Plate Tectonics & Boundaries. Key Terms 1.diverging 2.converging 3.transform 4.fault 5.tectonic...
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Transcript of Plate Tectonics & Boundaries. Key Terms 1.diverging 2.converging 3.transform 4.fault 5.tectonic...
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Plate Tectonics & Boundaries
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Key Terms
1. diverging
2. converging
3. transform
4. fault
5. tectonic plate
• Moving apart• Moving together• Sliding past• A break or crack in the Earth’s
crust• a rigid layer of the Earth's
lithosphere that is believed to drift slowly
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Key Terms6. Lithosphere
7. Asthenosphere
8. convection
9. subduction
10. topography
• Earth’s layer with crust and upper mantle
• Earth’s layer with slowly flowing mantle rock that allows tectonic plates to move
• Currents caused by rising hot matter, and sinking cooler matter
• process in which one edge of a crustal plate is forced downward into the mantle below another plate
• The shape and features of the surface of land
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From studying
maps, people noticed that
the continents
appeared as if they fit
together like a giant jigsaw puzzle.
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Because of this, a scientist named Alfred Wegener, hypothesized that the continents once formed a
single landmass called a supercontinent. This was later called Pangaea.
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Evidence #1:Similar Plant & Critter Fossils
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Evidence #2:
Rock Formations of nearly identical rocks and structures
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Evidence #3:
Similar climatic pasts
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Beginning of the Theory
• Scientists (meteorologist) who proposed the Theory of Continental Drift, but did not know why the continents moved -- Alfred Wegener.
• Evidence he had:– Shape of continents– Similar plant and animal fossils– Similar rock formations– Similar climatic pasts with
glacier evidence in warm areas and tropical evidence in cold areas
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…but this was not enough evidence to
convince the world of continental drift.
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Beginning of the Theory
• The main reason other scientists did not agree with, or believe, this theory was because Wegener could not come up with a mechanism or reason why the continents could move.
• Wegener called the original land form Pangaea.
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Sea Floor Mapping
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Beginning of Evidence
• The scientist (geologist) Harry Hess discovered the mid-Atlantic ridge.
• Harry Hess had discovered that the sea floor is spreading and new earth is being generated at the crack.
• He also appreciated the fact that somewhere else in the world earth must also be being destroyed.
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HARRY HESS
• Captain of the assault transport USS Cape Johnson
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1-Heat from the light bulb heats the globs of wax, making them less dense.
•The heated wax rises.
2-Wax further away from the heat source cools and becomes more dense.
•The cooled wax sinks.
3-This process is known as convection.
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Mantle Convection
VERY HOT CORE heats magma, causing it to RISE
COOLING caused by melting of crust causes mantle to SINK
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VERY HOT COREHOT MAGMA
RISES(heated by core)
Plate Plate
Diverging Boundaries
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Diverging Plates - #1
• Name: Rift• Type of Crust:
Ocean/Ocean• Movement: Pulling Apart• Geography: mountains and rift• Locations: Mid-Ocean Atlantic Ridge
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Diverging Plates #2
• Name: Normal Fault• Type of Crust:
Continental/Continental
• Movement: Pulling Apart
• Geography: Valleys, Lakes
• Locations: Great Salt Lake, African Rift Valley, Death Valley
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VERY HOT CORE
COOLER, MELTING LAVA
SINKS
plateplate
Converging Boundaries
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Converging Plates #1• Name: Folded Fault• Type of Crust: Continental / Continental• Movement: Pushing Together• Geography: Mountains, Hills, Folded Rock• Location: Jura Mountains (Switzerland), Himalayans
(Mt. Everest)
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Converging Plates #2
• Name: Subduction Fault
• Type of Crust: Ocean/Ocean
• Movement: Pushing together
• Geography: Trench, Volcanic Arc, Island
• Locations: Caribbean, Aleutian Islands
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Converging Plates #3
• Name: Subduction Fault• Type of Crust:
Ocean/Continental• Movement: Pushing
Together• Geography: Mountain
Ranges, Volcanoes, ocean trench
• Locations: Cascade Mountains (Mt. St. Helens), Ring of Fire, Pompeii
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Transform Boundary
• Name: Transform or Strike-Slip
• Type of Crust –ANY• Movement: Sliding Past• Geography: Shifted land,
cracks• Locations: San Andreas
Fault, Dead Sea
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MAJOR PLATES