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Eco-driving For a New Generation of Drivers Please note that the driving school instructor may use a different presentation to teach this module.

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Eco-driving

For a New Generation of Drivers

Please note that the driving school instructor may use a different presentation to teach this module.

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Outline of Module

▪ Definition and Objective of Eco-driving

▪ Potential Gain for the Environment

▪ The Big Picture

• Mode of Transportation

• Choice of Vehicle

• Vehicle Maintenance

▪ Appropriate Road Behaviours

• Rolling Resistance

• Aerodynamic Drag

• Acceleration Resistance

▪ Advantages of Eco-driving

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Definition and Objective of Eco-driving

▪ Eco-driving is a new approach to driving that

• reduces fuel consumption

• reduces environmental impact

• takes account of technological progress

• fosters road safety

▪ Objective: To encourage more energy- and safety-efficient driving

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Potential Gain for the Environment

▪ A compact vehicle that travels 20,000 km/year

• 1,700 litres of fuel

• 4 tonnes of GHGs

• The equivalent in volume to . . .

Potential gain . . .

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The Big Picture

▪ Efficient and Safe Trips

Choice of Vehicle

Road Behaviours

Passenger Vehicle

Vehicle Maintenance

Other Modes of Transportation

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Mode of Transportation

▪ Do you really need to use a passenger vehicle to get around?

• Other modes of transportation

▪ Walking, biking or other active transportation

▪ Public transit, like the bus or metro

▪ Carpooling

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Choice of Vehicle

▪ When purchasing a vehicle, the fuel consumption rate is something important to consider

▪ The fuel consumption rate is generally expressed as the number of litres required to travel 100 kilometres (L/100 km)

▪ The rate is available for two types of driving: city driving and highway driving

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Choice of Vehicle

▪ To find out a vehicle’s fuel consumption rate before you buy, read

• the Fuel Consumption Guide published annually by Natural Resources Canada

• the EnerGuide label on new showroom demonstrator vehicles

▪ These tools can be used to compare the energy consumption of vehicles

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Choice of Vehicle

▪ Choosing the right vehicle based on one’s real needs

• Vehicle size

• Engine cylinder capacity

• Transmission

• Accessories (watch weight)

• Hybrid technology

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Choice of Vehicle

▪ Fuel consumption rating (L/100 km)

City Highway

Compact 7.4 5.6

Mid-size 9.9 6.5

Crossover 15.9 10.8

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Vehicle Maintenance

▪ Advantages of a properly maintained vehicle

• Fuel and money savings

▪ Some components can cause overconsumption of fuel if they are improperly adjusted or defective

▪ The resale value of a well-maintained vehicle remains higher

• Protection of the environment

▪ A vehicle in good condition produces lesser quantities of gases that are harmful to health and the environment

• Improvement of road safety

▪ Risks of collision or loss of control are reduced

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Appropriate Road Behaviours

▪ Understanding the forces that influence a vehicle’s fuel consumption

▪ Getting into driving habits that reduce the effect of those forces

▪ Assessing the relationship between eco-driving and safe driving

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The Physical Reality: Forces at Work

▪ Main forces responsible for fuel consumption

Acceleration Resistance Aerodynamic Drag

Rolling Resistance

Driving (Engine)

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Understanding and Managing the Forces

▪ Where do the forces mainly act?

Ref.: Gillespie (1992)

City Highway

Rolling Aero Acceleration

Acceleration Resistance

Aerodynamic Drag

Rolling Resistance

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Example: Imagine pushing a vehicle that has run out of gas. The rolling resistance is the force required to keep the vehicle moving at a constant speed

Rolling Resistance

▪ The force that opposes the free rolling of tires

▪ Caused mainly by tire deformation and the contact patch (the portion of the tire in actual contact with the road)

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1. Choice of Vehicle

Rolling resistance is directly proportional to vehicle weight

3. Elimination of Unnecessary Weight

2. Monthly Adjustment of Tire Pressure

70% of all tires are under-inflated, by 15% on average.Ref.: Stock (2005)

How Can Rolling Resistance Be Reduced?

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Example: The force exerted on your hand when you put it out the window of the vehicle at 100 km/h

Aerodynamic Drag

•The resistance exerted on your vehicle by the air

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Speed

A 10 km/h head wind has the same effect as increasing vehicle speed by 10 km/h

Résistance aérodynamique

versus speed

0

200

400

600

800

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Vitesse (Km/h)

Fo

rce (

N)

Speed (km/h)

Aerodynamic Drag

Fo

rce (

N)

Aerodynamic Drag

50 km/h

4 X

25 km/h

100 km/h

16 X

1 X

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How Can Aerodynamic Drag Be Reduced?

▪ Reduce your speed and obey speed limits

• At 100 km/h, each extra km/h increases fuel consumption by 1%

▪ Remove a car top carrier when not in use

• By reducing the surface area, you improve Cx (the aerodynamic drag coefficient)

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Acceleration Resistance

▪ The force that opposes changes in vehicle speed

• It holds you back when you want to go faster

• It pushes you forward when you want to slow down

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Acceleration Resistance

▪ Acceleration resistance is proportional to vehicle weight

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Acceleration Resistance

▪ Accelerations are costly

City Highway

Rolling Aero Acceleration

They account for

– 60% of fuel consumption in city driving

– 28% of fuel consumption in highway driving

Ref.: Gillespie (1992)

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How Can Acceleration Resistance Be Reduced?

▪ Eliminate

• Increase following distance

• Anticipate traffic and slowdowns

• Try to maintain a constant speed

▪ Reduce

• Reduce your top speed between stops

• Accelerating from 0 km/h to 50 km/h consumes 4 times as much as accelerating from 0 km/h to 25 km/h

▪ Recover

• Slow down gradually over a long distance

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Acceleration Resistance

▪ Example 1

Speed

Distance

Eliminate

Reduce

Recover

A B

Eliminate, Reduce and Recover

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Acceleration Resistance

▪ Example 1

AB

Speed

Distance

Eliminate, Reduce and Recover

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Acceleration Resistance

▪ Example 2

Eliminate

Recover

A B

Slow down and increase following distance

Speed

Distance

Eliminate, Reduce and Recover

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Acceleration Resistance

▪ Example 2

A B

Eliminate, Reduce and Recover

Speed

Distance

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Other Behaviours

▪ Avoid waste related to needless idling

• To illustrate, a 2-litre engine consumes about 1.2 litres/hour - Ref.: Taylor (2002)

• When not in traffic, turning off the engine for a stop of more than 60 seconds

▪ Saves fuel

▪ Saves money

▪ Reduces GHG emissions

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Other Behaviours

▪ Starting in cold weather

• Use a block heater (2 hours before hitting the road) to save 10% to 15% over the first 20 kilometres

• 30 seconds is all it takes to adequately lubricate the engine

• Remove all snow from the vehicle and de-ice all windows

• Take it easy for the first few kilometres

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Advantages of Eco-driving

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Advantages of Eco-driving

▪ Reduced fuel costs

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Advantages of Eco-driving

▪ Benefits for the environment

• Reducing our ecological footprint

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Advantages of Eco-driving

▪ Lower maintenance costs

Brakes, tires and mechanics in general

$$$

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Advantages of Eco-driving

▪ Lower risks

• Reducing speed in urban areas

Ref.: Kloeden et al. (1997)Cuts risks in half

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Advantages of Eco-driving

▪ Safer driving

• Better anticipation of traffic

• Calmer driving

• More predictable driving behaviour

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Advantages of Eco-driving

▪ Comfort

• For the driver and passengers

▪ Smoother, one-step-ahead driving

▪ Less stress

▪ Fewer accelerations

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Thank You!▪ To learn more:

• http://www.ecomobile.gouv.qc.ca