Please..... Vagabond Ventures Oil Group Searches For Fossil Fuels Winter Session 2013.
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Transcript of Please..... Vagabond Ventures Oil Group Searches For Fossil Fuels Winter Session 2013.
Please . . . .
Vagabond Ventures Oil Group
Searches For Fossil Fuels
Winter Session 2013
Week 1: Week 1: Geology & History of HydrocarbonGeology & History of Hydrocarbonss Week 2: Oil & Gas Exploration Week 2: Oil & Gas Exploration Week 3: Petroleum EngineeringWeek 3: Petroleum Engineering
The Course OutlineThe Course Outline
Week 4: ‘Vagabond Group’ proposes 2 prospectsWeek 4: ‘Vagabond Group’ proposes 2 prospects Week 5: ‘Vagabond Group’ plans productionWeek 5: ‘Vagabond Group’ plans production Week 6: the Payout?!Week 6: the Payout?!
The Basics:The Basics:
The Adventure:The Adventure:
A black-gold millionaire or dry hole hobo?A black-gold millionaire or dry hole hobo?
Oil & Gas ExplorationOil & Gas Exploration
$1,000,000$1,000,000
Oil & Gas ExplorationOil & Gas Exploration Requirements for success
- Requirements for success- Requirements for success - Exploration processes- Exploration processes1) Source1) Source
2) Reservoir2) Reservoir3) Migration Path 3) Migration Path 4) Trap4) Trap
- permeable
Requirements for success
source rock (shale)
- organic rich- buried quickly- compressed/heated
- porous
Top of mature (generating) source rock
where the organic material is ‘cooked’
where gas/oil are ‘stored’
migration path
surfacesurface
reservoir rock (sandstone)
Requirements for success
source rock (shale)
- organic rich- buried quickly- compressed/heated
- porous- permeable
where the organic material is ‘cooked’
where gas/oil are ‘stored’
migration path
reservoir rock (sandstone)
Requirements for success
source rock (shale)
migration path
the oil & gas escapes!
without a TRAP . . .
migration path
reservoir rock (sandstone)
source rock (shale)
migration path
the oil & gas escapes!
reservoir rock (sandstone)
Requirements for success
without a TRAP . . . - TRAPS
TRAP = barrier to migration- anticline
- thrust fault- normal fault
- salt dome - facies change
Compressional forces can cause rock layers to BEND & FOLD . . . .
AnticlineAnticline
Requirements for success - TRAPS
sandstone
shale
impermeablepossible oil/gas trap
oil/gas
Thrust FaultThrust Fault
Requirements for success - TRAPSCompressional forces can cause rock layers to FRACTURE . . . .
possible oil/gas traps
impermeable fault plane
sandstone
shale
impermeable
oil/gasoil/gas
NOTNOT
Extensional forces can cause rock layers to STRETCH & FRACTURE . . . .
Normal FaultNormal Fault
Requirements for success - TRAPS
possible oil/gas trap
impermeable fault plane
sandstone
shale
impermeable
oil/gas
Possible oil/gas traps
Requirements for success - TRAPSIntrusions into layered rocks . . .
Salt DomeSalt Dome
shale
sandstone
salt layer
oil/gas
Requirements for success - TRAPSRock Properties within a rock layer can be different . . . .
Facies ChangeFacies Change
Imbedded in sedimentary rock layers
possible oil/gas trap
former river channel
Exploration processesOil ExplorationOil Exploration - Requirements for success- Requirements for success
1) Source1) Source 2) Reservoir2) Reservoir
3) Migration Path 3) Migration Path 4) Trap4) Trap
- Exploration processes- Exploration processes- Geology- Geology- Geophysics- Geophysics- ‘Land’ work- ‘Land’ work
Exploration processesExploration processes
Exploration processes
GeophysicsGeology
Land Work Engineering
?What’s the difference?
Exploration processesfrom last week . . .
GeophysicsGeology
What’s the difference?
‘geo’ = earth ‘logy ’= study
‘geo’ = earth ‘physics’
Exploration processes
Geophysics
Geology
. . . uses field work and rock analysis to study the composition, processes, & history of the earth
Brunton compass
GeoscienceGeoscience
. . . uses physics and mathematics to evaluate the internal structure of earth
hand lens
THE SCIENTIFIC TOOLS - well logs - subsurface imaging - contour maps USE THE TOOLS TO FIND OIL & GAS - look for TRAPS - look for RESERVOIRS
Exploration processesScientific ToolsScientific Tools
- well logs
- subsurface imaging - contour maps
next week
Scientific ToolsScientific Tools
. . . Seismic Data
What is this wiggle trace?What is this wiggle trace?
This is a ‘Seismic Section’, similar to a X-sectionScientific ToolsScientific ToolsSubsurface ImagingSubsurface Imaging
Subsurface ImagingSubsurface Imaging
rock layers
This is a ‘Seismic Section’, similar to a X-sectionReflections from the top and bottom of rock layersReflections from the top and bottom of rock layersHow do we acquire these How do we acquire these reflections?reflections?
What is this wiggle trace?What is this wiggle trace?
The Seismic Method
Travel time (sec)/2 X velocity (ft/sec) = DEPTH (ft)
energy source receiver surface (land or water)
rock layer
reflection point
Travel Time
velocitydepth
?
source receiver
surface
rock layers
Seismic Trace
The Seismic Trace
The Seismic Tracethe 2-D Seismic Line
receivers energysource
rock layers
Dep
th
(ft)
the 2-D Seismic Line
How do we aquire these data?
How do we aquire these data?
listening devices . . .
Acquisition – on Land
cable truck
geophones
jug hustlers
cables on
the ground
cable truck
geophones
jug hustlers
cables on
the ground
listening devices . . .
What about an energy source??
Acquisition – on Land
What about an energy source??
energy source - Vibroseis truck
cable truck
geophones
jug hustlers
cables on
the ground
Acquisition – on Land
Acquisition – on Landenergy source - Vibroseis truck
Marine Acquisition
sea floor
sea surface
Acquisition on Landlistening
devices . . .
Marine Acquisition
cable with hydrophones airgun
energy source . . . Boat
Acquisition on Landlistening
devices . . .
Marine Acquisition
cable with hydrophones airgun
energy source . . . Boat
listening devices . . .
energy source . . . Boat
Acquisition on Land
Marine AcquisitionSeismic Survey Layout – 2D
BoatBoat
Boat
BoatBoat
Seismic Survey Layout – 2D
line spacing is usually ¼ - ½ mile apart
Seismic Survey Layout – 2D
line spacing is usually ¼ - ½ mile apart
Grid of 2-D Seismic Lines
each seismic line becomes part of the data grid
using the grid we identify rock layers & make ‘contour’ plots
of each layer
Grid of 2-D Seismic Lines
each seismic line becomes part of the data grid
using the grid we identify rock layers & make ‘contour’ plots
of each layer
Grid of 2-D Seismic LinesContour Plot from a 2-D Survey
Contour Plot from a 2-D Survey
With large spacesbetween the lines,the contours could be wrong!
We use these plots to find possible oil traps
BUT . . . . .
The trap could be bigger
What to do???
What to do???
. . . or smaller!!
Contour Plot from a 2-D Survey
With large spacesbetween the lines,the contours could be wrong!
We use these plots to find possible oil traps
BUT . . . . .
The trap could be bigger . . . or smaller!!
3-D Seismic Surveys
What to do???
What to do???
2-D Survey
3-D Seismic Surveysversus 3-D Survey
listening devices . . .
3-D Seismic Surveys
Steering devices
listening devices . . .reels of hydrophone cables
3-D Seismic Surveys
listening devices . . .reels of hydrophone cables
3-D Seismic Surveys
listening devices . . .3-D Seismic Surveys
spread=1 mile
cable length =7 mile
boat energy source
spread=1 mile
cable length =7 mile
boat
3-D Seismic Surveys energy source: airgun array
energy source: airgun array3-D Seismic Surveys
. . . deploying an airgun
energy source: airgun array. . . deploying an airgun
What do we get from a 3-D survey?
What do we get from a 3-D survey?
3-D Seismic Surveys
What do we get from a 3-D survey?
What do we get from a 3-D survey?
3-D Seismic Surveys
Empty spaces
Remember the 2-D Seismic Grid?Horizontal slices
Vertical slices
It’s Now a 3-D Seismic Cube3-D Seismic Cube
How does this help
How does this help??
water layer
salt layer
reservoir layer
source rock layerpossible oil/gaspossible oil/gas
It’s Now a 3-D Seismic Cube3-D Seismic Cubegeoscience & engineering applications
2-D vs 3-D seismic acquisition in the Gulf of Mexico
No. traces
1983 1995
THE SCIENTIFIC TOOLS - well logs (next week) - subsurface imaging - contour maps
USE THE TOOLS TO FIND OIL & GAS - look for TRAPS - look for RESERVOIRS
- look for TRAPS:- anticlines
- fault traps – normal & thrust - salt domes - change in rock type (facies) - look for RESERVOIRS:
- attribute analysis
Finding Oil and GasFinding Oil and Gas
Exploration Processes
Finding Oil and GasFinding Oil and Gas
- look for TRAPS:- anticlines
- fault traps – normal & thrust - salt domes - change in rock type (facies)
Anticlines - tilted & folded rocksAnticline
sandstone
How does this look on seismic?
Finding Oil and GasFinding Oil and Gas
shale
Possible oil/gas trap
Vertical Slice from 3-D Cube
Possible oil/gas
traps
Anticline - tilted & folded rocksFinding Oil and GasFinding Oil and Gas
- looking for TRAPS:- anticlines
- fault traps – normal & thrust - salt domes - change in rock type (facies)
Finding Oil and GasFinding Oil and Gas
FAULTS - Rock Layers that are broken
a;normal fault
sandstone
How does this look on seismic?
possible oil/gas trap
Finding Oil and GasFinding Oil and Gas
shale
2-D Seimic Linefrom shallow water
Gulf of Mexico
Normal Fault
possible oil/gas traps
Finding Oil and GasFinding Oil and Gas
numerous faults
possible oil/gas traps
possible oil/gas traps
several anticlines
numerous rock layers
Finding Oil and GasFinding Oil and Gas
- looking for TRAPS:- anticlines
- fault traps – normal & thrust - salt domes - change in rock type (facies)
Finding Oil and GasFinding Oil and Gas
FAULTS - Rock Layers that are broken
ThrustFault
Let’s look at an example . . .
Possible oil/gas traps
sandstone
Finding Oil and GasFinding Oil and Gas
shale
MounatinsFoothills
Finding OilFinding Oilexample of mountain thrust faulting. . . .
How does this look on seismic?
Finding OilFinding Oil
http://www.efieldexploration.com/edsuploads/NonSeismicMethods/Non-Seismic.pdf
possible oil/gas traps
possible oil/gas traps
Thrust Fault
- looking for TRAPS:- anticlines
- fault traps – normal & thrust - salt domes - change in rock type (facies)
Finding Oil and GasFinding Oil and Gas
Salt Dome - Intrusion into layered rocks
Salt Dome
Possible oil/gas traps
sandstone
How does this look on seismic?
Finding Oil and GasFinding Oil and Gas
shale
2-D Seismic Line from shallow water
Gulf of Mexico
Possible oil/gas traps
Salt DomeFinding Oil and GasFinding Oil and Gas
salt intrusion
salt intrusion
Some Faults Bright Spots?
possible drill Locationdrill Location
Finding Oil & GasFinding Oil & GasSalt Intrusion
possible oil/gas traps
Vertical Slice from 3-D Cube In deep water Gulf of Mexico
Oil well
possible oil reservoir
Finding OilFinding OilSalt Dome
salt
salt dome trap?
oil in these layers
- looking for TRAPS:- anticlines
- fault traps – normal & thrust - salt domes - change in rock type (facies change)
Finding Oil and GasFinding Oil and Gas
Change in rock type – River Channel
Imbedded in sedimentary rock layers
former river channel
possible oil/gas trap
How does this look on seismic?
Finding Oil and GasFinding Oil and Gas
3-D horizontal slicefrom Sarawak, Malaysia
From Rijks & Jauffred
Possible oil/gas
trap
River Channel
X X
Finding Oil and GasFinding Oil and Gas
- looking for TRAPS:- anticlines
- fault traps – normal & thrust - salt domes - change in rock type (facies)
Finding Oil and GasFinding Oil and Gas
- looking for RESERVOIRS:- brights spots- brights spots
- flat spots- flat spots
- frequency/phase/intensity changes- frequency/phase/intensity changes
Bright Spot Bright Spot - high seismic response
often high amplitudes are highlighted in color
bright spot
high amplitude zone
gas/oil in rock pore spaces reflect more energy than water
possible oil/gas
Finding Oil and GasFinding Oil and Gas
vertical slice from 3-D cubeshallow water Gulf of Mexico
Proposed wells
Can we find the bright spots?
possible oil/gas
Finding Oil and GasFinding Oil and Gas
Finding Oil and GasFinding Oil and Gas
- looking for RESERVOIRS:- brights spots- brights spots
- flat spots- flat spots
- frequency/phase/intensity changes- frequency/phase/intensity changes
Flat Spot Flat Spot - sag under an anticline
In the rock pore spaces, energy waves travel more slowly through oil than through water
OIL
Apparent sag on seismic flat spot
possible oil/gas
Finding Oil and GasFinding Oil and Gas
expanded area from a vertical slice of a 3-D cube
Can we find the flatflat spotspot?
Do we also have a brightbright spotspot?
possible oil/gas
rock layer
Finding Oil and GasFinding Oil and Gas
Finding Oil and GasFinding Oil and Gas
- looking for RESERVOIRS:- brights spots- brights spots
- flat spots- flat spots
- frequency/phase/intensity changes- frequency/phase/intensity changes
Finding Oil and GasFinding Oil and Gas3-D data River Channels
possible oil-filled river sands!
fault planes
anticlines
possible possible oil/gasoil/gas
Finding Oil and GasFinding Oil and Gas3-D data
We analyzepotential traps . . .
We project well locations into the
potential reservoir
We discover aSalt dome . . .
With a 3-D seismic cube3-D seismic cube
possible discovery!possible discovery!
Land-LeaseLand-Lease
Land-LeaseLand-Lease with proposed location from geoscientists. . . - develop a surface map
- determine ownership of - surface land rights- sub-surface mineral rights
- identify hazards
- determine timing
- negotiate contracts
two important factors . . . two important factors . . .
Land-LeaseLand-Lease
1) location: off-shore or on-shore1) location: off-shore or on-shore
two important factors . . . two important factors . . .
2) ownership: public or private2) ownership: public or private
example: West Africa
Most countries . . . . Most countries . . . . - protect their offshore territories - protect their offshore territories
offshore Angola offshore Angola where Rocky & I workedwhere Rocky & I worked
Most countries . . . . Most countries . . . . - protect their offshore territories - protect their offshore territories - subdivide them into ‘blocks’- subdivide them into ‘blocks’- lease exploration rightslease exploration rights in each blockin each block
offshore Angola offshore Angola where Rocky & I workedwhere Rocky & I worked
Most countries . . . . Most countries . . . . - protect their offshore territories - protect their offshore territories - subdivide them into ‘blocks’- subdivide them into ‘blocks’- lease exploration rightslease exploration rights in each blockin each block
Offshore blocks are usually different shapes
offshore Angola offshore Angola where Rocky & I workedwhere Rocky & I worked
OFFSHORE
A N G O L A
Block 17 started deep water
exploration & drilling in
Angola
A N G O L A
offshore Angola offshore Angola where Rocky & I workedwhere Rocky & I worked
Block 17 started deep water
exploration & drilling in
Angola
Most countries have public auctions for exploration rights
These are called ‘lease sales’ or
‘leasing rounds’Blocks available Blocks available in Angola’s in Angola’s
2008 Lease Round2008 Lease Round
off-shoreoff-shoreon-shore
Land-LeaseLand-Lease
1) location: off-shore or on-shore1) location: off-shore or on-shore
two important factors . . . two important factors . . .
2) ownership: public or private2) ownership: public or private - Different individuals/groups may own
the surface & subsurface rights
- Timing & contracts are negotiated with all owner-parties
difficult and time consuming!difficult and time consuming!
more about Land-Lease in
Week 4
Oil ExplorationOil Exploration - Requirements for success- Requirements for success
- - SourceSource - Reservoir- Reservoir
- Migration Path - Migration Path - Trap- Trap
- Exploration processes- Exploration processes- Geology- Geology- Geophysics- Geophysics- ‘Land’ work- ‘Land’ work
Oil ExplorationOil Exploration - Requirements for success- Requirements for success
- - SourceSource - Reservoir- Reservoir
- Migration Path - Migration Path - Trap- Trap
- Exploration processes- Exploration processes- Geology- Geology- Geophysics- Geophysics- ‘Land’ work- ‘Land’ work
Exploration processes
GeophysicsGeology
Land Work Engineering
GeophysicsGeology
Land Work Engineering
Drilling recommendations & detailed cost flow chart
Petroleum EngineeringPetroleum Engineering
Next week!Next week!
Until then . . . . visit our website:
www.vagabondgeology.com
REFERENCES
Money in the Ground, John Orban IIIPetroleum Geology, Exploration, Drilling and Production, Norman HynePitfalls in Seismic Intrepretation, Paul Tucker, Howard YorstonHalliburton/Aramco..... Mr. Frank Kelly, Mr. Mohamed ZeghlacheSchlumberger………….. . Mr. Shabbir Almed. Mr. Jack CaldwellTexaco ……………………. .. Ms Gail Kahle Butler, Mr. Tako KoningTulow Oil ………………….. Mr. Jim Brandon, Mr. Tako KoningWestern Geco Corp…. . Mr. Robin Wrigley. Mr. Bruce Clulow
Geology Rocks!Geology Rocks!