PLASMA PHASE TRANSITION IN THE WARM DENSE … · 1. Phase diagram of hydrogen (a review). 2. Nature...
38
the Seventh International EMMI Workshop on Plasma Physics with Intense Heavy Ion and Laser Beams at FAIR December 10 2014 PLASMA PHASE TRANSITION IN THE WARM DENSE HYDROGEN G.E. Norman I.M. Saitov V.V. Stegailov
Transcript of PLASMA PHASE TRANSITION IN THE WARM DENSE … · 1. Phase diagram of hydrogen (a review). 2. Nature...
the Seventh International EMMI Workshop on Plasma Physics with
Intense Heavy Ion and Laser Beams at FAIR
December 102014
PLASMA PHASE TRANSITION IN THE WARM DENSE HYDROGEN
G.E. NormanI.M. Saitov
V.V. Stegailov
1.
Phase diagram of hydrogen (a review).
2. Nature of the phase transition in
warm dense hydrogen
3. History of the problem.
Contents
1. Phase diagram of hydrogen (a review)
2012, solid hydrogen
2012, melting line
2004
2012
Summary phase diagram
for hydrogen 2013V. Dzyabura, M. Zaghoo, I.F. Silvera,
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 110, 8040 (2013)
Warm dense H2
, D2Weir ST, Mitchell AC, Nellis WJ. Metallization of Fluid Molecular Hydrogen at 140 GPa (1.4 Mbar). Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 1860 (1996).
P. Loubeyre, P. Celliers, D. Hicks, E. Henry, A. Dewaele, J. Pasley, J. Eggert, M. Koenig, F. Ocelli, K. Lee, R. Jeanloz, D. Neely, A. Benuzzi-Mounaix,
D. Bradley, M. Bastea, S. Moon and G. Collins, Coupling static and dynamic compression: first measurements in dense hydrogen
. High Pres. Res. 24, 25
(2004)
V.E. Fortov, R.I. Ilkaev, V.A. Arinin, V.V. Burtzev, V.A. Golubev, I.L. Iosilevskiy, V.V.Khrustalev, A.L.Mikhailov, M.A. Mochalov,V.Ya. Ternovoi, M.V.
Zhernokletov. Phase Transition in a Strongly Nonideal Deuterium Plasma
Generated by Quasi-Isentropical Compression at Mbar Pressures Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 185001 (2007).
J.M. McMahon, M.A. Morales, C. Pierleoni, D.M. Ceperley. The properties of hydrogen and helium under extreme conditions. Rev. Mod. Phys. 84, 1607
(2012)
V. Dzyabura, M. Zaghoo, I.F. Silvera. Evidence of a liquid-liquid phase
Jumps are discovered in such properties as:density,
reflectivity,conductivity,structure
experimentexperimentexperiment
Phase transition nature
is discussed:
metallizationpressure dissociation
plasma phase transitionliquid‐liquid
2. Nature of the phase transition in warm dense hydrogen
The problem of electron states in dense matter
John Ziman Principles of the Theory of Solids
-4 -2 2 40
EEn
g(E)
En‐5/2 E1/2
En
= -
I/n2 gn
=2n2
0
hydrogen atom
Electron states in plasmas (two problems)
1.
Restriction of excited statesof atoms
2.
Transition from bound pair excited statesto collective excitations of free electrons
gn
/ΔEn
ΔEn = 2·I/n3
max
1exp( )
nn
nn
EZ gkT
The problem of electron states, intermediate between bound and free states.
A.V. Lankin, G.E. Norman Crossover from bound to free states in plasmas
Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical 42, 214032 (12pp), 2009
A.V. Lankin, G.E. Norman Collisional recombination in strongly coupled plasmas
Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical 42, 214042 (8pp), 2009
A. Lankin, G. Norman Density and nonideality effects in plasmasContrib. Plasma Phys. 49, No. 10, 723 –
731 (2009)
Potential profile of electron states in plasma
free electrons: plasma waves
excited atoms,pair states
many-particle fluctuations
Plasma phase transitionThe phase difference was related to different degrees of
ionization“Degree of ionization”
and “free electrons”
concepts do not work anymore in the strongly coupled plasmas.
free electrons: plasma waves
intermediate states
Potential profile of electron states in plasma
excited atoms
The phase difference is related to different plasma frequencies
Electron states in isolated atom
Free electrons number density is not an observable value
Saitov I.М. Dielectric properties of
Warm Dense Matter
Dielectric function
ReflectivityAbsorbtion Trasmission
Conductivity……
Plasma frequencyEffective free
electron density
2 2 2(2)
, , , , , ,20 , ,
4 1lim 2 i j i q j i ji j
e w f f
k k q k k e k k q kq kq
(2)(1)
220
21 P di
(1) ( 2 )i
DFT
Kohn‐Sham
Electronic density of states
Dependence of plasma frequency on density
for warm dense hydrogen
0,65 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,9 0,95
0,1
1
10
3, /g cm
,p eV 1500T K
0,65 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,910-1
100
101
102
103
104
, g/cm3
, (Ohm*cm)-1
Dependence of conductivity on density. Warm dense hydrogen at T=1500K
Density of states for
warm dense hydrogen1500T K
Density of states for
warm dense hydrogenat Fermi level depending on ρ
for 1500T K
Pair correlation function for warm dense hydrogen
0 1 2 3 40,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
0.68g/cm3 0.8g/cm3
0.73g/cm3 0.85g/cm3
0.77g/cm3 0.9g/cm3
1500T K
,r A
g r
3. History of the problem.
G.E.Norman, A.N.Starostin, Failure
of the classical description of nondegenerate dense plasma
High Temperature 6, No 3, 394 (1968).Thermodynamics of
strongly nonideal plasma
High Temperature 8, No 2, 381 (1970)
G. É. Norman, A. N. Starostin. Thermodynamics of a dense plasma
Journal of Applied Spectroscopy13, Issue 1, 965 (1970)
This report was presented to the Second All‐Union Conference on the Physics of Low‐ Temperature Plasmas, Minsk, November 18–22, 1968.
G. É. Norman, A. N. Starostin. Thermodynamics of strongly nonideal plasma
High Temperature 8, No 2, 381 (1970)Thermodynamics of a dense plasma
Journal of Applied Spectroscopy 13, Issue 1, 965 (1970)
On the Relation
between the Liquid and the Gaseous States of Metals
Acta Physicochimica URSS
18, 194 (1943)
L.Landau, J.Zeldovich
pressure pressure
temperature temperature
liquid‐gas
liquid‐gas
metal‐dielectric
metal‐dielectric
О соотношении
между
жидким
и газообразным
состоянием
у
металлов
ЖЭТФ
14, 32 (1944)
Presenter
Presentation Notes
"one shud be conscious of the fact that the ease of theoretical conjectures bears here, apparently, an inverse relationship to the difficulty of experimental reality” There exist a region in the fluid phase space where the equilibrium state is macroscopically phase separated between higher and lower density than average states, however columbic interaction suppress this macroscopic phase separation. No longer can we look at elemental fluids as one component systems
pressure pressure
temperature temperature
liquid‐gas
liquid‐gas
metal‐dielectric
metal‐dielectric
L.Landau, J.Zeldovich
On the Relation
between the Liquid and the Gaseous States of Metals
Acta Physicochimica URSS
18, 194 (1943)
О соотношении
между
жидким
и газообразным
состоянием
у
металлов
ЖЭТФ
14, 32 (1944)
Presenter
Presentation Notes
"one shud be conscious of the fact that the ease of theoretical conjectures bears here, apparently, an inverse relationship to the difficulty of experimental reality” There exist a region in the fluid phase space where the equilibrium state is macroscopically phase separated between higher and lower density than average states, however columbic interaction suppress this macroscopic phase separation. No longer can we look at elemental fluids as one component systems
V.V. Brazhkin, R.N. Voloshin, S.V. Popova, Semiconductor‐
metall transition in liquid Se.
JETP Lett. 50, 424 (1990) Переход
полупроводник‐металл
в
жидком
Se.
Письма
ЖЭТФ
50, 92 (1989).
Se
Brazhkin et al, 1989NormanStarostin1968
NormanStarostin
1968
Semiconductor-metal transition in liquid Se Calculation of the density of states
Gap formation investigation
5,0 5,5 6,00
10
20
30
40
50
-2 -1 0 1 2
0
20
40
60
80
g/cm3
4.8 5.0 5.2 5.5 6.0
,fE E eV 3, /g cm
1,g E eV
10 ,g eV
1000T KDensity of states of liquid selenium
Dependence of plasma frequency on density
for Se
1000T K
Conclusions
It looks as if Brazhkin et al transition and plasma phase transition belong to one and the same coexistence curve.
The first manifests itself in the vicinity of the liquid‐liquid‐solid triple point
Another one can be attributed to the partially ionized area closer to the critical point of the transition.
Norman‐Starostin idea about (a)PPT and (b)phase diagram for fluids/liquids
is not anymore a hypothesis. It is a physical fact supported by new theory
Density of electron states and the characteristic gap in it are investigated to verify the semiconductor‐metal nature of the Brazhkin
transitionPlasma frequency jump and electron density of states are suggested
to verify the nature of the plasma phase transition
G.E. Norman, I.M. Saitov, V.V. Stegailov. Contrib. Plasma Phys. DOI 10.1002/ctpp.201400088
The plasma‐plasma nature is established for the fluid‐fluid phase transition in warm dense
H2
/D2
which is observed experimentally0,65 0,7 0,75 0,8 0,85 0,9 0,95
0,1
1
10
F. Perrot, M. W. C. Dharma‐wardana. Equation of state and transport properties of an interacting multispecies plasma: Application to a multiply ionized Al plasma
Phys. Rev. E 52, 5352 (1995)
S.Scandolo Liquid‐liquid phase transitions in compressed hydrogen from first‐ principles simulations. Proc. Nat. Acad. of Sciences
100, 3051 (2003)
Bonev SA, Schwegler E, Ogitsu T, Galli G A quantum fluid of metallic hydrogen suggested by first‐principles calculations. Nature
431, 669 (2004)
Morales MA, Pierleoni C, Schwegler E, Ceperley DM Evidence for a first order liquid‐ liquid transition in high pressure hydrogen from ab‐initio simulations.
Proc. Nat. Acad. of Sciences
107, 1299 (2010)
Lorenzen W., Holst B., Redmer R. First‐order liquid‐liquid phase transition in dense hydrogen. Phys. Rev. B 82, 195107 (2010)
Tamblyn I, Bonev SA. Structure and Phase Boundaries of Compressed Liquid Hydrogen. Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 065702 (2010)
M.A.Morales, J.M.McMahon, C.Pierleoni, D.M.Ceperley. Nuclear Quantum Effects and Nonlocal Exchange‐Correlation Functionals Applied to Liquid Hydrogen at High
Pressure
Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 065702 (2013)
DFT papers on the phase transition in warm dense hydrogen
Атомы
–
идеальный
га
L.Landau, J.Zeldovich. On the Relation between the Liquid and
the Gaseous States of Metals. Acta Physicochimica URSS 18, 194 (1943)
ЖЭТФ
14, 32 (1944)
LandauZeldovich1943
pressurepressure
temperature temperature
liquid‐gas
liquid‐gas
NormanStarostin1968
NormanStarostin1968
LandauZeldovich1943
G.E.Norman, On the metal‐dielectric transition and possible phase transition in dense
(strongly nonideal) plasma.
Sov. Phys.‐JETP 33, 912(1971).
ЖЭТФ
60, 1686(1971)
