94. Declension of domus. Domus is irregular, being formed in part like a fourth declension noun (see Sec. 101) and in part like a second declension noun in the accusative and ablative. Remember also that it is a feminine noun ending in -us:

Norn. Gen. Dat. Acc. Ab/. Loc. 10

Singular do mus domiis, domi domui, domo do mum domii, domo do mi

Exercises

I. Respondete Latine, quaeso.

1. Quis est Pyramus? Quis est This be? 2. Ubi habitabant? 3. Qui amorem iuvenum prohibuerunt? 4. Ubi fissum erat? 5. Quid est consilium iuvenum? 6. Ubi convenient? 7. Quis venit primo? 8. Quis adest quoque? 9. Quid fecit leo? Quid fecit Thisbe?

IO. Quid colorem pomorum miitavit?

Plural domiis domuum, domorum domibus domos, domiis domibus

10 Locative is the place-where case: at home-domi. It exists also with names of cities, towns, and small islands, resembling the genitive in the singular of nouns of the first and second declensions: Romae, at Rome.

Answer these question in Quia in Latin. The story gives you the words.***

128 Latin via Ovid

II A. Conjugate in all six tenses: peto, petere; fugiii, fugere; sentio, sentire.

B. Give a synopsis of: relinquo 3rd person singular quaero I st person singular facio 3rd personal plural pervenio lst person plural

III. Change each verb to the future tense:

I. luvenes oscula utrimque dant. dabunt 2. J>yramus velamina Thisbes videt. 3. pyramus primus non venit. 4. Leo virgini non nocet. 5. Amor viam facit. 6. Amantes domos relinquunt. 7. pYramus se necat. 8. Poma non sunt alba. 9. Cruor colorem pomorum mfitavit.

10. Leo virginem non devori.vit.

IV. From the following list of adverbs, choose the correct one for each sentence: hinc, illinc, hiic, hie, ibi, olim, deinde, denique, recens, bene, prior' procul, subito, utrimque, statim.

I. J>yramus (here) in herba iacet. 2. Loo (to this place) non venit. 3. (On this side) stabat pYramus, (on that side) Thisbe. 4. (Once upon a time) erat arbor albis pomis in silva. 5. Oscula (on each side) dabant. 6 ... Ego (earlier) hiic non veni," dixit pYramus. 7. (Then) pYramus velamina vidit. 8. Thisbe (f.!om a distance) leonem vidit. 9. (Immediately) Pyramus vestigia leonis vidit.

10. (Finally) pYramus quoque mortem quaesivit.

V. Translate into Latin:

1. Pyramus loved This be (Thisben, Greek ace.), but their parents tried to prevent (their) love.

2. They spoke through a hole in the wall. 3. They had neighboring houses. 4. They have a plan to leave their homes at night and meet secretly. 5. They will deceive their parents and leave the city. 6. They will meet at the tree near the tomb of Ninus. 7. Thisbe is the first to come (comes first) and sees a lion. ·8. Thisbe flees and leaves behind her veil.

*** Answer these question in Quia

XV Pyramus et Thisbe (pars prima)

9. The lion tears (laniat) the veil with his bloody mouth. 10. Pyramus is most wretched when he sees the veil, and he kills

himself with his sword.

Etymology

129

The endings -arium and -orium mean a place for. By adding this suffix to the following roots, English obtains several familiar words:

a place to hear a place to have the sun a place for water a place for penguins a planter holding earth

audit-sol-aqua-penguin-terr-

The Roman baths had three areas for three temperatures of water: a cali­darium (for hot water), a tepidarium (for lukewarm water), and a frigidarium (for cold water).

The -ium sometimes changes to -yin English; what happens to dormi­torium and observatorium?

* * * * * Give the English derivatives for the following definitions:

a crack in the rock the house one lives in a man who fights with a sword the triptik from AAA like a lion mother and father not eternal

f do mi

a meeting of salesmen in New Yorke-------------drink liquor _im_b __________ _ something asked _.q.._u __________ _ leave behind, give up _r __________ _ a Greek mood _o ___________ _ a feeling _s __________ _ sign for square root of a number _r ___________ _

Dialogue Aperite Iibros, quaeso. Claudite Iibros, quaes0. Legite fiibulam, quaeso.

Open your books, please. Close your books, please. Read the story, please.

Chapter XVI PYRAMUS ET THISBE (pars secunda)

Ecce Thisbe ex spelunca venit. Amantem oculis quaerit quod ei de peri­culis narrare desiderat. Locum et f6rmam arboris videt, sed color pomi earn incertam facit. Dum dubitat, videt in herba sub hac arbore corpus Pyrami cruentum. Multis lacrimis ita clamat virgo territa, "Pyrame, quis te a me rapuit? Pyrame, Pyrame, responde, tua te carissima Thisbe nominat!"

Ad nomen This bes pYramus oculos aperuit; tum iterum eos in morte clausit.

Ubi Thisbe velamina sua gladiumque Pyrami vidit, ""Tua te man us," inquit, "'amorque tuus necavit. 1 Mihi quoque sunt amor et manus. Me in mortem mittam; si causa mortis tuae fui, comes quoque mortis tuae er6. 6, parentes miseri, date nobis hoc donum. Ponite in hoc tumul6 iino nos qu6s2

amor conifmxit, quos iina hora coniiinxit. At tii arbor, habe semper poma purpurea, monumenta duorum amantium mortuorum. ''

Dum haec <licit, gladio PyramI se necat. Et deI et parentes haec verba audiverunt, nam color pomI m6ri3 non iam albus est, sed purpureus ubi pennitiiruit. t Cinis duorum amantium in iina uma requiescit. 4

1 Latin often uses a singular verb with a plural subject. Ju.~ whom /t)l'e hasjoined together. J or the mulherrr tree. 'WMn it has ripened thoroughly. The prefix per indicates the idea of thoroughly. 'R111.

131

Translation Notes

132 Latin via Ovid

Verba

cinis, -eris, m. *comes, comitis, c. *hora, -ae,f monumentum, -i, n.

*periculum, -i, n. *urna, -ae,f

aperio, -ire, -ui, -pertum *audio, -ire, -ivi, -itum claudo, -ere, clausi, clausum

*inquit *lego, -ere, legi, lectum *mitto, -ere, misi, missum *nomino (I) *pono, -ere, posui, positum *rapio, -ere, -ui, raptum

NOUNS

ashes5

companion, sharer hour memorial, reminder danger urn, vessel of baked clay

VERBS

open hear close says, said read, gather, choose send call, name put, place seize, carry off

ADJECTIVES

*incertus, -a, -um *mortuus, -a, -um

uncertain, unsure dead

OTHER WORDS

at (introducing a contrary idea) *atque *nam *non iam *qu0s

Structure

but, yet, but meanwhile and, and also for for, because whom, acc. pl.

95. The demonstrative pronoun and adjective this: hie, haec, hoc.6 Hie in its declined forms can function either as a pronoun or as an adjective:

5 Ciois means the ashes of a corpse that has been burned; it is frequently used in both numbers, but occurs in the plural especially in poetry and in post-Augustan prose. Cf. English, cinerary urn.

6 Some dictionaries list hie and hoc with a long vowel in the nominative, but this text, like most, will consider the vowel shon to avoid confusion with the adverb hie, here, and the ablative hoc.

XVI Pyramus et Thisbe (pars secunda) 133

Pronoun: Hoc est bonum Aqjective: Hie puer est bonus

This is good. This boy is good.

Used either way, it agrees with the word or idea it refers to or modifies.

Singular (this) Plural (these) M. F. N. M. F. N.

Norn. hie haec hoc hi bae haec Gen. huius huius huius ho rum harum horum Dat. huic huic huic his his his Acc. hone bane hoc hos has haec Abl. hoc hac hoc his his his

96. The demonstrative pronoun and adjective that: ille, ilia, illud. Ille in all its declined forms can also function either as a pronoun or as an adjective:

Pronoun: lllud est novum. That is strange. Adjective: Illa arbor est pulchra. That tree is beautiful.

Singular (that) Plural (those) M. F. N. M. F. N. ille ilia illud illi illae ilia Norn.

Gen. Dat. Acc. Abl.

illius illius illius illorum ill arum illorum illi illi illi illis illis illis ilium ill am illud illos mas illa mo ma illO illis illis illis

The inflected forms of both hie and ille often function as substantive pro­nouns, with the gender indicating whether men, women, or things are being implied. Since Latin has both natural and grammatical gender, however, the context helps to determine the antecedent.

Hi sunt mortui. llli sunt vivi. Haec venit. Hane video. Hie respondit. Hoc video. Hi oraverunt. Hae responderunt. lllae responderunt. lllud non est sacrum. lllam non amo. lllum non vidi. 1111 pervenerunt. Piln haec dixit.

These men are dead. Those men are alive. This woman is coming. I see this woman. This man answered. I see this thing. These men prayed. These women replied. Those women replied. That thing is not sacred. I do not love that woman (or her). I have not seen that man (or him). Those men arrived. (or They arrived.) Pan spoke these things.

I 34 Lalin \lia O\lid

Hie and ille can also mean the latter and the former, respectively: luppiter Mercurio dicit. Ille (the former) huic (the latter) fiibulam de senibus bonis in terra narrat.

97. Imperative of verbs, all conjugations. The imperative mood regularly gives a command. The singular imperative is formed by dropping the -re of the infinitive form. The plural adds -te to this stem. This third con­jugation uses -ite for the plural.

I II Ill lll-io IV Infinitive: voci(re) doce(re) mitte(re) fuge(re) veni(re) Imper. Sing. : voci doce mitte7 fuge veni Imper. Pl.: vocite docete mittite f ugite venite

Note the following accents, following the antepenultimate rule:

vodhe docSte mittite filgite

Ponite in hoc tumulO nos ... Hahl semper poma purpurea ... Orate deos.

venite

Venite ad tabulam. Salve! Valete!

Exercises

I. Respondete Latine, quaeso.

1. Cur This be Pyramum quaesivit? 2. Suntne poma adhiic alba? 3. Quern Thisbe in herba vidit? 4. Quid eta.mat Thisbe?

Place us in this grave ... Always have purple fruit ... Pray to the gods. Come to the board. Hello! (Greeting one person) Goodbye! (Leaving more than

one person)

5. Cum Pyramus nomen "Thisbem" audivit, quid fecit? 6. Quae8 Thisbe prope corpus Pyrami vidit? 7. Quid est donum quod 9 Thisbe parentes oravit? 8. Quid est donum quod Thisbe arborem oravit? 9. Quid denique tecit Thisbe?

II A. Supply the correct form of hie:

1. arbor est pulchra. 2. gladius est aciitus.

7The imperative singular of dico, facio. and fero is irregular: die, fac, and fer. 8Wha1 things. 9Which.

DO ALL EXERCISES IN QUIA

DO ALL EXERCISES IN QUIAXVI Pyramus et Thisbe (pars .secunda) 135

3. _____ librum in manii habeo. 4. libros in schola habemus. 5. puellam Pyramus amat. 6. donum non est tibi. 7. cinis in iina urna requiescit. 8. arborem Thisbe non videt. 9. poma sunt purpurea.

I 0. iina hora duos amantes coniunget.

B. Supply the correct form of ille:

1. liber est novus. 2. fiibula est longa. 3. don um est novum. 4. librum novum habeo. 5. longam fiibulam amo. 6. donum sacrum oravi. 7. poma sunt purpurea. 8. gladiO se necavit. 9. Aperi oculos pulchros.

10. Parentes erant miseri propter ----- amantes mortuos.

Ill. Supply the correct form of the imperative. The vocative will indicate whether you need the singular or plural.

1. (Place), discipuli, libros in mensam. 2. (Place), Thisbe, gladium in herbam. 3. (Hear), discipuli, verba magistri. 4. {EfsyJ), discipuli, fiibulam in libris. 5. (Open), Maree, portam (door). 6. (Close), regina, portas regiae. 7. (Hear), Maree, miisicam deorum. 8. (Write), discipuli, nomina hie, quaeso. (Lesson IV, Dialogue) 9. (Open), servi, urnas.

10. (Send), parentes, filias filiosque ad scholam.