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Transcript of Plebeian – an ordinary citizen in the ancient Roman Republic Consul – an elected official who...
Ancient Rome
Do Now – Copy words into notebook
Plebeian – an ordinary citizen in the ancient Roman Republic
Consul – an elected official who led the Roman Republic
Veto – the power of one branch of government to reject bills another branch of the government
Dictator – a person in the ancient Roman Republic appointed to rule for six months in times of emergency, with all the powers of a king
How was Rome formed?The legend of Romulus and RemusRhea was married to Mars, the Roman god of war. Rhea had twin sons. She loved her boys, but there were plots afoot by other gods and goddesses to harm her father, herself, her husband, and her children. To protect the boys, she set them adrift on the river, hoping someone would find them. Who would not love such beautiful boys?Sure enough, first they were found by a she-wolf who fed them. Then a shepherd and his wife adopted the boys. As the twins grew older, they decided they did not want to take care of sheep. They wanted to be kings. They decided to build a city on the shores of the Tiber. They both wanted to be the only king. They quarreled. In a fit of rage, Romulus picked up a rock, killed his brother, and made himself king. That’s how Rome started
GEOGRAPHYFertile soil and the Tiber river made Italy a good place to settle
The Tiber River flowed into the Tyrrhenian sea
Rome was at the center of a long, narrow peninsula we now call Italy
Italy is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea which was the center of the western world
EtruscansHistorians know very little about the people who founded Rome.
600B.C. people called the Etruscans held power in Rome and spoke an unusually Italian language (not Latin related)
Historians claim that the people revolted against the harsh reign of Tarquinius Superbus starting the roman Republic (other historians refute this theory)
Romans adopted the Greek alphabet, Etruscans gods and the garment known as the toga
Area inhabited by the Etruscans (in red)
Roman SenateIn the Roman republic the
most powerful part of government was the republic
The Roman senate was the basis of the United States legislative branch of government – proposes and votes on new laws
The first senate comprised of 300 upper-class men called patrician
Plebeians were known as ordinary citizens and could not hold office or be senators
Romans Form a Republic
Rome found ways to govern that better suited the people and didn’t give all the power to one king
Rome started to expand its empire
264B.C. the Romans had gained control of the entire Italian peninsula
A republic, a citizen who has rights to vote select leaders, was formed
Leaders rule in the name of the people
The Roman ConsulsTwo chief officials called consuls
led the government and enforced, such as our President, the Republics laws and policies
An assembly elected the consuls and the consuls rule for 1 year
Power was divided equally between the consuls
Consuls could veto, reject any planned action by a person in power
The senate consuls on foreign affairs, laws, and finances
Important OfficialsIn case two consuls
disagreed a dictator, a roman official who had all the powers of a king but could hold office for only six months, would handle the emergency
Praetors started out as serving as junior consuls but later served as judges in civil law trials
Trials settled disputes about money, business matters, contracts and so on
This was the beginning of the first ruled courts of law
Patricians Versus Plebeians-leaders
-fought hard to control the government-grew wealthy due to Rome’s conquests-used money to buy out small farms and make large farms-slaves worked these farms-gave into plebeians and created the Twelve Tables which stated laws so all citizens knew the laws
-believed they had a right to be respected and treated fairly- did not trust patrician senate-formed their own group to protect their interests-were without a job when the patricians bought out the small farms-eventually, they refused to fight in the army- never found real power
Master of the Mediterranean
Roman armies were conquering new territories controlled by Carthage, North African city
-In 146B.C. the Romans defeated the Carthage while other Roman armies conquered Greece
-The city of Carthage went from a population of more than a quarter million people was left with 50,000 survivors
Soon after, Roman armies conquered Spain and the land of Gaul (present day France)
DECLINE OF THE REPUBLIC
Roman generals started to gather their own private armies to fight for power within Rome
Consuls no longer respected one another’s veto power
Patricians and plebeians fought over land
A Civil War emerged with private armies roaming the streets and murdering enemies
JULIUS CAESARCaesar fought and won against Pompey
49B.C. Caesar became dictator of Rome but ruled longer than the 6 months” allowed for a dictator
Caesar took power away from the senate
46 B.C. Caesar became the only consul
44B.C. he became the dictator for life
Although he tried to reorganize the government many Romans saw this as him being a king
March 15th, the ides of March, the senate surrounded and stabbed Caesar to death
From 58 – 51 B.C. Caesar conquered Gaul and his strong leadership won him the loyalty of his troops
From Republic to EmpireCivil war followed Caesar’s death
for 13 years
Caesar’s adopted son, Octavian, held power
In 27 B.C. the senate awarded Octavian the title Augustus which meant “highly respected”
Augustus was the first emperor of Rome
This time marks the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire
The Empire lasted almost 500 years
Roma was run by an emperor instead of the people
Do Now – copy vocabulary into your notebooks
Province – a unit of an empire
Colosseum – a large amphitheater built in Rome around A.D. 70, site of contests and combats
Aqueduct – a structure that carries water over long distances
Polytheism – a belief in more than one god
Arch – a curved structure used as support over an open space, as in a doorway
Roman EmpireAll Roads lead to Rome
AugustusAs Augustus rise to power he ignored the senate and its laws
Once he established power he had much respect for the senate and was careful not to act like a king and suffer the fate of Julius Caesar
Romans were so grateful for peace that the people gave Augustus much power
GREEK INFLUENCERomans admired Greek achievements
-Hadrian spoke Greek better then Latin
-Marcus Aurelius wrote a book of Greek philosophy
Greek religion influenced Roman religion
Many Roman gods had Greek counterparts Ex) Jupiter shared characteristics with Zeus Ex)Minerva is similar to Athena
Heroes such as Heracles (Hercules) was adopted by the Romans
As the empire spread Romans adopted other ideas and gods as well
GOOD, BAD, AND TERRIBLE RULERS
Terrible: -Caligula proclaimed himself god and was cruel and unfair
-Nero murdered his half brother, wife, and mother
Five “Good Emperors” Hadrian -His laws protected women, children and slaves. -He issued a code of laws that were the same throughout his empire. -He reorganized the army, traveled throughout his empire, commissioned the building of many buildings, and encouraged learningMarcus Aurelius (last of good leaders)-Chose his son Commodus to be emperor who was a terrible leader
Governing Conquered PeopleSome slaves were taken after Rome
conquered an area but most people remained free
The Romans divided the empire into provinces which had a governor and an army
A city was built in each province to serve as the capital
Romans did not force their way of life on people but instead allowed them to speak their own language and follow their own customs and religions
Romans hoped that the peace and fairness would help to supply them with raw materials
Romans wanted conquered people to buy roam products and pay taxes
Building on IdeasGreeks and Romans valued learning but in different ways
Greeks: -interested in ideas-sought truth about the world through reason-Developed studies in mathematics-Philosophy, and astronomy
Romans:-built on these ideas to organize the worlds-architecture and engendering soared under Roman Rule
Architecture and TechnologyEarly Roman art copied Etruscan
style
Later Romans copied Greek style
Eventually they developed their own style
Roman architecture was heavier and stronger than Greek buildings
Romans made advances in arches
Wider arched ceilings helped create wide open areas
Romans developed concrete, a mix of stone, sand, cement, and water that dries hard as a rock
Concrete helped big bigger and stronger structures
The ColosseumGreatest Roman building
A site of contests and combats between people and between people and animals
The arena held 50,0000 spectators
The structure was so sound that the bottom could be flooded with water for mock naval battles in boats
Elevators carried animals from below up to the arena
Roads
Roman engineers built roads from Roma to all empires
These roads helped the military to travel easier and faster
Roads improved trade and helped Rome prosper
All Roads lead to Rome
Aqueducts were structures that carried fresh water from country sides to cities
The water came from mountain springs
Sources of water had to be at elevations higher than the city
They were huge lines of arches which ran for many miles and through mountains and valleys
Every five miles the aqueduct ran underground to keep the water fresh by keeping out dirt and animals
Aqueducts
Roman LawRoman law spread throughout
the empire
Roman ideas for justices are the basis of our own system of laws
In Rome person’s accused of a crime had a right to face their accuser.
If reasonable doubt existed about a person’s guilt then they would be set free
“Innocent until prove Guilty”
