PLB 101

Course:

Course: PLB 101 Cell Biology (2credits compulsory)

Course duration: 15 weeks at 1 h (T) and 3 h (P) per week; Two hours per week for 15 weeks (30 hours) as taught in 2011/2012 sessionLecturers:(i) Prof. Etejere, E. O.Qualification: B.Sc., Ph.D. Ibadan, MBA, Ilorin

E-mail: [email protected] Office location: Block 3, F13 Dept. of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria

Consultation hours:-

(ii) Prof. J. A. Morakinyo.`Qualification: B.Sc, M. Sc. Ph.D. Ife

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Office location: Block 3, F Dept. of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, NigeriaConsultation hours:- 12 2.00 pm, Mondays and Thursdays(iii) Dr. O. T. Mustapha. Qualification: B. Sc, M. Sc. Ph. D. Ilorin

E-mail: [email protected]

Office location: Block 3, F Dept. of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, NigeriaConsultation hours:-(iv) Dr. Olorunmaiye, Kehinde Stephen, Qualification: B.Sc., PGDE, Ilorin, M.Sc (Ibadan) Ph.D Ilorin.

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Office location: Block 3, Rm F17, Dept. of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria

Consultation hour: Wednesday12-2.00 pm (v) Mrs.B.K.Saliu.Qualification: B.Sc, Ilorin, M.Sc. Ibadan E-mail:

Office location: Dept. of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria

Consultation hours:-

INCLUDEPICTURE "mhtml:file://C:\\Users\\Olorunmaiye\\Documents\\Cellular%20Biology%20Cell%20Structures%20and%20Functions.mht!http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/img/chloroplast.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET

INCLUDEPICTURE "mhtml:file://C:\\Users\\Olorunmaiye\\Documents\\Cellular%20Biology%20Cell%20Structures%20and%20Functions.mht!http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/img/chromosomes.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET

INCLUDEPICTURE "mhtml:file://C:\\Users\\Olorunmaiye\\Documents\\Cellular%20Biology%20Cell%20Structures%20and%20Functions.mht!http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/img/centrioles.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET

INCLUDEPICTURE "mhtml:file://C:\\Users\\Olorunmaiye\\Documents\\Cellular%20Biology%20Cell%20Structures%20and%20Functions.mht!http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/img/mitochondria.jpg" \* MERGEFORMATINET Course content: Cellular basis of life, Structure of plant and animal cells. Cell theory. Functions of cells and cellular organelles. Heredity and cell division, Cell macromolucules, Photosythesis, enzyme and enzymatic reactions, Respiration, bioenergetics, water. pH and buffers. organic assimilates 15h(T) 45h(p): C Course Description: PLB 101 is designed for all year one students of Plant Biology, Biochemistry, Microbiology, Zoology, Computer Science, Agricultural science, Health science and Science Education. The course is designed to bring the students in to a better understanding of cells as the basic units of life and their functional importance.Course Justification: Adequate knowledge of students about cell is imperative for the subsequent understanding of life processes in all living things and their basic differences based on their cellular compositions and evolutionary trends.

1Nucleus 2Nuclear pore 3Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) 4Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) 5Ribosome on the rough ER 6Proteins that are transported 7Transport vesicle 8Golgi apparatus 9Cis face of the Golgi apparatus 10Trans face of the Golgi apparatus 11Cisternae of the Golgi apparatus

Course objectives: The objectives of this course are to enhance adequate understanding of students on the types, structures, functions and the dynamics of cells as the basis of the complex anatomical, physiological, genetics and activities of plants and animals. At the end of the course the students are expected to:

(i) Tell unambiguously what a Cell is and its structure.

(ii) Know the differences between plant and animal cells.

(iii) Know the various cell organelles and their functions. (iv) To explain cell division as a basis of growth and reproduction. (v) Describe the various reactions that take place in the cells. Course requirements: This is a compulsory course for all year one students that offer the course. The students are expected to make a satisfactory attendance in both lecture and practical classes of not less than 75%. The students will be assessed through written tests and examination.

Methods of Grading:

Test- 30Marks

Examination- 70Marks

Total- 100%

Course Delivery Strategies: The course will be delivered through class lectures and laboratory practicals. LecturesWeeK 1: Definition of Cell. Types of cells, their structures and functions.

Objective: The students are already familiar with living things. At the end of the weeks lecture schedule, they are expected to be able to tell what a cell is, types and structures.Description: The course contents will be introduced to students with emphasis on cell types, nature and structure. Each of these will be taught to students through lecture and practical methods. Assignment: Read about cell types and theory.

Reading list: (i) Biology- A functional approach by M. B. V. Robberts

(ii) Plant Physiology by S. N. Pandey and B. K Sinha (2006)

pp3-53(iii) Sandi Barkalow, Noreen Khalid,Robert Pongsajapan:Library thinkquest. Org/12413/index.html

(iv) www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/cell_bio.html .

Weeks 2-3: Cell organelles and their functions.

HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%9Cberseemuseum_Bremen_2009_238.JPG"

Chloroplast ultrastructure:

1. outer membrane 2. intermembrane space 3. inner membrane (1+2+3: envelope) 4. stroma (aqueous fluid)

5. thylakoid lumen (inside of thylakoid) 6. thylakoid membrane 7. granum (stack of thylakoids) 8. thylakoid (lamella 9. starch10. ribosome 11. plastidial DNA 12. plastoglobule (drop of lipids)

Objective:- The students are already familiar with cells and their structures.

At the end of the weeks lecture schedule, they are expected to be able to mention some cell organelles, their locations and functions.

Description: The students will be introduced to cell organelles as either single or double membrane bound and their functions.

Reading List: Plant physiology fourth edition (2006) by S. N. Pandey and B.K. Sinha pp533-537.

Assignment: The students are to read more about the topic on the net as well as text Books.

Study Questions:1. What is a cell organelle? Give five examples.

Reading list: Plant physiology fourth edition (2006) by S. N. Pandey and B. K.

pp 3 - 53

Week 4: Heredity and cell division.

Objective: The students are already aware of cells as the basic units of life as well as the building units of living organisms. They are to further learn about how cell division leads to growth and formation of gametes in living organisms. The students are to learn about heredity as the basis of transfer of characters from parents to offsprings.Description: The concepts of heredity and cell division will be introduced to the students by defining the two concepts, types of cell division, Mendellian laws and heritable and non-heritable characters. Gene as the basis of inheritance.Study Questions:

(i) Describe briefly cell division.

(ii) What do you understand by the following:-

(i) Gene. (ii) HeredityReading list: (i) Plant physiology (fourth edition 2006) by S. N. Pandey and B.K Sinha 527 -

530.Botany for degree students (Reprint 2011) by A.C. Dutta pp608-625(ii) www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/cell_bio.html(iii) M.B.V.Roberts(1976).Biology-A Functional Approach.Second edition.p366-377Weeks 5-6: Photosynthesis, Enzymes and Enzymatic reactionsObjective: The students are already aware of cells, their features and functions.

Nutrition is one of the cardinal physiological activities carried out by cells and the entire living systems within the organism. In green plants photosynthesis is the mode of nutrition. The students are also to know that all the metabolic reactions that take place in living organisms require the mediation of organic catalysts known as enzymes. Description: Photosynthesis is the feeding method in green plants which entails the combination of Carbon (iv) Oxide (CO2) and Water (H2O) using light energy to produce sugar(Glucose). From glucose other carbohydrates are produced. The process of photosynthesis can be represented by the chemical equation:

Light

6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12+6O2. Chlorophyll

The process of photosynthesis is an oxidation-reduction reaction which proceeds in two major stages or phases known as Light and Dark phases. The light phase involves the photolysis of water and the generation of H+ ions and other substrates for the dark phase. Dark phase is the reduction of Carbon (iv) Oxide to Sugar. Most of the reactions in living organisms are catalyzed by protein molecules called enzymes. Enzymes can rightly be called the catalytic machinery of living systems. They can be classified as follows: (i) Oxidoreductases catalyze oxidation or reduction of their substrates. (ii) Transferases catalyze group transfer. (iii) Hydrolases catalyze bond breakage with the addition of water. (iv) Lyases remove groups from their substrates. (v) Isomerases catalyze intramolecular rearrangements. (vi) Ligases catalyze the joining of two molecules at the expense of chemical energy.

Study question:

(i) What do you understand photosynthesis?

(ii) What do you understand by Enzymes?(iii) Attempt the classification of Enzymes.Reading list:

(i) Plant physiology (fourth edition 2006) by S. N. Pandey and B. K. Sinha pp197-221,240-250. (ii) Prashantkumar Kudli Shrinivas: E-mail: [email protected]://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Prashantkumar_Kudli_Shrinivas (iii) M.B.V.Roberts(1976).Biology-A Functional Approach.Second edition.p87-90,Week 7: Bioenergetics.

Objective: The students are aware of energy generation and transformation in all living organisms. They can now appreciate specific metabolic processes that result in energy generation and transformation.Description: The ability to harness energy from a variety of metabolic pathways is a property of all living organisms. Life is dependent on energy transformations. Living organisms survive because of exchange of energy within and without.Various metabolic processes like photosynthesis, cellular respiration (photo and oxidative phosphorylation) can lead to energy generation. Study Questions:(i) Define bioenergetics(ii) Mention some metabolic processes that can lead to energy generationin living organisms.Reading list: http://wikipedia.org/wiki/BioenergeticsWeeks 8-9: Structures and biosynthesis of Biological macromolecules. Objective: The various activities of the living organisms lead to the syntheses of macromolecules in them.Description: Biological macromolecules are defined as large molecules made up of smaller organic molecules. There are four classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.SIMPLE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS MACROMOLECULES

Monosaccharides Polysaccharides

Fatty Acids and Glycerol Simple and Complex Lipids

Amino Acids Proteins

Nucleotides Nucleic Acids

Study Questions:1. What are macromolecules.

2. Give the importance of macromolecules.

3. What are monomers?Reading list:

(i) http://www.angelfire.com/ga2/nestsite2/webunit3.html(ii) M.B.V.Roberts(1976).Biology-A Functional Approach.Second edition.p63-80Week 10: Water, pH and buffers.Objecctive: The students are be made to understand that a very large percentage of both cell and body tissues of organisms are made up of water and that biochemical reactions takes place in a close to neutral medium.Description: Water is a compound chemical formula H2O. Its molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds.Water has the unique properties that make it conducive for living organisms are: (i) Heat capacity (ii) Freezing property(iii)Surface tension(iv)Solvent property. pH of a living organisms is being made constant by the presence of buffers in them.Study Question1. List the inherent properties of water.2. What are buffers?3. Why should the pH of a living organism be kept constant?

Reading list:(i) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water#Chemical_and_physical_properties(ii) M.B.V.Roberts(1976).Biology-A Functional Approach.Second edition.p58-62Weeks 11-12: Respiration.Objective: Respiration is the major way energy lease in living organisms.Description: Respiration can be of two types, aerobic and anaerobic. Cytoplasm and mitochondria as the site for anaerobic (glycolysis) and aerobic respiration (itriric acid cycle) respectively. Respiratory quotient as the ratio of the volume of the CO2 evolved/volume of the O2 absorbedStudy Questions:

1. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.2. What is respiratory quotienr?Reading list:

(i) Plant physiology (4th edition 2006) By S. N. Pandey and B. K. Sinha p 319-360(ii) M.B.V.Roberts(1976).Biology-A Functional Approach.Second edition.p95- 110Week13: Revision

Weeks 14 and 15: Class Test and Examination.General Reading List

1. Plant physiology (4th edition 2006) By S. N. Pandey and B. K. Sinha p 319-360.

2. M.B.V.Roberts(1976).Biology-A Functional Approach.Second edition.p95- 110.3. Sandi Barkalow, Noreen Khalid,Robert Pongsajapan:Library thinkquest. Org/12413/index.html.4. www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/cell_bio.html 5. Prashantkumar Kudli Shrinivas: E-mail: [email protected]. http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Prashantkumar_Kudli_Shrinivas7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water#Chemical_and_physical_properties

Legend 1 Available in the University Library

2 Available in local bookshops

3 Available on the web

4 Personal collection

PLB 101

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