Plate Tectonics, Continental Drift, Lesson
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Transcript of Plate Tectonics, Continental Drift, Lesson
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180 Million Years Old
10 Million Years Old
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• RED SLIDE: These are notes that are very important and should be recorded in your science journal.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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-Nice neat notes that are legible and use indentations when appropriate.
-Example of indent.
-Skip a line between topics -Don’t skip pages
-Make visuals clear and well drawn.
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• RED SLIDE: These are notes that are very important and should be recorded in your science journal.
• BLACK SLIDE: Pay attention, follow directions, complete projects as described and answer required questions neatly.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. MurphyCopyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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• Dynamic Earth Available sheets that follow Part I for classwork if needed.
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• Dynamic Earth Available sheets that follow Part I for classwork if needed.
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• Activity! Please make a puzzle from a magazine page. Puzzle should be no more than 15 large pieces.
• Solve yourself and then switch puzzles with you neighbor.
• Question to answer on next slide.
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• Questions– What strategies did you use to complete the
puzzle? 3-5 sentences please.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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Question? Look at the map below, do see any puzzle pieces, if so were would they fit?
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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Possible Answers!
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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Area of Focus: Plate Tectonics
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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Plate tectonics: The earth’s crust and upper mantle are broken into sections called plates. -
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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Plate tectonics: The earth’s crust and upper mantle are broken into sections called plates. These plates float on the mantle like
rafts (moving very slowly)
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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• There are 8 primary plates and several more secondary plates that make up the earth’s landmass.
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• African Plate, Antarctic Plate, Australian Plate, Eurasian Plate, Indian Plate, North American Plate, Pacific Plate, South American Plate.
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• African Plate, Antarctic Plate, Australian Plate, Eurasian Plate, Indian Plate, North American Plate, Pacific Plate, South American Plate.
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• African Plate, Antarctic Plate, Australian Plate, Eurasian Plate, Indian Plate, North American Plate, Pacific Plate, South American Plate.
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• African Plate, Antarctic Plate, Australian Plate, Eurasian Plate, Indian Plate, North American Plate, Pacific Plate, South American Plate.
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• African Plate, Antarctic Plate, Australian Plate, Eurasian Plate, Indian Plate, North American Plate, Pacific Plate, South American Plate.
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• African Plate, Antarctic Plate, Australian Plate, Eurasian Plate, Indian Plate, North American Plate, Pacific Plate, South American Plate.
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• African Plate, Antarctic Plate, Australian Plate, Eurasian Plate, Indian Plate, North American Plate, Pacific Plate, South American Plate.
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• African Plate, Antarctic Plate, Australian Plate, Eurasian Plate, Indian Plate, North American Plate, Pacific Plate, South American Plate.
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• African Plate, Antarctic Plate, Australian Plate, Eurasian Plate, Indian Plate, North American Plate, Pacific Plate, South American Plate.
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• The speed at which the plates move is about the speed at which your fingernails grow.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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• The speed at which the plates move is about the speed at which your fingernails grow.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
SlowestThey are all slow
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• The speed at which the plates move is about the speed at which your fingernails grow.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
SlowestThey are all slow
The African Plate's speed is estimated at around
2.15 cm (0.85 in) per year
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• The speed at which the plates move is about the speed at which your fingernails grow.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Fastest
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• The speed at which the plates move is about the speed at which your fingernails grow.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
FastestTonga Microplate Samoa 24 cm (9.4 inches) a year.
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• The speed at which the plates move is about the speed at which your fingernails grow.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
The yearly distance traveled varies from plate to plate. Some move at 3 centimeters while other's move around 6 cm per year.
FastestTonga Microplate Samoa 24 cm (9.4 inches) a year.
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• Activity! Everyone slide in your chair two feet southwest from your current location. (N. American Plate)
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• Activity! Everyone slide in your chair two feet southwest from your current location. (N. American Plate)
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• Activity! Everyone slide in your chair two feet southwest from your current location. (N. American Plate)
This is the GPS location that your children may sit in if they take this class.
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• Activity! Everyone slide in your chair two feet southwest from your current location. (N. American Plate)
This is the GPS location that your children may sit in if they take this class.
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• Activity! Everyone slide in your chair two feet southwest from your current location. (N. American Plate)
This is the GPS location that your children may sit in if they take this class.
Grandchildren?
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The Big Idea that plate tectonics most deals with is…
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Plate tectonics is the driving force in Geology. It is a very BIG Concept
and plays a major role in everything we will study in this unit.
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It causes…
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Continental Drift: The gradual movement of the continents across the earth.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Learn more at… http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/geology/tectonics.html
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• Video! Plate Tectonics.– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ryrXAGY1dmE
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• In 1912, The German geologist Alfred Wegener proposed continental drift.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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• In 1912, The German geologist Alfred Wegener proposed continental drift.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
“I say.” “Africa and South America fit strangely like
two puzzle pieces.”
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• In 1912, The German geologist Alfred Wegener proposed continental drift. – Not accepted until the 1950’s!
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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• In 1912, The German geologist Alfred Wegener proposed continental drift. – Not accepted until the 1950’s!
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Learn more about Alfred Wegener at… http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/wegener.html
Hanks explains Alfred Wegener: Preview from language… Great Minds Video at… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nbU809Cyrao
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Coolest new word of the day coming up…
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Coolest new word of the day coming up…
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Coolest new word of the day coming up…
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Coolest new word of the day coming up…
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Coolest new word of the day coming up…
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Coolest new word of the day coming up…
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Coolest new word of the day coming up…
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Coolest new word of the day coming up…
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The theory that all geologic phenomena may be explained as the result of existing forces having operated uniformly from the origin of the earth to the present time.Gravity, Erosion, Chemical Reactions, and more happen today the same as they did billions of years. Some things don’t change.
Coolest new word of the day coming up…
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The theory that all geologic phenomena may be explained as the result of existing forces having operated uniformly from the origin of the earth to the present time.
Coolest new word of the day coming up…
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The theory that all geologic phenomena may be explained as the result of existing forces having operated uniformly from the origin of the earth to the present time.Gravity, Erosion, Chemical Reactions, and more happen today the same as they did billions of years ago.
Coolest new word of the day coming up…
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…
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…
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…
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Evidence for continental drift.---- -
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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The shapes match.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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• Activity! Google Earth. Looking more in depth at the puzzle fit. – Download at
http://www.google.com/earth/index.html – Continental shelf
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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Same fossils found on different continents
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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• Same fossils found on different continents– These are the pictures on the puzzle pieces.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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The same rock structures on different continents
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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Example
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• You can now complete this question on the bundled homework.
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• You can now complete this question on the bundled homework.
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• You can now complete this question on the bundled homework.
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“Whoa” “A time machine!.”“I’m going back 50 million years.”
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Fossils of plants and animals on Antarctica
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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Magnetic layers in sea floor spreading
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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• Magnetic layers in sea floor spreading
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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• Magnetic layers in sea floor spreading
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
NewNew
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• Magnetic layers in sea floor spreading
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
New New
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• Magnetic layers in sea floor spreading
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Older Older
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• Magnetic layers in sea floor spreading
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Oldest Oldest
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• The magnetic poles can shift “fairly” suddenly on this planet. – Right now, North is in the Arctic, the North
Pole could shift to someplace else.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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• The magnetic poles can shift “fairly” suddenly on this planet. – Right now, North is in the Arctic, the North
Pole could shift to someplace else.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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• The magnetic poles can shift “fairly” suddenly on this planet. – Right now, North is in the Arctic, the North
Pole could shift to someplace else.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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• Iron within cooling molten rock orients itself to the poles before hardening.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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• Iron within cooling molten rock orients itself to the poles before hardening. – The ocean floor shows evidence of a changing
magnetic field, and sea-floor spreading.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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• Iron within cooling molten rock orients itself to the poles before hardening. – The ocean floor shows evidence of a changing
magnetic field, and sea-floor spreading.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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• Activity! (Optional) Sea Floor Spreading– Worksheet / Cut Outs in folder.
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• Activity! (Optional) Sea Floor Spreading– Worksheet / Cut Outs in folder.
Make incisions
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Cut out two sets of sea floor and tape together
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Cut out two sets of sea floor and tape together
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• Activity! (Optional) Sea Floor Spreading– Worksheet / Cut Outs in folder.
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• Activity! (Optional) Sea Floor Spreading– Worksheet / Cut Outs in folder.
From underneath
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• Activity! (Optional) Sea Floor Spreading– Worksheet / Cut Outs in folder.
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• Activity! (Optional) Sea Floor Spreading– Worksheet / Cut Outs in folder.
tape
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• Activity! (Optional) Sea Floor Spreading– Worksheet / Cut Outs in folder.
Slide from ridge to Continent slowly
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• Activity! (Optional) Sea Floor Spreading– Worksheet / Cut Outs in folder.
Slide from ridge to Continent slowly
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• Activity! (Optional) Sea Floor Spreading– Worksheet / Cut Outs in folder.
Slide from ridge to Continent slowly
New New
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• Activity! (Optional) Sea Floor Spreading– Worksheet / Cut Outs in folder.
Slide from ridge to Continent slowly
Older Older
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• Activity! (Optional) Sea Floor Spreading– Worksheet / Cut Outs in folder.
Slide from ridge to Continent slowly
Older Older
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• Activity! (Optional) Sea Floor Spreading– Worksheet / Cut Outs in folder.
Slide from ridge to Continent slowly
Older Older
Recycled
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• Note how the oceanic plates are much older the further they are from the mid-Atlantic ridge.
Next Slide
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180 Million Years Old
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180 Million Years Old
10 Million Years Old
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• 800 million years before Pangea, the continents were together in the supercontinent Rodinia.
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• Climatic changes created a snowball earth where the entire planet was covered in a mile thick of ice.
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• Climatic changes created a snowball earth where the entire planet was covered in a mile thick of ice. (Mass extinction of ocean life)
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• Climatic changes created a snowball earth where the entire planet was covered in a mile thick of ice. (Mass extinction of ocean life)
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• Behold the Supercontinent! Pangea
?
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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• Behold the Supercontinent! Pangea
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
Applause!
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• Behold the Supercontinent! Pangea
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
End Applause!
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Pangea: The “Supercontinent” -
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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Pangea: The “Supercontinent” All of the plates were once together.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
![Page 143: Plate Tectonics, Continental Drift, Lesson](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061618/557d4380d8b42af30d8b5297/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
Pangea: The “Supercontinent” All of the plates were once together.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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The Big Idea about Rodinia and Pangea is…
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The Earth is 4.6 Billion Years Old
Supercontinent Rodinia was 800 Million Years Ago
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The position of the continents have also changed.
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Gondwondaland and Laurasia were two mega continents before Pangea.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
![Page 157: Plate Tectonics, Continental Drift, Lesson](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061618/557d4380d8b42af30d8b5297/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
Gondwondaland and Laurasia were two mega continents before Pangea.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
![Page 158: Plate Tectonics, Continental Drift, Lesson](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061618/557d4380d8b42af30d8b5297/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
Gondwondaland and Laurasia were two mega continents before Pangea.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
![Page 159: Plate Tectonics, Continental Drift, Lesson](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061618/557d4380d8b42af30d8b5297/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
Gondwondaland and Laurasia were two mega continents before Pangea.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
![Page 160: Plate Tectonics, Continental Drift, Lesson](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061618/557d4380d8b42af30d8b5297/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
Gondwondaland and Laurasia were two mega continents before Pangea.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
![Page 161: Plate Tectonics, Continental Drift, Lesson](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061618/557d4380d8b42af30d8b5297/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
Gondwondaland and Laurasia were two mega continents before Pangea.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
![Page 162: Plate Tectonics, Continental Drift, Lesson](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061618/557d4380d8b42af30d8b5297/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
Gondwondaland and Laurasia were two mega continents before Pangea.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
![Page 163: Plate Tectonics, Continental Drift, Lesson](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061618/557d4380d8b42af30d8b5297/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
Gondwondaland and Laurasia were two mega continents before Pangea.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
![Page 164: Plate Tectonics, Continental Drift, Lesson](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061618/557d4380d8b42af30d8b5297/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
Gondwondaland and Laurasia were two mega continents before Pangea.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
![Page 165: Plate Tectonics, Continental Drift, Lesson](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061618/557d4380d8b42af30d8b5297/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
Gondwondaland and Laurasia were two mega continents before Pangea.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
![Page 166: Plate Tectonics, Continental Drift, Lesson](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061618/557d4380d8b42af30d8b5297/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
• Activity! Recreating Pangea with cutouts of the continental plates.– Can you cut-out the continents in one cut?
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• Activity! Recreating Pangea with cutouts of the continental plates.– Can you cut-out the continents in one cut?
![Page 168: Plate Tectonics, Continental Drift, Lesson](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061618/557d4380d8b42af30d8b5297/html5/thumbnails/168.jpg)
• Activity! Recreating Pangea with cutouts of the continental plates.– Can you cut-out the continents in one cut?
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• Activity! Recreating Pangea with cutouts of the continental plates (Sheet Provided)
![Page 170: Plate Tectonics, Continental Drift, Lesson](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061618/557d4380d8b42af30d8b5297/html5/thumbnails/170.jpg)
• Activity! Recreating Pangea with cutouts of the continental plates (Sheet Provided)– Please use the animation on the next slide to
practice creating Pangea and then moving the continents to their current location.
![Page 171: Plate Tectonics, Continental Drift, Lesson](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061618/557d4380d8b42af30d8b5297/html5/thumbnails/171.jpg)
• Activity! Recreating Pangea with cutouts of the continental plates (Sheet Provided)– Please use the animation on the next slide to
practice creating Pangea and then moving the continents to their current location.
– Then go back to Pangea and back to current day until you can do it without the animation.
![Page 172: Plate Tectonics, Continental Drift, Lesson](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061618/557d4380d8b42af30d8b5297/html5/thumbnails/172.jpg)
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Nice reading about continental drift and evidence to support this theory at… http://einstein.byu.edu/~masong/htmstuff/textbookpdf/C31.pdf
See step by step animation at… http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/geology/tectonics.html
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• Future Supercontinent 250 million years from now.
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• Future Supercontinent 250 million years from now.
Lets officially name the new Supercontinent before everyone else… Each group gets to come up with one name to share and then we will vote.
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• Future Supercontinent 250 million years from now.
Lets officially name the new Supercontinent before everyone else… Each group gets to come up with one name to share and then we will vote.Update: It already has a name…
![Page 179: Plate Tectonics, Continental Drift, Lesson](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061618/557d4380d8b42af30d8b5297/html5/thumbnails/179.jpg)
• Future Supercontinent 250 million years from now.
Lets officially name the new Supercontinent before everyone else… Each group gets to come up with one name to share and then we will vote.Update: It already has a name… The name is…
![Page 180: Plate Tectonics, Continental Drift, Lesson](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061618/557d4380d8b42af30d8b5297/html5/thumbnails/180.jpg)
• Future Supercontinent 250 million years from now.
Lets officially name the new Supercontinent before everyone else… Each group gets to come up with one name to share and then we will vote.Update: It already has a name… The name is…
Amasia
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• Future Supercontinent 250 million years from now.
Lets officially name the new Supercontinent before everyone else… Each group gets to come up with one name to share and then we will vote.Update: It already has a name… The name is…
Amasia
Learn more about Amazing Amasia at… http://www.ouramazingplanet.com/2406-future-earth-supercontinent-amasia.html
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The Big Idea that Amasia deals with is…
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We live on a constantly changing and dynamic planet.
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• You can now complete this question on the bundled homework.
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• Try and figure out the picture beneath the boxes. Raise your hand when you think you know.– You only get one guess.
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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• Video Link! Plate Tectonics. Last chance before Review Game.– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmC-vjQGSNM
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• Activity! Dynamic Earth Review Game
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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• This part of the PowerPoint roadmap is just one small part of my Geology Topics Unit that I offer on TpT. This unit includes…
• A six part 6,000 Slide PowerPoint Presentation / unit roadmap full of activities, review questions, games, video links, flashcards, materials list, and much more.
• A 18 bundled homework package, modified version, 19 pages of unit notes, 6 PowerPoint Review Games of 100+ slides each, videos, rubrics, and much more that all chronologically follow the unit slideshow.
• This is a fantastic unit for any Earth Science Class.• http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Geology_Unit.html
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Areas of Focus within The Geology Topics Unit:-Areas of Focus within The Geology Topics Unit: Plate Tectonics, Evidence for Plate Tectonics, Pangea, Energy Waves, Layers of the Earth, Heat Transfer, Types of Crust, Plate Boundaries, Hot Spots, Volcanoes, Positives and Negatives of Volcanoes, Types of Volcanoes, Parts of a Volcano, Magma, Types of Lava, Viscosity, Earthquakes, Faults, Folds, Seismograph, Richter Scale, Seismograph, Tsunami’s, Rocks, Minerals, Crystals, Uses of Minerals, Types of Crystals, Physical Properties of Minerals, Rock Cycle, Common Igneous Rocks, Common Sedimentary Rocks, Common Metamorphic Rocks., Age of the Earth, Uniformitarianism, Principle of Superposition, Earth History, Time Units, Timeline of Events, Basic Evolution, Mass Extinction Events, Dinosaurs, Early Mammals, and more.
Full Unit can be found at… http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Geology_Unit.html
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NGSS Standards HS
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Additional Standards Addressed
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• This was a very brief tour. Please visit the links below to learn more about each of the units in this curriculum package.– These units take me about four years to complete
with my students in grades 5-10.
Earth Science Units Extended Tour Link and Curriculum Guide
Geology Topics Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Geology_Unit.html
Astronomy Topics Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Astronomy_Unit.html
Weather and Climate Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Weather_Climate_Unit.html
Soil Science, Weathering, More http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Soil_and_Glaciers_Unit.html
Water Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Water_Molecule_Unit.html
Rivers Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/River_and_Water_Quality_Unit.html
= Easier = More Difficult = Most Difficult
5th – 7th grade 6th – 8th grade 8th – 10th grade
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Physical Science Units Extended Tour Link and Curriculum Guide
Science Skills Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Science_Introduction_Lab_Safety_Metric_Methods.html
Motion and Machines Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Newtons_Laws_Motion_Machines_Unit.html
Matter, Energy, Envs. Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Energy_Topics_Unit.html
Atoms and Periodic Table Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Atoms_Periodic_Table_of_Elements_Unit.html
Life Science Units Extended Tour Link and Curriculum Guide
Human Body / Health Topics http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Human_Body_Systems_and_Health_Topics_Unit.html
DNA and Genetics Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/DNA_Genetics_Unit.html
Cell Biology Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Cellular_Biology_Unit.html
Infectious Diseases Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Infectious_Diseases_Unit.html
Taxonomy and Classification Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Taxonomy_Classification_Unit.html
Evolution / Natural Selection Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Evolution_Natural_Selection_Unit.html
Botany Topics Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Plant_Botany_Unit.html
Ecology Feeding Levels Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Ecology_Feeding_Levels_Unit.htm
Ecology Interactions Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Ecology_Interactions_Unit.html
Ecology Abiotic Factors Unit http://sciencepowerpoint.com/Ecology_Abiotic_Factors_Unit.html
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• More Units Available at…
Earth Science: The Soil Science and Glaciers Unit, The Geology Topics Unit, The Astronomy Topics Unit, The Weather and Climate Unit, and The Rivers and Water Quality Unit, The Water Molecule Unit.
Physical Science: The Laws of Motion and Machines Unit, The Atoms and Periodic Table Unit, The Energy and the Environment Unit, and Science Skills Unit.
Life Science: The Diseases and Cells Unit, The DNA and Genetics Unit, The Life Topics Unit, The Plant Unit, The Taxonomy and Classification Unit, Ecology: Feeding Levels Unit, Ecology: Interactions Unit, Ecology: Abiotic Factors, The Evolution and Natural Selection Unit and The Human Body Systems and Health Topics Unit
Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy
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• The entire four year curriculum can be found at... http://sciencepowerpoint.com/ Please feel free to contact me with any questions you may have. Thank you for your interest in this curriculum.
Sincerely,
Ryan Murphy M.Ed