Plastics Basics 2000

INTENSIVE SEMINAR ON PLASTICS

GARY CASTERLINE

DELPHI PACKARDELECTRIC SYSTEMS

MATERIALS ENGINEERING

DescriptionPage

Brief History of Plastics

Plastic Material Usage

Plastic Molecules

Thermoset Plastics

Thermoset Molding

Amorphous Thermoplastic Materials

Crystalline Thermoplastic Materials

Liquid Crystal Polymers

Plastic Modification

Thermal Properties of Plastics

Melt and Glass Transition Temperatures

Temperature Effects on Plastics

Temperature Rating

Chemical Resistance of Plastics

Mechanical Properties of Plastics

Rules for Determining Plastic Strain Limits

Hinge Designs

Snap Fit Design

Creep Properties of Plastics

4

5

6

8

10

11

13

15

16

17

18

21

23

24

27

33

34

38

41

Table of Contents

DescriptionPage

Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion

Nylon versus Polyester

Notch Sensitivity of Plastics

Material Shrinkage

Warpage

Plastic Flow Properties

Gate Location

Extrusion and Equipment

Profile Extrusion

Wire Coating

Injection Molding

Other Processes

Trade Names, Suppliers, Symbols and Chemical Names

45

46

48

49

53

61

66

67

70

73

78

84

90

Table of Contents

HISTORY OF PLASTICS

General1927 - Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) developed1930 - First Plunger Injection Molding Machine1932 - First Extruder developed1938 - Polyamide (Nylon 6/6) developed1941 - Polyethylene developed1950 - Polyester developed1953 - First Reciprocating Screw Molding

Machine1957 - Polypropylene and Polycarbonate

developedPackard’s History 1942 - Started making wire with a PVC

insulation, but still covered with a cotton braid and lacquer for aircraft

1948 - Started mixing PVC dry blend and switched to PVC insulation for automotive use, but still had cotton braid

1948 - Started molding cellulosics in sleeves to cover terminal

1953 - Eliminated braid and used all plastic (PVC) insulation

1955 - Started first molding department1961 - Retrofit plunger machines with screws1964 - First reciprocating screw machine

installed

Material Sourced Through Delphi Packard’s Rootstown Compounding Plant

Plastic Material Usage

• PA6 - 5 million pounds• PA66 (filled and unfilled) - 35

million pounds• PBT Polyester (filled and unfilled)

- 8.5 million pounds

Material Molded By Delphi Packard

• PA6 - 3.3 million pounds• PA66 (filled and unfilled) - 21

million pounds• PBT Polyester (filled and unfilled) -

6 million pounds• PP and miscellaneous materials -

5.4 million

Molecular Chains

n=number of repeating units in the chain

C C

H

H

H

H

n

Polyethylene unit

A polymer has many repeating units in the length of a chain. The chains can be as short as a few hundred repeating units or as long as a hundred thousand units. The chains can resemble a string of beads or in many cases there is branching where arms come off the main chain. If polymers are modified by reaction with other polymers (copolymer), the chain will be made up of different types of beads strung together at regular intervals.

StraightChain

Branching Copolymer

PLASTIC MOLECULES

Most plastics are made of carbon and hydrogen atoms and are derived from distilling gas and oil. Chlorine, fluorine, and nitrogen are often found in plastics too.

The monomers shown on the left are polymerized to become the polymers on the right, which are thousands of repeating units long.

Thermoset PlasticsThe molecular chains are locked together (cross-linked) with unbreakable bonds. This material will not remelt after the reaction has taken place.

Characteristics• Resistance to melting at

elevated temperatures• Sprues, runners and scrap are

generally unusable• Parts often need to go through

a deflashing operation

Thermoset Plastics

Common types• Epoxy• Phenolic• Polyurethane (thermoset)• XLPE• DAP• Melamine• Unsaturated Polyester

Common Applications• High voltage insulators and

switches• Integrated circuit encapsulation• Ash trays• Recreational watercraft• Bumper fascias and grill opening

panels

THERMOSET MOLDING

A thermosetting plastic or rubber is placed in the transfer pot shown on the upper mold half. The ram forces the material to flow into the heated mold cavities. The parts are cured and then ejected with the sprue and cull from the mold. The sprue and cull are usually scrapped.

SPRUE

CAVITY

KNOCKOUT PIN

CULL

RAM

TRANSFER MOLDING

TRANSFER POT

MOLDEDPART

Molecular chains are like a bowl of spaghetti in a part- entanglement and van der Waals forces hold the chains together

Amorphous Plastics

Characteristics• Transparent• Low mold shrinkage• Susceptible to some degree

of chemical attack• Viscous or hard flowing into

mold

Common Types• ABS• Polystyrene (PS)• Polycarbonate (PC)• Acrylic (PMMA)• Polyetherimide (PEI)• Polyethersulfone (PES)

Common Applications• Telephones• Appliances• Most transparent shields,

covers and windows• Automotive interior trim

Amorphous Plastics

Fo lde d Cha ins

Crystalline Plastics

Molecular chains form a regular structure upon solidifying in a part

Characteristics• Opaque or translucent• High mold shrinkage• Resistant to most chemical attack• Easy flowing into mold

Common types• Nylon (Polyamide or PA)• Polyester (PBT, PET and PCT)• Polypropylene (PP)• Acetal (POM)• Polyethylene (PE)• Polyphthalamide (PPA)• Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)

Common Applications• Fuel tanks• Milk jugs and other fluid

containers• Gears• Trash and other storage bags• Down hole drilling• Engine components

Crystalline Plastics

Molecular chains are rod shaped in both the melt and solid plastic form.

Solid Melt

Characteristics• Very strong and stiff in flow direction

• Extremely poor knitline strength

• Opaque• Chemically resistant• Low mold shrinkage• Very high flow • Fast molding cycles

LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMERS

PLASTIC MODIFICATION

Rubber for impact/toughness Fillers to stiffen/strengthen or

reduce shrinkage Pigments for color Blowing agents to reduce density

or remove sink marks Lubricants for mold release Stainless steel fibers or graphite

for conductivity Ultraviolet stabilizers for

weatherability Flame retardants to reduce

flammability of materials Long term heat age stabilizers to

make materials last longer

THERMAL PROPERTIES

Melting Point (Tm) - The temperature in a crystalline material where the plastic goes from a solid to a fluid.

Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) - The point where amorphous materials can no longer bear loads or where crystalline materials become significantly more flexible.

Continuous Use Temperature - The point where a material can withstand 3000 hours of exposure without significant load and still have useful properties.

Peak Usage Temperature - The point where a material can withstand short term heat without significantly degrading or deforming.

MATERIALTYPE

CRYSTALLINEAMORPHOUS

GLASSTRANSITION ( C)

MELTPOINT ( C)

ABS - General Purpose A 110 NONEAcetal - Homopolyer (POM) C -13 175Acrylic (PMMA) A 100 NONENylon 6 (PA6) C 75 215Nylon 46 (PA46) C 285Nylon 66 (PA66) C 57-90 260Polycarbonate (PC) A 150 NONEPBT Polyester C 65 225PET Polyester C/ A 73-85 265Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) C 334Polyetherimide (PEI) A 215 NONEPolyethersulfone (PES) A 220 NONEPolyethylene Low Density High Density

CC

-25-25

105135

Polymethylpentene (PMP) C 29 230Polyphenylene ether (PPE) A 105 NONEPolyphenylene sulfide (PPS) C 88 285Polypropylene (PP) C -20 165Polystyrene (PS) A 95-105 NONEPolyvinylchloride (PVC) A 85-105 NONE

The table shows typical plastics and whether they are amorphous or crystalline. Note that the amorphous materials only have a glass transition temperature while the crystalline materials exhibit both characteristics. The materials with glass transitions below room temperature exhibit excellent toughness at room temperature.

Melting/Softening Points

DSC CurveA Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) heats up a sample at a prescribed rate and monitors the heat put into raising the temperature versus the amount of heat the sample is absorbing or giving off.

Heating and Cooling Rates

Melt point

Modifier Melt Point

Impact Modified Polypropylene


Elastic Modulus (E') vs. Temperature

Modulus psi

Temperature F

VALOX 325

100

1000

10000

100000

1e+06

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Source: GE Select by GE Plastics. Printed: July 07,1997. Data Last Updated: April 03,1995.

Tg

Tm

DMA Curve

The DMA (Dynamic Mechanical Analysis) curve is another way of looking at the thermal properties of a material. A small coupon of plastic is placed in a fixture and flexed at a specific frequency as the temperature is increased. As the plastic heats up, the input frequency is compared to the response of the plastic and the curve is generated. The stiffness or modulus of the material changes as the glass transition temperature (Tg) is reached and the modulus continues to decline until the melt point (Tm) is approached.


As temperature increases, plastics stretch farther and easier. This same affect happens at constant temperature if the rate a stress is applied is reduced. Higher temperatures and slower rates of strain allow the molecular chains to realign themselves and slide past each other allowing more stretching to take place.

Modulus vs. Temperature

Plastic materials vary in their toughness as shown above. Temperature reductions usually cause plastics to be more brittle. Some materials have excellent toughness through a wide range in temperatures. Sharp corners or notches as shown above can cause a significant difference in the toughness of plastics.

Thermal Trends

10

100

1000

Tim

e t

o F

ailu

re (

hou

rs)

253 227 203 182 162240 215 192 170

Temperature (1/T in °C)

Arrhenius Plot of Time to Failurevs. Temperature Based on 80%

Retention of Tensile Strength forThermoset Unsaturated Polyester

TEMPERATURE RATING

A material is tested to failure and the time to failure is plotted on a semi-log graph. Usually failure is defined as 80 or 90% retention of original tensile strength for brittle nature materials or 50% retention of original elongation at break for ductile materials.

CHEMICAL RESISTANCE

ACIDS AND BASESAcid-Weak A B A A B A C A A A A A A A A C Dilute Mineral Acids

Acid-Strong C C - A C C C B - C A A B B C C Conc. Mineral Acids

Acid(organic)-Weak A B A A B A C A A A A A A A C C Vinegar, Acetic Acid

Acid(organic)-Strong C C A A C C C B - C A A B B C C Trichloroacetic Acid

Bases-Weak C A A A C A A B B A A A B A B C Dilute SodiumHydroxide

Bases-Strong C A - A C A C - - B A A C B B C Concentrated SodiumHydroxide

SOLVENTAromaticHydrocarbons

C C C C B A A A B B C A A A A A Xylene, Naphtha,Toluene

Aromatic Hydroxy C C - - C C C C - C A A A B C A Phenol

Esters C C - - B B A B B B C A A B B B Dioctyl Phthalate,Ethyl Acetate

Ethers A B - - - B A A - - C A - A A A Diethyl Ether, ButylEther

Ketones C C - C B B A B B B B A A A A A Acetone, MethylEthyl Ketone

AliphaticHydrocarbons

A A B A A A A A A A C A A A A A Hexane, Heptane

Alcohols A A A A A A B A A A A A A A A B Cyclohexanol,Ethanol

Aldehydes C B - - A A A A B B A A A A B A Formaldehyde,Acetaldehyde

Amines C C - - - - - - - - A B C A B B Triethanolamine,Aniline

AUTOMOTIVEFLUIDSFuel C A C A A A A A A A C A A A A A Fuel “C”

Oil C C A A A A A A A A A A A A B A

MISCELLANEOUSDetergents A - B - - A A - B - A A - A A B Soaps, Laundry

Inorganic salt A - - A B B B - A - A A - B B B Cupric Sulfate, ZincChloride

Oxidizing Agent-Weak

C - - - C C C - C - A B B C C C Wet Bromine, 30%Hydrogen Peroxide

Oxidizing Agent-Strong

A - A A C C C A - A A A A B C A Sodium HypochlorideSolution

WATERAmbient A A A - A A B A A A A A A A C BHot C - A - C B B C C B C A A A C BSteam C - - - C C C C C C C A A A C -

Pol

ycar

bon

ate

Pol

ysulfon

e

Pol

yphe

nyle

ne e

ther

ABS

Ace

tal-Hom

opol

ymer

Ace

tal-Cop

olym

er

Nyl

on 6

/6PBT

Pol

yest

er

PET

Pol

yest

er

Pol

yest

er E

last

omer

Pol

ypro

pyl

ene

Poly

phen

ylen

e Sulfi

de

Liquid

Cry

stal

Poly

mer

Sta

inle

ss S

teel

Car

bon

Ste

el

Alu

min

um

CHEMICALS

MAT

ERIA

LS

A - Minor Effect B - Some Effect C - Not RecommendedRoom TemperatureOne Week Exposure

Amorphous Plastics - As you review the chart, note the number of “C” ratings appearing in the columns for Polycarbonate, Polysulfone, Polyphenylene ether and ABS. Some of the best amorphous materials for chemical resistance are Polyether imide and Polyether sulfone, but they are still only about as good as the worst crystalline material. Amorphous materials are usually more sensitive to stress cracking. This can be caused by stresses molded into a part due to using a cold mold temperature or low melt temperature. Stress cracking can occur from a load on a part in use or even from a self tapping screw or riveted connection.

General - All materials have their strengths and weaknesses as shown in the Chemical Resistance chart. Polyphenylene sulfide, liquid crystal polymers and stainless steel have the best overall performance of the materials listed.

Chemical Property Trends

Hydrolysis - Many plastics are part of a family called condensation polymers. These materials give off water as a result of the polymerization of the ingredients. This relationship with water can cause the properties of the material to change in the presence of moisture. This can particularly be a problem at elevated temperatures as shown in the chart when certain plastics are exposed to hot water or steam. A reaction called hydrolysis takes place where the polymer goes through depolymerization and causes the molecular chain to break up. This process is accelerated by heat, moisture and pressure. Note that carbon steel doesn’t do to well in water either, but don’t underestimate the chemical problems associated with something as simple as water.

Chemical Property Trends

Anisotropic material properties depend on the direction in which they are measured.

Reinforced plastics have high degree of property orientation in reinforcement fiber direction.

Mechanical Properties

MECHANICALPROPERTIES

When materials are used in bending (such as lock arms) the outer skin of the material is put in both compressive and tensile stresses. The tensile stress is higher than the compressive stress and plastics are stronger in compression. Most mechanical analysis of plastics uses tensile properties of the material.

The above curve shows a typical stress-strain curve for an unfilled material. When rating a plastic for its lock arm design properties, the yield point is typical of the upper strain limit unless there is a significant amount of “plastic” or permanent deformation prior to reaching the yield point. The “proportional” limit is the point where all deformation is recoverable as the stress is released.


As unfilled plastics are stretched, the chains individually tighten until they break. They don’t all break at once and the chains are able to slide past each other a little so they will continue to stretch until rupture occurs.Glass fiber filled materials have a rigid structure, because the fibers are usually coupled or glued to the polymer chain making a rigid network. The strength of the network must be overcome before breakage occurs.



If a force is applied to stretch a plastic bar, there is a proportional, but lesser change in dimensions perpendicular to the direction of pull. This proportion is called Poisson’s Ratio. Typical ranges are shown below.

Loaded tensile bar showingdimension change in length and width.


The rate of strain or the rate stress is applied to a plastic, affects the apparent strength of a material. Unfilled plastics are usually tested at 50mm/minute and filled materials are usually tested at 5mm/minute.

Rules for Determining Plastic Strain Limits

Ductile Failure MaterialsCrystalline Polymers -

No more than the yield point of the material.

Amorphous Polymers -75% of yield point.

Exceptions to rule -Since some yield points occur after a

significant amount of plastic deformation, judgment must be used to modify strain limit to minimize the plastic deformation by staying in the elastic region of the material.

Filled Polymers - Brittle Failure Materials

1/2 break elongation

Strap style hinge usable for any ductile material except polyolefins (polyethylene and polypropylene). Usually “t” will be no less than 0.5 mm, but can be as little as 0.25 mm depending on the material and how much plastic needs to flow through the hinge. “L” will be as short as possible in order to minimize the restriction for material flowing through the hinge, but this is a factor of the ultimate elongation of the chosen plastic. Strap style hinges distribute the stress along the entire length of the strap.

Hinge Design

Direction of closure

0.25 mm

Lt

typical0.25 mm

Strap Style Hinge

Polyolefin style hinges have proven themselves to last for millions of cycles. Polyethylene and polypropylene have the high elongation necessary to work in this kind of hinge, because all of the bending takes place along a single line where the tangent of the 0.75 mm radius meets the flat on the top of the hinge. The material orients on the first flexure and will continue to flex along this line through repetitive usage.

Hinge DesignPolyolefin Style Hinge

0.30-0.50 mm

0.75 mm Radius

Direction of closure

0.25 mm

1.5 mm

Hinge Design

A critical aspect of the above part is the location of the gate(s). The part might be moldable with gates on only one side of the part depending on the amount of material that has to pass through the hinge. If the cover is 10-20% of the volume of the box, gating only on the box side will be sufficient.

Hinge Open

Box Cover

Molding Considerations

When choosing a gate location, the flow of the material through the hinge will determine how well it will function. The plastic must flow through the hinge without hesitation or without forming knitlines in the hinge area. Some of this can be overcome by filling the mold faster, but a good gating scheme will reduce sensitivity in the molding process.

Hinge DesignMolding Considerations

The gating options are shown below.

One gate in this region on the part surface or on the edge

Box Cover

Filling from one side

Two gates in these locations on the surface or edge

Box Cover

Filling from one side

Box Cover

Filling from two sidesEither one of the above locations, but mold must be balanced so knitlines are on the cover or in the box

Knitline locations

Simple Cantilever Beam

l

b

yP

h

This simple cantilever beam is typical of most snap fits. It concentrates the stress at the base where it attaches to the main body of the part. A generous radius should be used to reduce the stress concentration at the base. Another area of failure is the corner at the latch itself. Even the smallest radius will reduce the stress concentration.

P = E(b)(h3)(y)/(4(l3))

Force required

E = Modulus of Material

emax= 1.5(h)(y)/l2

Strain required

P = Normal Force

y = Deflection

SNAP FIT DESIGN

Constant Width/Variable Thickness Beam

b

l y

P

h1

h2

emax= 1.5(h1)(y)/(KA(l2))

Strain required

0 0.5 1.01.0

2.6

2.2

1.8

1.4

Ka

h2/ h1

SNAP FIT DESIGN

P = E(b)(h1

3)(y)/(4(l3)KA)

Force required


Constant Thickness/Variable Width

Beam

6.0

0 0.5 1.0

b2/b1

4.0

5.0KB

Strain required

emax= 6(h)(y)/(KB(l2))

Force required

P = E(b1)(h3)(y)/(KB(l3))


b1

b2

h

ly

P

SNAP FIT DESIGN

CREEP PROPERTIES OF PLASTICS

Creep is a long-term deformation of plastic that happens at stresses below the typical compressive or tensile strength limit of a material. In the above example, the force is kept constant. This causes the shape of the component to continue to stretch over time.

CREEP PROPERTIES

This type of creep has a constant applied strain. This is more typical snapped together, the plastic will creep to reduce the applied stress from the seal. When a component is bolted down with an applied torque, the force to loosen value will gradually reduce due to the creep of material trapped below the bolt head.

APPARENT CREEP MODULUS

Apparent Creep Modulus (ACM)

=Initial Applied Stress

Change in Strainat a Specified Time

Initial Applied Stress ACM

@ 1 hour ACM @

1000 hours

Strain

Stress

Apparent Creep Modulus will change as temperature changes. When evaluating an application, it is good to look at the glass transition and melt temperatures of a material because the creep rate will dramatically change as these temperatures are approached. Glass fibers will greatly improve the creep resistance of plastics.

Material TypeACM @1000 Hours (Mpa)

ABS - High Impact 1240PA6 - D.A.M. 1380PA6 - Wet 300PA66 - D.A.M. 1530PA66 - Wet 440PA66 - GF33 - Wet 4200PTFE 100HDPE 120PP Homopolymer 330PP Copolymer 200PBT 860PS - High Impact 1310POM - Homopolymer 1590POM - Copolymer 1720PPE 2030PC 2240PMMA 2280PEI 3170PC - GF10 3240PBT - GF30 6900PEI - GF30 8760PPS - GF40 12410

APPARENT CREEP MODULUS

COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR THERMAL EXPANSION

The above table shows typical values for CLTE. This is important when a system is comprised of multiple materials that are rigidly held together. If steel is bonded to polycarbonate, the polycarbonate will want to increase in size 6 times faster than steel when the temperature rises. This would result in breakage of the weaker material or the bond itself.

* Wet nylon values are at 2.5% moisture content

NYLON VERSUS POLYESTER

Material Property

Tensile Strength (MPa)

Flexural Modulus (MPa)

Notched IZOD Impact (J/m)

24 Hour Water Absorption (%)

PBT Polyester

52

2300

53

.08

Dry Nylon 66

82

2800

53

1.2

Wet Nylon 66*

77

1200

112

N/A

Polyester properties do not change with moisture content

Nylon becomes more break resistant with moisture pickup

NYLON VERSUS POLYESTER

Nylon absorbs moisture at

different rates based on the

amount of water it is

exposed to and the wall

thickness of the part

Dimensional Change vs. Moisture

Content

Moisture Content vs. Exposure to 50%

RH

Nylon parts will change size as they absorb more moisture

A minimum of 0.25 mm radius should be present on the inside of every corner. If there is room, a larger radius should be used that conforms to a Radius to Wall Thickness ratio (R/T) of greater than 0.6.

Plastic Notch Sensitivity

Plastics are extremely susceptible to breakage in areas where inside sharp corners exist. This is the most common reason plastic parts break. Many times the breakage occurs due to handling not associated with the function of the part. These may include shipping, bowl feeding, in-process transfers, dropping out of the mold or improper assembly. The part will be more robust against these types of failures with the addition of radii.

MATERIAL SHRINKAGE

The inherent shrinkage of a material is not a significant variable.

The shrinkage obtained in a part is affected by:

Cooling rate --Melt temperatureMold temperatureCycle time

Injection Pressure Part design --

Wall thicknessRibsFlow Orientation of fill

Material --Amorphous or crystallineFiller type and amountNucleating agents

MATERIAL SHRINKAGE

Rate of Crystallization versus

Temperature

Specific Volume versus Temperature

Temperature

Rat

e of

Cry

stal

lizat

ion

Tg Tm

Temperature

Spe

cific

Vol

ume

Tg Tm

Amorphous

Crystalline

SHRINKAGE CHARACTERISTICS

Shrinkage increases

as wall thickness and mold

temperature increase

Shrinkage varies with the flow direction of the material

SHRINKAGE CHARACTERISTICS

Unfilled Grades of

PBT Polyester

15 and 30 % Glass Filled

Grades of PBT Polyester

Shrinkage reduces as filler

content increases

WARPAGE

Warpage results when shrinkage is not uniform. All of the things that affect shrinkage, affect warpage: Processing conditions Tool design Part design Material type and fillers

Use uniform wall thicknessesCore out thick sections as much as possible

WARPAGE DESIGN TIPS

Heat Flow OutOf Cooling Part

Area of IncreasedShrinkage Due toSlower Cooling

Warp

Typical warpage due to right angle corners

Use “restrictors” to reduce warpage in right angle configurations or unsupported walls or use thinner walls in rounded corners

0.5t t

0.5t t

Oil Canning Affect

Constant wall thickness part will warp in this configuration when gated in the center. Part must be tapered from thick to thin. This warpage is due to the high pressure differential between the gate and the end of fill. The higher packing pressure in the middle causes less shrinkage in the middle and more shrinkage on the outside rim. This causes the part to buckle.

Gate

WARPAGE DESIGN TIPS

WARPAGE DESIGN TIPS

Original Design and Resultant Warpage- The heavy section wants to shrink more than the thinner lower section

Design Alternative One- The thicker section is allowed to shrink more since the lower section is not restricting it anymore

Design Alternative Two- Uniform walls on both sides of the center wall create an equivalent shrink on all surfaces

Note: The legs would still want to bow in for each of these alternatives

WARPAGE DESIGN TIPS

By making a rib 1/2 - 2/3 the thickness of the main wall, the rib will cool first and stabilize the position of the main wall. This may have only a localized effect and warpage could still occur to a lesser degree between ribs. This rib design is good design practice, because it cuts down on rib ‘read out” and sink marks on the opposite side of the main wall.

Stabilizing ribs

WARPAGE DESIGN TIPS

Gas Assist Molding can reduce warpage significantly.

Gate

Conventional Molding

Gas Assist Molding

High Pressure Low Pressure

Gas Channel

Since pressure has a dramatic affect on shrinkage, the pressure drop from the gate to the end of fill in conventional molding causes shrinkage differences between the extremes. With gas assist molding, the pressure in the gas channel is the same throughout the gas channel. The pressure differential exists only between the end of the gas flow and the farthest material flow from that point.

WARPAGE TOOLING TIPS

Glass fiber filled materials must be gated to allow as much glass alignment as possible.

FanGate

Tab Gate

Fiber alignment

With this fanned out array of glass fibers, the shrinkage that is perpendicular to the flow direction is greatest. This causes the part to “buckle” in either direction.

The fibers minimize shrinkage to a much higher degree in the flow direction.

WALL

t1.5t

DIMPLE

GATE

Use “dimples” where the part is gated on the surface

This is similar to the design tip on reducing “oil canning” of a surface. The dimple should be as large as possible in diameter, but as little as 10 mm has shown a positive affect on warpage. This feature helps to distribute material with less pressure so there is less differential pressure between the gate location and the end of fill.

WARPAGE TOOLING TIPS

Imagine the above picture represents long polymer chains entering the cross-section of a wall thickness on a part. At this point, the chains have no orientation.

As the chains start to flow down the wall, the chains nearest the wall start to drag. This causes the chains to become oriented in the flow direction. This orientation occurs because frictional forces will grab one end of the chain and since both ends are connected, they must flow at the same speed.

Molecular Flow

As flow continues, more of the chains away from the wall start to straighten out as they drag on the solidifying chains against the wall. The middle section of the part may never have orientation depending on the wall thickness. Thin wall thicknesses may have nearly 100% oriented chains, but thick parts may only have a small skin of orientation. This flow example applies to the flow of glass fibers in a wall.

Molecular Flow

5 4 3 21

12

The screw moves forward and volume 1 and part of 2 are injected into the part.

5 4 31

1 2

23

As the screw moves forward, each new volume of material is deposited along the wall in this “fountain” flow manner.

Empty moldcavity

A heated injection barrel is broken up into 5 volumes of plastic.

12345

Flow Into a Mold Cavity

5 41

1 2

2 3

34

The flow path through the middle of the wall thickness stays open, but starts to restrict as the plastic cools around it.

1

1 2

2 3

35 45

As the cavity filling is completed, volume 5 is trapped in the middle of the thickness and volumes 1 and 5 are next to each other. A molding defect near the gate is usually a result of a cold slug injected at the beginning of the shot.

Flow Into a Mold Cavity

PLASTIC FLOW PROPERTIES

Each material has its own flow characteristics depending on the plastic, filler type, regrind level and the wall thickness it flows into.

Injection Pressure

FlowLength

Nylon

PBTPolyester

Polycarbonate

GATE LOCATION

Gate so that knit lines will be minimized in areas where part flexing or strength is required.

Gate into thicker areas of a part to improve filling and reduce porosity in the molded part.

KnitLine

GateLocation

Bad Good

GateLocation

Porosity

Bad Good

EXTRUSION Profile Extrusion - In line dies

form a part that is usually larger in size than the final part. Parts made from this process are window moldings, sheet stock, tubing, body side moldings, house siding and the profiles we use to cover many passenger compartment wiring harnesses.

Extrusion Blow Molding - A profile extruded tube is picked up by a continuous chain mold where the extrudate is expanded with air to conform to the mold surface. This is the process used to make convoluted conduit.

Wire and Cable Extrusion - Wire is pulled through a crosshead die that coats by either pressure or tubing to insulate the wire.

EXTRUSION EQUIPMENT

Pellets drop into the feed throat of the extruder where they are conveyed by the rotation of the screw inside the barrel.

The plastic melts by the heat provided by the external heater bands and by the shearing action of screw against the material as it gets compressed in the barrel.

The plastic is then pumped through the screens, breaker plate and adapter into the die where it is formed into the final product.

EXTRUSION LINE

Pay-off - Facilitates unreeling the wire to the crosshead die.

Preheater - Some types of materials require preheating to either control the adhesion of the plastic to the core or reduce frozen stresses due to the hot plastic quenching against the relatively cool wire.

Vacuum - Used to control the length of the cone developed when insulation or jacketing is tubed on to the core.

Cooling Trough - Accelerates the cooling of the wire insulation, but occasionally early section of the trough may be warm to allow for less thermal shock in cooling.

Capstan - Tightly controls the rate the wire passes through the die to give a consistent diameter and smooth coating.

PROFILE DIE TYPES

PROFILE EXTRUSION TROUBLESHOOTING

Problems Possible Causes Solutions

Dimensional Variation Contamination Cross contamination by another resin

Non-uniform cooling Check water temperature & cooling lines in tanks

Processing temperatures Check processing logs

Vacuum level fluctuation Check operation of vacuum pump

Surging Check regrind % and particle size

Puller/ haul-off slippage Change broken belts

Gels Melt homogeneity Correct screw geometry

Material quality Check incoming resin

Processing temperatures Correct processing window

Dirty Screens Check and change regularly

Additives Compatible with base resin

Warpage Tooling design Improper internal streamlining

Rapid cooling Water temperature in cooling tanks

Part design Check intersecting walls for uniformity

Delamination Contamination Cross contamination by another grade

Melt homogeneity Check screw design, correct screw for grade

Processing temperatures Check processing logs

Regrind Correct regrind grade

Additives Compatible with resin

Sticking in sizer Processing temperatures Excessive processing temperatures

Vacuum level too high Lower vacuum level

Excessive draw down Check calculations, resin supplier, tooling mfg.

Setup Proper alignment of downstream equipment

Problems Possible Causes Solutions

Poor impact Drying Check set point, beds, residence time

Contamination Check for dirt, regrind blend

Melt homogeneity Check processing window, screw rpms

Rapid cooling Water temperature of cooling tanks

Material quality Correct resin grade

Processing temperatures Check recommended temperatures

Regrind Correct % and grade

Additives Check for compatibility

Dimples/ Craters Drying Check set point, beds, residence time

Contamination Check for cross contamination

Water marks Water circulation in the cooling tanks

Volatiles Proper operation of vacuum vent

Material quality QC incoming resin


Vacuum vent Open, clean and proper operation of vacuum pump

Die lines Contamination Clean tooling thoroughly

Tooling Check for proper assembly


Processing temperatures Correct processing window

Regrind Correct Regrind

Screens Change if dirty


Pits/ grit Contamination Check for dirt, cross resin contamination


Processing temperatures Proper processing window for selected resin

Regrind Correct grade, % usage

Screw effi ciency Check screw geometry and wear

Dirty screens Change if dirty

PROFILE EXTRUSION TROUBLESHOOTING

WIRE COATING PRESSURE DIE

1. Plastic flows into the die body (A)

2. The material flows around the guider tip (B) and the core tube (G).

3. While the wire (F) is being pulled through the guider tip (B), the plastic is forced around the wire before it exits the die (C).

4. The coated wire then goes into the cooling trough and the downstream

WIRE COATING TUBING DIE

1. Plastic (H) flows into the die body (A).

2. The material flows around the guider (B) and the core tube (G).

3. The guider (B) extends to the face of the die (C) which results in a tube being extruded out of the die.

4. A vacuum (L) is drawn through the guider (B) which sucks the tube down around the wire (N) as it is pulled through the die.

5. The coated wire then goes into the cooling trough and the downstream equipment.

TROUBLESHOOTING FOR WIRE COATING

Problem Cause Remedy High Extruder Pressure Temperature too low for resin

being extrudedRun at temperature recommended for specific resin

Dirty screenpack Clean and replace screenpacks periodicallyDie adjustment Gum space too small—re-adjustDie design Die lands too long for desired rate. Re-design die for

minimum pressure dropCold spot on extruder. Do not start extruder until it has been "soaked" at operating

temperature long enough to melt all the polymer in thebarrel. This usually takes 30 minutes to one hour aftertemperature is reached. For high temperature extrusion,"soak" at lower temperature to minimize resin degradation.

Check for burned out heaters or defective controllers.Repair or replace as needed

Polymer Degradation (abundanceof gelled particles off-coloredmaterial, etc.)

Poor streamlining in crossheaddie

Eliminate all low velocity or dead areas from polymer pathin design of die and crosshead.

High temperature and/or longhold-up time.

Degradation is time-temperature dependent for allthermoplastics. Lower temperature, increase extrusion rate,or decrease length of melt travel.

Contaminants in Insulation Resin feed dirty

Dirt in hopper or resin feedsystem.

Hold up or dead spots inextruder or cross head.

Serious temperature over-ride inbarrel temperature controller.

Extruder head not cleaned.

Check feed and feed systems for dirt.

Check for hold up.

Check barrel temperature Controls.

Clean extruder.

Loss of Output Bridging (resin build-up onscrew usually near the rearsection of the screw cutting offthe resin flow)

Reduce rear zone temperature.

Use hopper throat cooling.

Cool rear 3-5 flights of screw.Bridging due to burned outheating element.

Check temperature of heating zones and replace burned outheaters.

Surface Defects Air bubbles in hot water quenchcausing small craters ordepressions in the coating.

Use de-aerated water.

Wipe wire in water trough.

Decrease water temperature.Moisture in black polyethylene(usually accompanied byexcessive die build up)

Oven dry resin.

Use hopper dryer.

Use hopper cover.

Store resin in dry location.


Problem Cause Remedy Internal Voids Vaporizable contaminants on the

conductor such as water or oil.Clean conductor before coating with solvent & wipe.

Preheat conductor to drive off volatile contaminants.Moisture in resin Oven dry the resin

Use hopper dryer.

Reduce extrusion temperatures.Uneven cooling causing voids.For example, surface freezingwhile melt close to the coreremains well above softeningtemperature of the resin.

Slower cooling rate—longer air gap, hot water quench.

Reduce preheat.

Air entrapment in the melt. Reduce extrusion rate.Use humpback temperature profile.

Roughness Excessive Shear in the die

Extrusion pressure too high

Melt temperature too low

Improve die design to reduce shear—short land, polishedsurface, reduce final taper length, streamlining

Increase melt temperature.

Gum space too small. Increase gum spaceExcessive draw rate and/ordraw-down

Use pressure die with draw-down of 1.0 or slightly greater.

Use tubing die with less than 2:1 draw-down ratio.Die build-up Use flame on die face

Dry resinWire vibration Reduce wire vibration that occurs in wire line.Poor quality melt resulting frominsufficient working in theextruder.

Improve screw design per suggested dimensions.

Use smaller extruder

Use screw cooling

Use heavier screenpack assemblyDull Surface Melt temperature too low.

Cross head and/or dietemperature too low.

Moisture in resin.

Increase temperatures.

Dry resin.

Cutback,ShrinkageToo High

Orientation too great. Decrease draw-down ratio.Decrease quench rate.

Varying gloss Entry into cooling water non-uniform.Cable not completely immersedin cooling water.

Adjust cable entry into cooling water.

Lumps in Coating Unmelted resin in die Increase extrusion temperature.Use finer mesh screenpack assembly.

Die build-up breaking loose Same remedy as suggested for moisture problems.


Problem Cause Remedy Poor Adhesion Wire stretch Reduce frictional drag applied to the wire at various points

along the line.Dirty conductor Clean wire with solvent wipe.

Clean wire with preheat.Cold conductor PreheatPoor conformation to core. Use high vacuum.

Radial Diameter Variation Die out or round. Replace or re-machine die.Construction sagging beforefreezing.

Reduce melt temperature.

Reduce length of air gap.

Reduce wire preheat.Longitudinal Diameter Variations Extruder surging Decrease extrusion rate.

Increase temperature of middle zone of extruder to assuremelting before resin reaches metering zone.

Use screw design for high output.

Increase back pressure via additional screens in pack.Surging in Die

(Melt instability)

Use streamline die and crosshead.

Decrease extrusion rate.

Run at proper draw-down ratio.Uneven conductor speed due tocapstan or tractor slippage.

Increase number of wraps around capstan drums orpressure between tractor treads.

Uneven conductor speed due tofaulty drive on capstan ortractor.

Overhaul unit.

Low Elongation Low preheat temperature. Increase preheat temperature.Inadequate Tensiles Rapid quench Increase air gap, and/or quench water temperature.

Increase preheat.

An injection molding machine is comprised of an injection unit, a mold and clamping section and various support equipment. A simplified molding process involves: Feed the material into the hopper and

let it drop into the feed throat of the injection unit.

Rotate the screw inside the heated barrel of the injection unit to melt and feed the material in front of the screw.

Move the screw forward to ram the melted material into the closed mold cavity.

Cool the material in the mold. Open the mold and eject the part from the tool. Repeat process.

Injection Molding

BARREL HEATS - Initiates melting of the material in the injection unit and acts as an insulating blanket to keep the internally generated heat in the material.

MOLD TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER - To best control the molding process, the mold needs to maintain a consistent temperature. This involves circulating oil or water through the mold to heat in some cases and cool in others.

DRYING CONDITIONS - Nylons, polyesters and many other materials must be dried before molding. Heated, dry air is forced through the material which carries the released moisture back to the dryer to be absorbed by an internal desiccant bed.

Process Conditions

Process Conditions

INJECTION PROFILE - On closed loop injection control machines, this is used to force the machine to inject the material into the mold at the same rate consistently.VELOCITY PRESSURE - Pressure used to achieve the desired injection profile.PACK and HOLD PRESSURE - Pressure used to complete fill and pack out the part. This pressure has the most control over final part size.BACK PRESSURE - This pressure is exerted against the rear of the screw to prevent it from pumping material forward too fast. This allows the material to become more dense (eliminate air in the material) and improve mixing of concentrates.

CUT OFF or TRANSITION POSITION - This controls when the velocity profile switches into pack and hold.

CUSHION - The cushion is the distance the screw rests from full forward when packing is complete. The cushion should be 0.25 - 0.50 inches (5-15 mm).

PACK and HOLD TIME - This time should be left on until after the gate is frozen. It will then be safe to refill the screw without adversely affecting part quality.

COOLING TIME - This time establishes how long the part must stay in the mold after injection to make sure it is hard enough to be able to eject it from the tool without deformation.

SCREW SPEED - This controls the RPM’s of the screw which feeds material into the front of the screw so it is ready to be injected. This should return to the feed position just before the mold opens.

Process Conditions

Molding Cycle Graph

A

B

C

Hyd

rau

lic P

ress

ure

Mold

Cavit

y P

ress

ure

Hold Pressure

Switch Point

Time (Seconds)

Graph shows a molding machine running with closed loop injection control based on time. Three different viscosity materials are shown achieving the same mold cavity pressure by increasing or decreasing hydraulic pressure to compensate for the flow difference. When the injection time is the same, the cycle time and shrink will be more consistent.

Viscosity of A > B > C

Peak Pressure

*

* Only if material is moisture sensitive

Molding Troubleshooting

Desiccant Dryer

A material dryer can be several different configurations, but they all follow a variation on the above approach. Heated air is forced through a hopper of plastic via some type of diffuser. The air is returned to a desiccant bed that removes the moisture from the air. On more efficient dryers, the air first passes through an aftercooler, because it is easier to remove moisture from cool air. Usually one desiccant bed is being regenerated (dried out) while the other is in use.

THERMOFORMING

The vacuum forming process uses a plastic sheet stretched across the mold surface. The plastic is heated until it is slightly pliable, then a vacuum pulls the plastic down against the mold surface. The plastic hardens against the mold so it can then be de-molded. Other variations of this process use air pressure and mechanical assists to help the plastic conform to the mold surface.

EXTRUSION BLOW MOLDING

Plastic is extruded through a die into the shape of a tube (parison). A clam shell mold closes around the parison and seals it off at the top and bottom. A nozzle is captured inside the parison and air pressure forces the plastic to expand out to the inside of the clam shell. As the plastic hits the mold surface, it cools until it is ready to be ejected from the tool. The blow molded piece is trimmed of the flash hanging off both ends of the part with a knife, stamping die or hot wire.

BLOWN FILM PROCESS

This schematic shows an operation typical of garbage bag manufacturing. There are multiple layers of plastics in a bag. Each layer imparts a different property to the final bag. The extruder forces plastic through a complex die that pushes a tube out the top of the die. Air is blown out through the middle of the die, which causes the tube to expand to a controlled diameter (not shown). The bag is then flattened and rolled up for post-processing.

ULTRASONIC WELDING

A clean and efficient way of attaching plastic components to each other is ultrasonic welding. Plastics can be welded to each other if they are the same material, but different materials may not be compatible. Ultrasonic staking will solve this compatibility problem. The ultrasonic equipment causes the plastic to vibrate at 20,000 - 40,000 Hz. This energy causes the plastic to melt locally and either deform a stake or weld to another piece.

Typical ultrasonic welding equipment.

Ultrasonic staking, swaging and spot welding.

Scarf joints.

A basic shear/interference joint.

ULTRASONIC WELDING

Trademarks Supplier Symbol Plastic "Family" Name ACLAR AUSIMONT PCTFE POLYCHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENEACRYLITE CYRO INDUSTRIES PMMA POLY (METHYL METHACRYLATE)—

"ACRYLIC"ADIPRANE UNIROYAL INC. PUR POLYURETHANE, THERMOSET

(UNSATURATED)ADPRO GENESIS POLYMERS PP POLYPROPYLENEAKULON DSM ENGINEERING PLASTICS P6, PA66 POLYAMIDE 6 & 66—"NYLON 6 & 66"ALATHON DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. PE-LD, PE-HD, PE-LLD POLYETHYLENE, LOW, HIGH, LINEAR

LOW DENSITY(R) ALCRYN DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. TECEA ETHYLENE ALLOY THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER:

CHLORINATEDALTON INTERNATIONAL POLYMERS PPS+PTFE POLYPHENYLENE SULFIDE +

POLYTETRA FLUORETHYLENEAMODEL AMOCO CHEMICAL CORP PPA POLY PHTHALAMIDEAMPOL AMERICAN POLYMERS INC CA CELLULOSE ACETATEAPEC BAYER CORP PAT POLYARYLATE -POLYESTER,

THERMOPLASTICAPEX TEKNOR APEX CO. PVC POLY (VINYL CHLORIDE)ARALDR ITE CIBA-GEIGY CORP. EP EPOXIDE: EPOXYARDEL AMOCO CHEMICAL CORP PAT POLYARYLATE -POLYESTER,

THERMOPLASTICARLOY ARCO CHEMICAL CO PC+SMA POLYCARBONTE + STYRENE MALEIC

ANHYDRIDEARNITE DSM ENGINEERING PLASTICS PBT, PET POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE,

POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATEARYLON DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. PAT POLYARYLATE -POLYESTER,

THERMOPLASTICASHLENE ASHLEY POLYMERS PA6, PA66, PA12 POLYAMIDE 6, 66, &12—"NYLON 6, 66,

&12"ASTREL AMOCO CHEMICAL CORP. PAS POLYARYLSULFONEASTRYN MONTELL PP POLYPROPYLENEAZDEL AZDEL INC. PP POLYPROPYLENEBAKELITE UNION CARBIDE CORP. PE-LD, PE-MD, PE-HD POLYETHYLENE, LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH

DENSITYBAKELITE UNION CARBIDE CORP. PF PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDEBAKELITE UNION CARBIDE CORP. PE-LLD POLYETHYLENE, LINEAR LOW DENSITYBAYBLEND BAYER CORP ABS+PC ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENE

+ POLYCARBONATEBAYFLEX BAYER CORP PUR POLYURETHANE, THERMOSETBAYFLEX BAYER CORP PUR POLYURETHANE THERMOPLASTIC

ELASTOMERBEXLOY K DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO PET POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATEBEXLOY V DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO TEEE+PBT ETHER ESTER BLOCK COPOLYMER +

POLYBUTYLENE EREPHTHLATEBEXLOY W DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO EMA ETHYLENE/METHACRYLIC ACIDBUTACITE DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. PVB POLY (VINYL BUTYRAL)BUTVAR MONSANTO CO. PVB POLY (VINYL BUTYRAL)CADON BAYER ABS ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENECADON BAYER ABS+SMA ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENE

+ STYRENE MALEIC ANHYDRIDECADON MONSANTO CO. SMAH STYRENE MALEIC ANHYDRIDECALIBRE DOW CHEMICAL CO. PC POLYCARBONATECAPRON ALLIED SIGNAL PA6, PA6/66 POLYAMIDE 6, 6/66—"NYLON 6, 6/66"(R)CARILON SHELL PK POLYKETONECELANESE HOECHST CELANESE PA66 POLYAMIDE 66—"NYLON 66"CELANEX HOECHST CELANESE PBT POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATECELANEX HOECHST CELANESE PBT+PET POLYBUTHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE +

POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATECELCON HOECHST CELANESE POM POLYOXYMETHYLENE:

POLYFORMALDEHYDE —"ACETAL"CENTREX BAYER ASA ACRYLONITRILE/STYRENE/ACRYLATECENTREX BAYER ASA+AEC ACRYLONITRILE/STYRENE/ACRYLATE

+ ACRYLONITRILE/ETHYLENE/STYRENE

PLASTIC MATERIAL CROSS REFERENCE

LISTING

PLASTIC MATERIAL CROSS REFERENCE LISTING

Trademarks Supplier Symbol Plastic "Family" Name CHEVRON H.D CHEVRON CHEMICAL CO. PE-HD POLYETHYLENE, HIGH DENSITYCORVEL POLYMER CORP. EP EPOXIDECTI NYLON CTI PA11, PA6/12 POLYAMIDE 11, 6/12, "NYLON 11, 6/12"CYANAPRENE AMERICAN CYANAMID CO. PUR POLYURETHANE, THERMOSET

(UNSATURATED)CYCOL AC GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. ABS ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENE

CYCOLOY GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. ABS+PC ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENE+ POLYCARBONATE

CYCOLIN GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY ABS+PBT ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENE+POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE

CYCOVIN K GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. ABS+PVC ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENE+ POLYVINYL CHLORIDE

CYMEL AMERICAN CYANAMID CO. MD MELAMINE-FORMALDEHYDECRASTIN DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO PBT POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATECYROLITE CYRO INDUSTRIES MMA/S/EA+B/MMA/S POLY (METHYL METHACRYLATE),CO-

STYRENE, COETHYLEACRYLATE)+POLY(BUTADIENE,CO-METHYLMETHACRYLATE, CO-STYRENE CYTOR UNKNOWN TPUPOLYURETHANE, THERMOPLASTIC

DAPLEN POLYDAN INTERNATIONAL PP POLYPROPYLENEDAPON POLYDAN INTERNATIONAL PDAP POLY (DIALLYL PHTHALATE)DELRIN DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. POM POLYOXYMETHYLENE:

POLYFORMALDEHYDE —"ACETAL"DELRIN AF DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. POM+PTFE POLYOXYMETHYLENE + POLYTETRA

FLUORETHYLENEDERAKANE DOW CHEMICAL CO. EP EPOXY VINYL ESTER RESINSDESMOPAN BAYER CORP. PUR POLYURETHANE, THERMOSET

(UNSATURATED)(R) DEXFLEX D&S PLASTICS TEO THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFIN

ELASTOMERDIAKON ICI HYDE GROUP PMMA POLY (METHYL METHACRYLATE)—

"ACRYLIC"DIARON REICHOLD CHEMICALS INC. MF MELAMINE-FORMALDEHYDEDIAMOND ABS DIAMOND ABS ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENEDKE+450 SUMITOMO CORP.OF AMERICA PVC+ PMMA POLYVINYL CHLORIDE +

POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATEDOWLEX DOW CHEMICAL CO. PE-LLD POLYETHYLENE: LINEAR LOW,DURAFLEX SHELL CHEMICAL CO. PB POLYBUTENE-1DURETHAN BAYER CORP. PA6 POLYAMIDE 6-"NYLON 6"DURATHON BAYER AG PS POLYSTYRENEDURETHAN BAYER CORP. PA6, PA66 POLYAMIDE 6 & 66—"NYLON 6 & 66"DURETHAN BAYER CORP. PA6, PA66 POLYAMIDE 6 & 66—"NYLON 6 & 66"DUREZ OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL PDAP POLY (DIALLYL PHTHALATE)DUREZ OCCIDENTAL CHEMICAL PF PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDEDURILITE UNKNOWN EC ETHYL CELLULOSEDYLARK ARCO CHEMICAL CO. SMA STYRENE MALEIC ANHYDRIDEDYLENE ARCO CHEMICAL CO. PS POLYSTYRENEDYNYL RHONE POULENC INC. PEBA POLYETHER BLOCK AMIDE,

THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERECONOL SOHIO CHEMICAL CO. PAT POLYARYLATE -THERMOPLASTIC

POLYESTEREKKCEL CARBORUNDUM CO. POB POLY-P-OXYBENZOATEEASTAPAC EASTMAN CHEMICAL PET POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALALTE)EASTAR EASTMAN CHEMICAL PCT POLYCYCLOHEXYLENE

TEREPHTHALATEEASTAR FB EASTMAN CHEMICAL, INC PET POLY (ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE)EASTAR MB EASTMAN CHEMICAL, INC PC+PCT POLYCARBONATE +

POLYCYCLOHEXYLENETEREPHTHALATE

EASTAR MB EASTMAN CHEMICAL, INC PC+PET POLYCARBONATE + POLYETHYLENETEREPHTHALATE


Trademarks Supplier Symbol Plastic "Family" Name ELEXAR SHELL CHEMICAL CO. S/B STYRENE-BUTADIENEELEXAR SHELL CHEMICAL CO. TES THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER —

STYRENE BLOCK COPOLYMERELVAX DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. E/VAC ETHYLENE/VINYL ACETATEEMAC CHEVRON E/MA ETHYLENE/METHACRYLIC ACRYLATEEMPEE MONMOUTH PLASTICS INC. PE-LD, PE-MD POLYETHYLENE, LOW, MEDIUM

DENSITYENVEX ROGERS CORP. PI POLYIMIDEEPOCAST CIBA-GEIGY EP EPOXIDE: EPOXYEPOLITE HEXCEL EP EPOXIDE: EPOXYEPON SHELL CHEMICAL CO. EP EPOXIDE: EPOXYEPOTUF REICHOLD CHEMICALS INC. EP EPOXIDE: EPOXYESCORENE EXXON CHEMICAL AMERICAS PE-LD, PE-LLD, PE-MD POLYETHYLENE: LOW, LINEAR LOW,

MEDIUM DENSITY

ESCORENE EXXON CHEMICAL AMERICAS PP POLYPROPYLENE

ESTANE B.F. GOODRICH CHEMICAL ABS+TPU ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENE+ THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANEELASTOMER

ESTANE B.F. GOODRICH CHEMICAL TPU THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANEELASTOMER

ETHOCEL DOW CHEMICAL CO. EC ETHYL CELLULOSEEVANOL UNKNOWN PVAL POLY (VINYL ALCOHOL)FERROFLEX FERRO CORP. TEO THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFIN

ELASTOMERFIBERFIL DSM ENGINEERING PLASTICS ABS, PP ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENE,

POLYPROPYLENEFIBERCO POLYMER COMPOSITES INC. PA6, PA66 POLYAMIDE 6 & 66—"NYLON 6 & 66"FLUON ICI AMERICAS INC. PTFE POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENEFLUOROCOMP LNP CORPORATION FEP PERFLUORO (ETHYLENE/PROPYLENE)FORMION A. SCHULMAN INC. E/MA ETHYLENE METHACRYLATE ACID

FORMVARMONSANTO CO.PVFMPOLY(VINYL FORMAL)

FORSACRYL UNKNOWN SAN STYRENE-ACRYLONITRILEFORTIFLEX SOLVAY POLYMERS INC. PE-LD, PE-MD, PE-HD, PE-LLD POLYETHYLENE, LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH,

LINEAR LOW DENSITYFORTRON HOECHST CELANESE PPS POLY (PHENYLENE SULFIDE)GE RTV SILICONE GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. SI SILICONEGELOY 1200 GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. ASA+PVC ACRYLONITRILE/STYRENE/ACRYLATE

+ POLYVINYL CHLORIDEGELOY 1320 GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. ASA+PMMA ACRYLONITRILE/STYRENE/ACRYLATE

+ POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATEBLEND

GELVA MONSANTO CO. PVAC POLY (VINYL ACETATE)GELVATOL MONSANTO CO. PVAL POLY (VINYL ALCOHOL)GEMAX GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. PBT+PPE POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE +

POLYPHENYLENE ETHER BLENDGEMON GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. PI POLYIMIDEGEON B.F. GOODRICH CHEMICAL PVC POLY (VINYL CHLORIDE)GEON B.F. GOODRICH CHEMICAL VC/VDC VINYL CHLORIDE/VINYLIDENE

CHLORIDEGRACON W.R. GRACE CO. PVC POLY (VINYL CHLORIDE)

GRILON EMS AMERICAN GRILON PA6, PA66, PA11, PA12 POLYAMIDE 6, 66, 11 AND 12—"NYLON6, 66, 11 AND 12"

HALAR ALLIED ENGINEERED PLASTICSSIGNAL

PCTFE POLYCHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENE

HALAR ALLIED ENGINEERED PLASTICSSIGNAL

PTFE POLYTERAFLUOROETHYLENE

HIFAX MONTELL TEO THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFINELASTOMER


Trademarks Supplier Symbol Plastic "Family" Name HOSTACOM HOECHST AG PP POLYPROPYLENEHOSTADUR HOECHST AG PET POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATEHOSTAFLON HOECHST AG PTFE POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENEHOSTAFORM HOECHST AG POM POLYOXYMETHYLENE:

POLYFORMALDEHYDE—"ACETAL"HOSTALEN HOECHST AG PE-HD POLYETHYLENE, HIGH DENSITYHOSTALEN GUR HOECHST AG PE-UHMW POLYETHYLENE, ULTRA-HIGH

MOLECULAR WEIGHTHOSTALEN PP HOECHST AG PP POLYPROPYLENEHOSTALIT Z HOECHST AG PVC+CPE POLYVINYL CHLORIDE +

CHLORINATED POLYETHYLENEHYCAR B.F. GOODRICH CHEMICAL PVC+NBR POLYVINYL CHLORIDE + NITRILE

BUTADIENE RUBBERHYTREL DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. TEEE THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER - ETHER

ESTER BLOCK COPOLYMERIMPET HOECHST CELANESE PET POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATEISOMIN UNKNOWN MF MELAMINE-FORMALDEHYDEISOPLAST DOW CHEMICAL CO. PUR RIGIG THERMOPLASTIC

POLYURETHANEIXEF SOLVAY PARA POLYARYLAMID (POLYARAMIDE)JETFLEX MULTIBASE AES ACRYLONITRILE/ETHYLENE/STYRENEKADEL AMOCO CHEMICAL CORP. PAEK POLYARYLETHERKETONE

KAMAX ROHM & HAAS CO. PMMI POLY (METHYLMETHACRYLATE IMIDE)KEL-F 3M COMPANY PCTFE POLYCHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENEKINEL RHONE POULENC INC. PI POLYIMIDEKOBLEND ENICHEM ABS+PC ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENEKINEL RHONE POULENC INC. PI POLYIMIDE

KRALASTIC FVM UNIROYAL INC. ABS+PVC ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENE+ POLYVINYL CHLORIDE

KRATON SHELL CHEMICAL CO. TES THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERSTYRENE BLOCK COPOLYMER

KYDEX ROHM & HAAS CO. PVC+PMMA POLYVINYL CHLORIDE + POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE

KYNAR TOHAAS PVDF POLY (VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE)K-RESINS PHILLIPS CHEMICAL CO. S/B STYRENE-BUTADIENELEXAN GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. PC POLYCARBONATE PLASTICSLEXAN GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. PC+PE POLYCARBONATE + POLYETHYLENELOMOD GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. TEEE THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER —ETHER

ESTER BLOCK COPOLYMERLUPOLEN BASF CORP PE-HD POLYETHYLENE, HIGH DENSITYLURAN BASF CORP. ASA ACRYLONITRILE/STYRENE/ACRYLATELURAN BASF CORP. SAN STYRENE/ACRYLONITRILELUSTRAN BAYER CORP ABS ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENELUSTRAN BAYER CORP ABS+PVC ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENE

+ POLYVINYL CHLORIDELUSTRAN BAYER CORP SAN STYRENE/ACRYLONITRILELUSTREX POLYSAR INC. PS POLYSTYRENELUVICAN BASF CORP. PVK POLYVINYLCARBAZOLEMAKROBLEND BAYER CORP PC+PBT POLYCARBONATE + POLYBUTYLENE

TEREPHTHALATEMAKROBLEND BAYER CORP PC+PET POLYCARBONATE + POLYETHYLENE

TEREPHTHALATEMAKROLON BAYER CORP PC POLYCARBONATE PLASTICSMAGNUM DOW CHEMICAL CO. ABS ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENEMARLEX PHILLIPS CHEMICAL CO. PE-MD, PE-HD POLYETHYLENE, MEDIUM, HIGH

DENSITYMARLEX PHILLIPS CHEMICAL CO. PP POLYPROPYLENEMELMAC PHILLIPS CHEMICAL CO. MF MELAMINE-FORMALDEHYDEMETTON LMR METTON AMERICA INC. PDCPD POLYDICYCLOPENTADIENEMICROTHANE UNKNOWN EVAC ETHYLENE/VINYL ACETATE


Trademarks Supplier Symbol Plastic "Family" Name MINDEL A AMOCO CHEMICAL CORP. PSU+ABS POLYSULFONE + ABSMINDEL B AMOCO CHEMICAL CORP. PSU+PET POLY (PHENYLENE SULFONE) —

POLYSULFONE + POLYETHYLENETEREPHTHALATE

MINDEL S AMOCO CHEMICAL CORP. PSU+PC POLYSULFONE + POLYCARBONATEMINLON DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. PA66 POLYAMIDE 66—"NYLON 66"MOPLEN MONTELL PP POLYPROPYLENEMULTI-ABS MULTIBASE ABS ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENEMULTIFLEX MULTIBASE SEBSN5 THERMOFIL INC. PA+SAN POLYAMIDE +

STYRENE/ACRYLONITRILEMYTEX EXXON CHEMICAL CO PP POLYPROPYLENENORYL GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. PPE POLYPHENYLENE ETHER PLASTICSNORYL GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. PPE+PS POLYPHENYLENE ETHER + HIGH

IMPACT POLYSTYRENENORYL GTX GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. PPE+PA POLYAMIDE + POLYPHENYLENE ETHERNOVODUR BAYER CORP/BAYER AG ABS ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENENOVOLEN BASF CORP. PP POLYPROPYLENENUSIL NUSIL SI SILICONE ACID "IONOMER"NYDUR BAYER CORP. PA6 POLYAMIDE 6—"NYLON 6"NYLATRON DSM ENGINEERING PLASTICS PA6, PA66 POLYAMIDE 6 & 66—"NYLON 6 & 66"NYPEL ALLIED SIGNAL INC. PA6 POLYAMIDE 6—"NYLON 6"OLEFLO AVISUN PP POLYPROPYLENEOPPANOL B BASF CORP. PIB POLYISOBUTYLENEOPTEMA EXXON E/MA ETHYLENE/METHACRYLIC ACIDOROGLAS ROHM & HAAS CO. PMMA POLY (METHYL METHACRYLATE)—

"ACRYLIC"ORTHANE EAGLE PICHER PLASTICS DIV. TPU POLYURETHANE, THERMOPLASTICOZO UNKNOWN PVC+NBR POLYVINYL CHLORIDE + NITRILE

BUTADIENE RUBBERPARACRIL UNIROYAL INC. PVC+NBR POLYVINYL CHLORIDE + NITRILE

BUTADIENE RUBBERPAXON ALLIEDSIGNAL PE-HD POLYETHYLENE, HIGH DENSITYPEBAX ELF ATO PEBA POLYETHER BLOCK AMIDE THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER

PEEK VICTREX, U.S.A., INC. PAEK POLYARYL ETHER KETONEPELLETHANE DOW CHEMICAL CO. TPU THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANE

ELASTOMERPENTON HERCULES INC. CPE CHLORINATED POLYETHYLENEPOCAN BAYER CORP PBT POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATEPETLON BAYER CORP. PET POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATEPETRA ALLIEDSIGNAL PBT POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATEPETRA ALLIEDSIGNAL PET POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATEPETROTHENE QUANTUM CHEM., USI DIV. PE-LD,

PE-MD,

PE-HD, PE-LLD

POLYETHYLENE, LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH,

LINEAR LOW DENSITY

PLASKON PLASKON ELECTRONIC MTLS. UF UREA-FORMALDEHYDEPLENCO PLASTICS ENGINEERING CO. PF PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDEPLEXIGLAS ROHM & HAAS CO. PMMA POLY (METHYL METHACRYLATE)—

"ACRYLIC"PLIOLITE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER S/B STYRENE-BUTADIENEPLIOVIC GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER PVC POLY (VINYL CHLORIDE)POLYCOMP LNP CORPORATION PPS+PTFE POLYPHENYLENE SULFIDE +

FLUOROETHYLENEPOLYFABS A. SCHULMAN INC. ABS ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENEPOLYFORT A. SCHULMAN INC. PE-HD POLYETHYLENE, HIGH DENSITYPOLYFORT A. SCHULMAN INC. PP POLYPROPYLENEPOLYLAC CHI MEI ABS ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENEPOLYPUR A. SCHULMAN INC. PUR THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANE

ELASTOMERPOLYSTYROL BASF CORP PS POLYSTYRENE


Trademarks Supplier Symbol Plastic "Family" Name POLYSTYROL BASF CORP SB STYRENE/BUTADIENEPOLYSTYROL SB BASF CORP. PS POLYSTYRENE, HIGH IMPACTPOLYTROPE A. SCHULMAN INC. TEO THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFIN

ELASTOMERPOLYVIN A. SCHULMAN INC. PVC POLY (VINYL CHLORIDE)POLY-DAP DAP PDAP POLY (DIALLYL PHTHALATE)PREMI-GLAS PREMIX INC. UP POLYESTER, UNSATURATED

THERMOSETPREVAIL DOW CHEMICAL CO. ABS+PUR ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENE

+ THERMOPLASTIC URETHANEPREVEX GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. PPE POLYPHENYLENE ETHER PLASTICSPREVEX GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. PPE+PS POLYPHENYLENE ETHER + HIGH

IMPACT POLYSTYRENEPRO-FAX MONTELL PP POLYPROPYLENEPROLASTOMER SYNTENE COMPANY TEO THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFIN

ELASTOMERPYRALIN DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. PI POLYIMIDERADEL A AMOCO CHEMICAL CORP. PES POLYETHERSULFONERADEL R AMOCO CHEMICAL CORP. PPSU POLYPHENYLENE SULFONE(R) REXENE REXENE PE-LD POLYETHYLENE, LOW DENSITYRILSAN ELF ATOCHEM PA11, PA12 POLYAMIDE 11 & 12 —"NYLON 11 & 12"RITEFLEX BP HOECHST CELANESE TEEE THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER—ETHER

ESTER BLOCK COPOLYMERROPET ROHM & HAAS CO. PET+PMMA POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE +

POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATEROYALITE ROYALITE TP ABS+PVC ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENE

+POLYVINYL CHLORIDERTV-2 SILICONES INC. SI SILICONERYNITE DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. PET POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATERYTON PHILLIPS CHEMICAL CO. PPS POLY (PHENYLENE SULFIDE)SALFLEX SALFLEX POLYMERS LTD TEO THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFIN

ELASTOMERSANTOPRENE ADVANCED ELASTOMER SYS. TEO THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFIN

ELASTOMER, FULLY CROSSLINKEDSARAN DOW CHEMICAL CO. PVDC POLY (VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE)SARLINK 2000 DSM THERMOPL.ELASTOM. TEO THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFIN

ELASTOMERSARLINK 3000 DSM THERMOPL.ELASTOM. TEO THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFIN

ELASTOMERSELAR RB DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. PA+PE-HD POLYAMIDE + POLYETHYLENESELECTRON PPG INDUSTRIES INC. UP POLYESTER, THERMOSET

(UNSATURATED)SILASTIC DOW CORNING SI SILICONESINKRAL ENICHEM ABS ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENESKANOPAL PERSTORP INC. UF UREA-FORMALDEHYDESKYBOND MONSANTO CO. PI POLYIMIDESNIAMID NYLTECH PA6 POLYAMIDE 6-"NYLON 6"SPECTRIM DOW CHEMICAL CO. PUR POLYURETHANE, THERMOSETSTANYL DSM ENGINEERING PLASTICS PA46 POLYAMIDE 46—"NYLON 46"STAPRON C DSM ENGINEERING PLASTICS PC+ABS POLYCARBONATE + ACRYLONITRILE

BUTADIENE STYRENESTAPRON E DSM ENGINEERING PLASTICS PC+PET POLYCARBONATE + POLYETHYLENE

TEREPHTHALATESTAPRON N DSM ENGINEERING PLASTICS ABS+PA ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENE

+POLYAMIDESTAPRON S DSM ENGINEERING PLASTICS SMA STYRENE/MALEIC ANHYDRIDESTYROLUX WESTLAKE PLASTICS CO. SB STYRENE-BUTADIENESTYRON DOW CHEMICAL CO. PS POLYSTYRENESURLYN DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. E/MA ETHYLENE/METHACRYLIC ACID—

"IONOMER"TECHNYL NYLTECH. PA66, PA66/6 POLYAMIDE 66, PA66/6—"NYLON 66,

66/6"


Trademarks Supplier Symbol Plastic "Family" Name TEDLAR DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. PVF POLY (VINYL FLUORIDE)TEFLON DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. FEP PERFLUORO (ETHYLENE/PROPYLENE)TEFLON DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. PTFE POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENETEFLON Z DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. FEP TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE/HEXAFLUOR

O PROPYLENETEFZEL DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. ETFE ETHYLENE/TETRAFLUOROETHYLENETELCAR TEKNOR APEX CO. TEO THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFIN

ELASTOMERTELENE BF GOODRICH CO. PDCPD POLYDICYCLOPENTADIENETEMPRITE BF GOODRICH CO. CPVC CHLORINATED POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)TENITE EASTMAN CHEM. PRODUCTS CA CELLULOSE ACETATETENITE EASTMAN CHEM. PRODUCTS CAB CELLULOSE ACETATE BUTYRATE

TENITE EASTMAN CHEM. PRODUCTS CAP CELLULOSE ACETATE PROPIONATE

TENITE EASTMAN CHEM. PRODUCTS CP CELLULOSE PROPIONATETENITE EASTMAN CHEM. PRODUCTS PE-LD POLYETHYLENETENITE EASTMAN CHEM. PRODUCTS PP POLYPROPYLENETERBLEND S BASF CORP ASA+PC ACRYLONITRILE/STYRENE/ACRYLATE

+ POLYCARBONATETERLURAN BAYER CORP. ABS ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENETETRAN PENNWALT CORP. PTFE POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENETEXALON TEXAPOL CORP. PA6, PA66 POLYAMIDE 6 & 66—"NYLON 6 & 66"TEXIN BAYER CORP. PC+TPU POLYCARBONATE + THERMOPLASTIC

POLYURETHANETEXIN BAYER CORP. TPU POLYURETHANE, THERMOPLASTIC(R) THERMX EASTMAN PCT POLYCYCLOHEXYLENE

TEREPHTHALATETHERMO UNKNOWN CPE CHLORINATED POLYETHYLENETHERMOCOMP AL LNP CORPORATION ABS+PTFE ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENE

+ POLYTETRA FLUOROETHYLENETHERMOCOMP KL LNP CORPORATION POM+PTFE POLYOXYMETHYLENE + POLYTETRA

FLUOROETHYLENETHERMOCOMP PF LNP CORPORATION PA6, PA66 POLYAMIDE 6 & 66—"NYLON 6 & 66"TORLON AMOCO CHEMICAL CORP. PAI POLYAMIDE-IMIDETPX MITSUI & CO. PMP POLY (4-METHYLPENTENE-1)TREFSIN ADVANCED ELASTOMER TEO THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFIN

ELASTOMER, FULLYTRIAX 1000 BAYER CORP. ABS+PA ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENE

+ POLYAMIDETRIAX BAYER CORP. ABS+PC ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE/STYRENE

+ POLYCARBONATETROSIPLAST KAY-FRIES INC. PVC POLY (VINYL CHLORIDE) TUF-

FLEXAMERICAN HOECHSTCORP.PSPOLYSTYRENE, HIGH IMPACT

TYRIL DOW CHEMICAL CO. SAN STYRENE/ACRYLONITRILETYRIN DOW CHEMICAL CO. CPE CHLORINATED POLYETHYLENEUDEL AMOCO CHEMICAL CORP. PSU POLYSULFONEULTEM GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. PEI POLYETHERIMIDEULTRABLEND BASF CORP PBT+ASA POLYBUTHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE +

ACRYLONITRILE/STYRENE/ACRYLATEBLEND

ULTRAMID C BASF CORP. PA66/6 POLYAMIDE 66/6-"NYLON 66/6"ULTRAMID S BASF CORP. PA610 POLYAMIDE 610-"NYLON 610"ULTRADUR BASF CORP PBT POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATEUTRAFORM BASF CORP POM POLYOXYMETHYLENE:

POLYFORMALDEHYDE—"ACETAL"ULTRAMID BASF CORP PA6, PA66 POLYAMIDE 6 & 66—"NYLON 6 & 66"ULTRAMID T BASF CORP PEBA POLYETHER BLOCK AMIDE,

THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERULTRASON BASF CORP PES POLYETHER SULFONEULTRASON BASF CORP. PSU POLYSULFONE


Trademarks Supplier Symbol Plastic "Family" Name ULTRASON BASF CORP PPSU POLY (PHENYLENE SULFONE)UNICHEM COLORITE PLASTICS CO. PVC POLY (VINYL CHLORIDE)UVEX EASTMAN CHEM. PRODUCTS CAB CELLULOSE ACETATE BUTYRATEVALOX GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. PBT POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATEVALOX GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. PBT+PET POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE +

POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE(R) VANDAR HOECHST CELANESE TEEE+PBT THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS: ETHER

ESTER BLOCK COPOLYMER+POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE

VECTRA HOECHST CELANESE LCP LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMER-POLYESTER, THERMOPLASTIC

VEDRIL VEDRIL SPA (SPAIN) PMMA POLY (METHYL METHACRYLATE)—"ACRYLIC"

VESPEL DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. PARA POLYARYLAMID (POLYARAMIDE)—"ARAMID"

VESPEL DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. PI POLYIMIDEVESTAMID HUELS AG/HUELS AMERICA PA12 POLYAMIDE 12—"NYLON 12"VIBRIN-MAT U.S. RUBBER CO. UP POLYESTER, THERMOSET

(UNSATURATED)VINOFLEX BASF CORP. PVC POLY (VINYL CHLORIDE)VINYLITE CANADIAN RESINS & CHEM PVAC POLY (VINYL ACETATE)VINYLITE CANADIAN RESINS & CHEM PVB POLY (VINYL BUTYRAL)VINYLITE CANADIAN RESINS & CHEM PVC POLY (VINYL CHLORIDE)VINYLITE CANADIAN RESINS & CHEM VC/VAC VINYL CHLORIDE/VINYL ACETATEVISTAFLEX ESSO CHEMICALS (EUROPE) TEO THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFIN

ELASTOMERVYDYNE BAYER CORP PA66, PA66/6 POLYAMIDE 66—"NYLON 66", NYLON

66/6VYNITE ALLIED ENGINEERED PLASTICS PVC+NBR POLYVINYL CHLORIDE + NITRILE

BUTADIENE RUBBERVYRAM ADVANCED ELASTOMER SYST. TEO THERMOPLASTIC POLYOLEFIN

ELASTOMERVYTHENE ALPHA CHEM. & PLASTICS CO. PVC+PUR POLYVINYL CHLORIDE +

POLYURETHANE(R) WELLAMID WELLMAN INC. PA6, PA66,PA66/6 POLYAMIDE 6, 66, &66/6—"NYLON 6, 66

&66/6"WELLITE WELLMAN INC. PBT POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATEWELLPET WELLMAN INC. PET POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATEXENOY GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. PC+PBT POLYCARBONATE + POLYBUTYLENE

TEREPHTHALATEXT POLYMER CYRO INDUSTRIES (MMA/S/AN+B/MMA/S) POLY (METHYL METHACRYLATE), CO-

STYRENE, CO-ACRYLONITRILE)+POLY(BUTADIENE,CO- METHYLMETHACRYLATE, CO-STYRENE)

XYDAR AMOCO CHEMICAL CORP. LCP LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMER-POLYESTER, THERMOPLASTIC

ZENITE DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. LCP LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMER-POLYESTER, THERMOPLASTIC

(R) ZYTEL DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. PA66,66/6 POLYAMIDE 66,66/6—"NYLON 66,66/6"ZYTEL DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. PA612 POLYAMIDE 612—"NYLON 612"ZYTEL HTN DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO. PA6T/MPMD POLYAMIDE COPOLYMER...

Plastics Basics 2000

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