Plastic recycling

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By: ValliA

Plastic Recycling



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Plastic and Plastic Pollution

• A plastic material is any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic solids that are moldable. Plastics are typically organic polymers of high molecular mass, but they often contain other substances. They are usually synthetic, most commonly derived from petrochemicals.

• Plastic pollution is accumulation of plastic products in the environment that adversely affects wildlife, wildlife habitat, or humans. Many types and forms of plastic pollution exist. Plastic pollution can adversely affect lands, waterways and oceans. Plastic reduction efforts have occurred in some areas in attempts to reduce plastic consumption and promote plastic recycling. The prominence of plastic pollution is correlated with plastics being inexpensive and durable, which lends to high levels of plastics used by humans.



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Disadvantages of Using plastics

• Plastic is a nonrenewable resources.• It causes Cancer• It affects temperature.• Plastics are deformation under load.• Plastics are low heat resistant and poor

ductility.• Plastics are combustibility.• It produces toxic fumes when it is burnt



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Plastic Recycling is the process of recovering scrap or waste plastic and reprocessing the material into useful products, sometimes completely different in form from their original state.

For e.g. melting down soft drink bottles and then casting them as plastic chairs and tables.

Plastic 'recycling' is largely a misnomer since plastic beverage bottles (soda, juice, milk) are never reformed into new beverage bottles; this requires virgin plastic. There simply is no cycle involved with the "recycling" of plastic beverage containers.

Introduction of Plastic Recycling



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Plastics are also recycled/reprocessed during the manufacturing process of plastic goods such as polyethylene film and bags. A percentage of the recycled pellets are then re-introduced into the main production operation. This closed-loop operation has taken place since 1970s and has made the production of some plastic products amongst the most efficient operations today.



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Recycling of Plastics

• Recycling of plastics that used to end up only at city landfills or incinerators is increasing around the world.

• As with any technological trend, the engineering profession plays an important role.

• Discarded plastic products and packaging make up a growing portion of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW).

• The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that by the year 2000, the amount of plastics throw away was 50 percent greater than at the beginning of the 1990s.

• EPA also says that plastic waste accounts for about one-fifth of all waste in the waste stream.

• Over the past two decades, recycling of plastics has dramatically increased. After years of predictions that plastics recycling would never be widespread because processes were inefficient, too expensive or not practical, the tide of waste headed to the landfill is slowly being turned.



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HOW IS PLASTIC RECYCLED

1. Plastic bottles are collected either by kerbside collection, or from plastic bottle banks, and taken to a material reclamation facility (MRF) where they are sorted into their different types – HDPE, PET and PVC. Sorting the bottles



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2. Once sorted, the bottles are squashed into tightly packed blocks or bales. Squashing the plastic bottles saves energy because you can get more on a lorry when transporting them than if they weren't squashed.



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Cont…

• 3. The bottles are then taken to a reprocessing factory where the bottles are cut up into small flakes – about the size of corn flakes. The flakes are washed to remove any dirt and labels and then they are dried.

• 4. The clean plastic flakes are then sent to

factories where they are melted down and made into new items. Recycled plastic bottles can make all sorts of new things including new bottles, fleece clothes, garden furniture, kerbside collection boxes, drain pipes and much more.



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What plastics can we recycle at the curb

Now, they accept all plastic bottles, tubs and jars numbered #1 - 7 (see the examples below).



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What plastics are not accepted

No plastic bags

Plastic bags are by far the WORST contaminant in the recycling bin. Please do not put plastic bags in your bin and please do not bag any materials. Clean, dry and empty plastic bags with #2 or #4 can be recycled at the Charm or at particupating grocery stores.

No FoamWhile white foam cups and containers often have a #6 on the bottom, they are not a recyclable plastic.

These products can be easily avoided for their safer, reusable or recyclable counterparts.



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• No #7 PLA bottles or containers• It couldn’t be as simple as ALL #1 - 7 plastics,

could it? The broad #7 category was designed as a catch-all for polycarbonate (PC) and “other” plastics.

• Unfortunately, new compostable plastics, made from bio-based polymers like corn starch, are also thrown into this category and labeled with a #7. But, you can tell them apart from their petroleum-based relatives because compostable plastics Also have the initials PLA on the bottom near the recycling symbol.



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Challanges

• Compared with other materials, such as glass and metal, plastic polymers require greater processing like heat treating, thermal depolymerization and monomer recycling to recycle. Due to the high molecular weight of their large polymer chains, plastics have a low entropy of mixing. A macro molecule interacts with its environment along its entire length, so total energy involved in mixing it is largely due to the product side stoichiometry. Heating alone is not enough to dissolve such a large molecule, so plastics must often be of nearly identical composition to mix efficiently.

• When different types of plastics are melted together, they tend to phase-separate, like oil and water, and set in these layers. The phase boundaries cause structural weakness in the resulting material, meaning that polymer blends are useful in only limited applications.



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• Another barrier to recycling is the widespread use of dyes, fillers, and other additives in plastics. The polymer is generally too viscous to economically remove fillers, and would be damaged by many of the processes that could cheaply remove the added dyes. Additives are less widely used in beverage containers and plastic bags, allowing them to be recycled more often.

• Yet another barrier to removing large quantities of plastic from the waste stream and landfills is the fact that many common but small plastic items lack the universal triangle recycling symbol and accompanying number. An example is the billions of plastic utensils commonly distributed at fast food restaurants or sold for use at picnics.

• The use of biodegradable plastics is increasing.



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Processes

• Before recycling, most plastics are sorted according to their resin type. In the past, plastic reclaimers used the resin identification code (RIC), a method of categorization of polymer types, which was developed by the Society of the Plastics Industry in 1988. Polyethylene terephthalate, commonly referred to as PET, for instance, has a resin code of 1. Most plastic reclaimers do not rely on the RIC now; they use automatic sort systems to identify the resin, such as near infrared (NIR) technology. Some plastic products are also separated by color before they are recycled. The plastic recyclables are then shredded. These shredded fragments then undergo processes to eliminate impurities like paper labels. This material is melted and often extrudedinto the form of pellets which are then used to manufacture other products.



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Thermal depolymerization

• Another process involves the conversion of assorted polymers into petroleum by a much less precise thermal depolymerization process.

• Such a process would be able to accept almost any polymer or mix of polymers, including thermoset materials such as vulcanized rubber [[tire] superation of waste]s and the biopolymers in feathers and other agricultural waste.

• Like natural petroleum, the chemicals produced can be made into fuels as well as polymers. A pilot plant of this type exists in carthage, Missouri, United States, using turkey waste as input material. Gasification is a similar process, but is not technically recycling, since polymers are not likely to become the result.



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• Yet another process that is gaining ground with startup companies (especially in Australia, United States and Japan) is heat compression. The heat compression process takes all unsorted, cleaned plastic in all forms, from soft plastic bags to hard industrial waste, and mixes the load in tumblers (large rotating drums resembling giant clothes dryers). The most obvious benefit to this method is the fact that all plastic is recyclable, not just matching forms. However, criticism rises from the energy costs of rotating the drums, and heating the post-melt pipes.

Other processes• A process has also been developed in which many

kinds of plastic can be used as a carbon source in the recycling of scrap steel.

Heat Compression



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10 simple things we can do to help reduce the amount of plastic we use

every year• Stop using bottled water – In most cases it is no

safer than tap water and costs 3 times as much gasoline and 1,ooo times as much as tap water

• Bring your own reusable grocery bags with you when you go to the store

• Use a refillable dispenser for your hand soap and dish washing liquid, one large bottle is better than using a bunch of small ones

• Use a reusable container instead of sandwich bags

• Bring your own to-go mug with you to the coffee shop

• Say no to single serving packaging, buy in bulk and share with friends instead



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Cont..

• Use silverware instead of plactic utensils, keep a set at the office, bring a set on a picnic or to the beach

• Download your music instead of buying CD’s

• Seek out items that are not made of plastic

• Avoid plastics that are not readily recyclable -#3(pvc), #4(ldpe), #5(pp), #6(ps), #7 (other)



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CONCLUSION

• By using above ten steps to avoid plastic bags. It will reduce the use of incinerators which cause more gas to this environment and increase global warming.

• Please say no to plastics• Use cloth covers /reusable products.• Thank you all in anticipation for

avoiding plastic bags and protecting our environment.



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Thank you

Plastic recycling

Education

Transcript of Plastic recycling