Plate Tectonics - The Engine That Drives the Rock Cycle Jim Miller Dept of Geological Sciences...
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![Page 1: Plate Tectonics - The Engine That Drives the Rock Cycle Jim Miller Dept of Geological Sciences Precambrian Research Center University of Minnesota- Duluth.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062715/56649db35503460f94aa337d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Plate Tectonics - The Engine That Drives the Rock Cycle
Jim MillerDept of Geological Sciences
Precambrian Research CenterUniversity of Minnesota-
Duluth
![Page 2: Plate Tectonics - The Engine That Drives the Rock Cycle Jim Miller Dept of Geological Sciences Precambrian Research Center University of Minnesota- Duluth.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062715/56649db35503460f94aa337d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Geological Processes
Melting 2
Compaction &Cementation
Cooling &Crystallization
Tectonic Uplift
Erosion, Transportation& Deposition
Weathering
Melting 1
Subduction
Heat & Pressure
Precipitation
Earth Materials
SEDIMENTARYROCKS
MAGMA
VOLCANIC ROCKS
SEDIMENT
INTRUSIVEROCKS
METAMOPHICROCKS
SOIL
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Rock Cycle
Basalt
Granite
Mafic
Quartz + Clay+Lithics
Felsic
Gabbro
Rhyolite
Clay+Lithics
GraywackeShale
Slate
Schist
GneissMigmatite
Qtz SandstoneLimestone
QuartziteMarble
Greenstone
Amphibolite
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Overview of Plate Tectonics
Jim Miller
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Plate Tectonic Theory The Earth’s outer shell (lithosphere) is composed of rigid plates
that are moving relative to one another.
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Physical and Chemical Structure of the Earth
Chemical Layers
Physical Layers
Compositional Components of the Lithosphere Continental Crust – ~62% SiO2, low density rocks , “felsic”
Oceanic Crust - ~ 48% SiO2, high density rocks , “mafic”
Lithospheric Mantle - ~ 40% SiO2, very high density rocks , “ultramafic”
Lithospheric Mantle
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Plate Tectonics drives 2 Stages of Crust-making1. Mantle partially melts to make ocean crust2. Ocean crust melts to make continental crust
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What moves the Plates?Slab Pull - densification of subducted plate pulls the plate into the mantle
Mantle Push - Upwelling of the asthenospheric mantle pushes the plates apart
Ridge Slide – Thermal upwelling at ridges causes plates to separate by sliding downhill (by gravity)
Problem - we are not sure how the mantle is structured.
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Types of Plate Boundaries
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Divergent Plate BoundariesMid-ocean Ridges
Where Stage 1 Crust is Made
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Youthful Oceanic Crust
200 100 0 Ma
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Basalt – Rock Typeof the OceanicCrust
Remember:Melting the Mantle Makes Mafic Magma!! Always
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Continental Rifting The creationof new ocean basins
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Continental Rifting and
The Break-up of Pangea
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Convergent Boundaries Making 2nd Stage Crust
Ancient Continental Crust
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Convergent Boundaries- Where the Action Is!!
Ocean-Continent
Continent - Continent
Ocean - Ocean
Earthquakes
Volcanoes
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Mt. St. HelensMay 18, 1980
Consequences of ConvergenceExplosive Volcanism
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Consequences of ConvergenceMountain Building and Rock Deformation
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Consequences of Convergence - Earthquakes
1326 Aftershocks
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OROGENESISThe Culmination of Convergence
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San Francisco EarthquakeApril 18, 1906 Mag 7.8
Transform BoundariesConnects other Boundaries
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Mantle
Plumes
(Hotspots)Creation of
overthickened oceanic crust
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Famous Hotspots
Hawaii
Yellowstone
Iceland
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Plate Tectonics - The Engine That Drives the Rock Cycle
Use Illustrations
as Rock Cycle Story Starters