Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Plas

ma

effe

cts

on tr

ansi

onos

pher

icpr

opag

atio

n of

radi

o w

aves

Plas

ma

effe

cts

on

Plas

ma

effe

cts

on tr

ansi

onos

pher

ictr

ansi

onos

pher

icpr

opag

atio

n of

radi

o w

aves

prop

agat

ion

of ra

dio

wav

es

R. L

eitin

ger

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

•G

ener

al re

mar

ks

•R

emin

der o

n (tr

ansi

onos

pher

ic) w

ave

prop

agat

ion

•R

emin

der o

f pro

paga

tion

effe

cts

•G

PS a

s a

data

sou

rce

•So

me

elec

tron

con

tent

exa

mpl

es

Seco

nd le

ctur

e:

Mod

ern

appl

icat

ions

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Gen

eral

rem

arks

We

have

two

type

s of

dat

a

•El

ectr

on c

onte

nt

•Sc

intil

latio

n pa

ram

eter

s

For s

cien

ce (g

eoph

ysic

s) th

e pr

opag

atio

n ef

fect

s ar

e ve

ry im

port

ant

data

sou

rces

,

for a

pplic

atio

ns th

ey a

re “

prop

agat

ion

erro

rs”

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Wav

es, w

ave

prop

agat

ion

The

sim

ples

t mat

hem

atic

al m

odel

for a

wav

e is

a C

osin

e fu

nctio

n:u

= U

cos

[ 2 π

( x / λ

– f

t ) ]

= U

cos

[ 2 π

f ( x

/ v

– t )

] =

U c

os [ ϕ

]U

: am

plitu

de,

ϕ : p

hase

λ: w

ave

leng

th,

f: f

requ

ency

,x:

spa

tial c

oord

inat

e,

t: t

ime.

Con

stan

t U :

plan

ar w

ave

with

no

atte

nuat

ion,

pro

paga

tion

velo

city

v

= f λ

( p

hase

vel

ocity

)pr

opag

atio

n in

the

dire

ctio

n of

x.

Com

paris

on o

f v

with

a c

onst

ant

c g

ives

the

refr

activ

e in

dex

n =

c / v

.El

ectro

mag

netic

wav

es:

c is

the

free

spac

e ve

loci

ty o

f lig

ht

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

The

conc

ept o

f pla

nar w

aves

is n

ot re

alis

tic.

In g

ener

al s

pher

ical

wav

es w

hich

orig

inat

e at

a c

entra

l poi

nt o

r

conv

erge

into

a c

entra

l poi

nt a

re a

bet

ter c

once

pt.

r:

dis

tanc

e fro

m th

e ce

ntra

l poi

nt.

In

cosi

ne a

rgum

ent (

“pha

se”)

repl

ace

x b

y r

Am

plitu

de: r

epla

ce U

by

Uo (

r o /

r)

(„ge

omet

ric d

ilutio

n“).

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

The

refr

activ

e in

dex

desc

ribes

the

prop

ertie

s of

the

prop

agat

ion

med

ium

.It

also

con

tain

s th

e in

fluen

ce o

f w

ave

abso

rptio

n (lo

ss o

f wav

e en

ergy

).In

nat

ural

med

ia (e

.g.,

plan

etar

y at

mos

pher

es,

iono

sphe

res,

ther

mal

plas

ma

in th

e su

rroun

ding

s of

bod

ies

of th

e so

lar s

yste

m ,

inin

terp

lane

tary

spa

ce, e

tc.,

the

refr

activ

e in

dice

s ar

esp

ace

(and

tim

e) d

epen

dent

(inh

omog

eneo

us p

ropa

gatio

n co

nditi

ons)

.If

the

refr

activ

e in

dex

depe

nds

on fr

eque

ncy

we

have

dis

pers

ion,

ifth

ey d

epen

d on

the

dire

ctio

n of

pro

paga

tion

we

have

ani

sotr

opy.

Inte

rnat

iona

l. Su

mm

er S

choo

l for

Iono

sphe

ric P

hysi

cs, E

rice,

24-

29 S

epte

mbe

r 200

4

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

We

shou

ld d

istin

guis

h be

twee

n th

e re

gula

rly la

yere

d st

ruct

ure

of th

em

ediu

m (i

n ca

se o

f the

atm

osph

ere

of th

e Ea

rth w

e as

sum

e ho

rizon

tal

scal

es in

the

orde

r of m

agni

tude

of a

few

100

km

), su

perp

osed

sm

alle

rsc

ale

stru

ctur

es (e

.g.,

wav

elik

e on

es, t

roug

hs, r

idge

s, e

tc.),

and

sm

all

scal

e irr

egul

ariti

es.

The

regu

larly

laye

red

stru

ctur

e gi

ves

amon

g ot

her e

ffect

s co

ntin

uous

refra

ctio

n an

d ph

ase

shift

, the

sm

all s

cale

fluc

tuat

ions

are

resp

onsi

ble

for

“sci

ntilla

tions

" of s

igna

l par

amet

ers,

esp

ecia

lly o

f am

plitu

de a

nd p

hase

.

We

have

to c

ompa

re s

truct

ure

scal

e(s)

with

wav

e le

ngth

.

Inte

rnat

iona

l. Su

mm

er S

choo

l for

Iono

sphe

ric P

hysi

cs, E

rice,

24-

29 S

epte

mbe

r 200

4

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

The

atm

osph

ere

(neu

tral

gas

and

pla

sma)

influ

ence

s al

l sig

nal

para

met

ers,

like

am

plitu

de, p

hase

, ang

le o

f arr

ival

, etc

.R

egul

ar la

yerin

g: re

frac

tion

(ray

ben

ding

), ph

ases

hift,

ang

le o

f arr

ival

cha

nge,

etc

.

(sm

all s

cale

) Irr

egul

ariti

es: s

catte

ring

(irre

gula

r [„s

toch

astic

“] flu

ctua

tions

of (

all)

sign

alpa

ram

eter

s

„Sc

intil

latio

ns“ (

if th

ere

is a

n [a

ppar

ent]

rela

tive

mov

emen

t bet

wee

n ra

ypa

th a

nd ir

regu

larit

ies)

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Ref

ract

ion

(Sne

ll´s

law

):

n 1 si

n α

= n

2 sin

β …

(dis

cret

e la

yers

)

n s

in α

= c

onst

.(c

ontin

uous

)α

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

GPS

as

a da

ta s

ourc

eTh

e “c

lass

ical

” TEC

sou

rces

pro

vide

dor

fixe

d ge

omet

ry a

nd h

igh

tem

pora

l res

olut

ion

(GEO

Far

aday

bea

cons

)or

nea

rly c

onst

ant L

ocal

Tim

e an

d hi

gh s

patia

l (la

titud

inal

) res

olut

ion

(LEO

Diff

.D

oppl

er b

eaco

ns)

true

sign

al a

mpl

itude

and

pha

seG

PS (M

EO o

rbit;

12

hour

per

iod,

incl

inat

ion

53 d

egre

es)

mix

es te

mpo

ral a

nd s

patia

l dep

ende

nce

(diu

rnal

cur

ves

of T

EC fo

r a g

iven

loca

tion

are

alw

ays

com

posi

tes,

etc

.)N

eeds

com

plic

ated

“cal

ibra

tion”

pro

cedu

res

(CO

DE

= G

roup

Del

ay n

eeds

kno

wle

dge

of tr

ansm

itter

and

rece

iver

del

ays

and

cann

otpr

ovid

e su

ffici

ent r

esol

utio

n fo

r sci

ence

app

licat

ions

, PH

ASE

= D

iff. D

oppl

er s

uffe

rsfro

m 2

am

bigu

ity

CO

DE

and

PHAS

E co

mbi

natio

n ne

eded

for a

ll sc

ienc

eap

plic

atio

ns)

Am

plitu

de a

nd p

hase

are

“re

cons

truc

ted”

in th

e re

ceiv

erTh

eref

ore:

TEC

map

ping

, ada

ptiv

e m

odel

ling,

dat

a in

gest

ion

into

mod

els,

…

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Diu

rnal

cur

ves

of io

nosp

heric

ele

ctro

n co

nten

t in

units

of

1015

m-2

der

ived

from

the

Fara

day

effe

ct o

n th

e 13

7M

Hz

beac

on o

f the

geo

stat

iona

ry s

atel

lite

SIR

IO (a

tab

out 6

5°E)

. Rec

eivi

ng s

tatio

n G

raz,

Aus

tria

(47.

1°N

,15

.5°E

). Io

nosp

heric

poi

nt (4

00 k

m):

42.2

°N, 2

5.0°

E).

Cro

sses

: act

ual e

lect

ron

cont

ent o

f Oct

ober

5, 1

984,

age

omag

netic

ally

qui

et d

ay (A

p=7)

. Unm

arke

d cu

rves

from

bot

tom

to to

p: m

inim

a, lo

wer

qua

rtile

s, m

edan

s,up

per q

uarti

les,

max

ima

for O

ctob

er, 1

984,

a lo

w s

olar

activ

ity m

onth

(mon

thly

mea

n su

nspo

t num

ber R

=12,

mon

thly

mea

n 10

.7cm

sol

ar ra

dio

flux:

73.

5 un

its).

Absc

issa

: zon

al ti

me

15°E

(=U

T +

1 ho

ur).

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Exam

ple

for F

arad

ay o

bser

vatio

ns o

n th

e si

gnal

s of

the

geos

tatio

nary

sat

ellit

e SI

RIO

mad

e at

the

Fire

nze

field

stat

ion

Mor

telic

cio

(dot

s; o

ne d

atum

per

min

ute)

and

Gra

z(c

ross

es; h

ourly

val

ues)

. TEC

in u

nits

of 1

015 m

− 2 v

s.U

nive

rsal

Tim

e in

hou

rs. D

iurn

al c

urve

; day

to d

ayva

riatio

ns; s

ome

TID

act

ivity

.

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Exam

ple

for F

arad

ay o

bser

vatio

ns o

n th

e si

gnal

s of

the

geos

tatio

nary

sat

ellit

e M

ETEO

SAT-

2 m

ade

at F

irenz

e on

25 a

nd 2

6 M

ay, 1

991.

TEC

in u

nits

of 1

015 m

− 2 v

s.U

nive

rsal

Tim

e in

hou

rs. D

iurn

al c

urve

; str

ong

day

toda

y va

riatio

ns; v

ery

stro

ng T

ID a

ctiv

ity o

n 25

May

.

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Exam

ple

for a

str

ong

posi

tive

stor

m e

ffect

in io

nosp

heric

ele

ctro

n co

nten

t: Su

dden

Com

men

cem

ent o

f the

geo

mag

netic

stor

m (S

SC) o

n 4

Febr

urar

y, 1

983,

16:

15 U

T, D

st-m

inim

a: -1

59 n

T on

4 F

eb.,

20 U

T, -1

69 n

T on

5 F

eb.,

11 U

T. F

arad

ay e

ffect

on g

eost

atio

nary

sat

ellit

e si

gnal

rece

ived

at H

amilt

on, M

A, U

SA (4

00 k

m io

nosp

h. p

oint

: 39°

N, 2

89°E

; geo

mag

n. la

t. 50

°).

Ord

inat

e: e

lect

ron

cont

ent i

n un

its o

f 1015

m− 2

, abs

ciss

a: U

nive

rsal

Tim

e (U

T). 3

Feb

ruar

y; q

uiet

refe

renc

e da

y (A

p=7)

.In

term

edia

te le

vel o

f sol

ar a

ctiv

ity (m

onth

ly m

ean

suns

pot n

umbe

r R=5

1).

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Exam

ple

for a

str

ong

nega

tive

stor

m e

ffect

in io

nosp

heric

ele

ctro

n co

nten

t: Su

dden

Com

men

cem

ent o

f the

geo

mag

netic

stor

m (S

SC) o

n 11

Apr

il, 1

981,

13:

39 U

T, D

st-m

inim

a: -1

67 n

T on

12

April

, 6 U

T, -2

91 n

T on

13

April

, 7 U

T. F

arad

ay e

ffect

on

geos

tatio

nary

sat

ellit

e si

gnal

rece

ived

at M

adrid

, Spa

in (4

00 k

m io

nosp

h. p

oint

: 37°

N, -

4°E;

geo

mag

n. la

t. 41

°). O

rdin

ate:

elec

tron

cont

ent i

n un

its o

f 1015

m− 2

, abs

ciss

a: U

nive

rsal

Tim

e (U

T). 1

1 Ap

ril w

as a

slig

htly

dis

turb

ed d

ay (A

p=39

). Th

e ne

gativ

est

orm

effe

ct w

as p

rono

unce

d in

the

long

itude

zon

e ar

ound

0° o

nly.

Hig

h so

lar a

ctiv

ity (m

onth

ly m

ean

R=1

56).

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Com

paris

on o

f pea

k el

ectro

n de

nsity

Nm

from

foF2

with

ele

ctro

n co

nten

t fro

m F

arad

ay o

bser

vatio

nsm

ade

at G

raz

on th

e VH

F be

acon

of S

IRIO

(lat

itude

of th

e io

noph

eric

poi

nt: 4

2.5°

N).

Dat

a fro

m 1

981.

Mon

thly

qua

ntile

s (lo

wer

dec

iles,

low

er q

uarti

les,

med

ians

, upp

er q

uarti

les,

upp

er d

ecile

s) fo

r 0 L

Tan

d 12

LT.

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Annu

al v

aria

tion

of e

quiv

alen

t sla

b th

ickn

ess

for 1

981

from

the

com

bina

tion

of v

ertic

al e

lect

ron

cont

ent (

TEC

)m

easu

red

by m

eans

of t

he F

arad

ay e

ffect

on

the

VHF

sign

al o

f SIR

IO re

ceiv

ed a

t Gra

z (la

titud

e of

iono

sphe

ricpo

int:

42.5

°N) a

nd p

eak

elec

tron

dens

ity N

m fr

om th

eio

noso

nde

data

of R

oma

(41.

9°N

, 12.

5°E)

. Upp

er p

anel

:0L

T, lo

wer

pan

el: 1

2 LT

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Exam

ple

for l

atitu

dina

l pro

files

of v

ertic

al e

lect

ron

cont

ent f

rom

NN

SS o

bser

vatio

ns m

ade

at G

raz

dem

onst

ratin

g th

e po

tent

ial

of c

ombi

ned

obse

rvat

ions

for t

imes

of h

igh

sola

r act

ivity

. Dat

aof

1 N

ovem

ber,

1990

. Ele

ctro

n co

nten

t in

units

of 1

015 m

− 2 v

s.ge

ogr,

latit

ude

in d

eg. N

(N to

S).

Upp

er p

anel

: tra

ces

of th

eio

nosp

heric

poi

nts

(in 4

00 k

m h

eigh

t) in

a g

eogr

aphi

c sy

stem

.Ev

en fo

r mid

latit

udes

the

equa

toria

l ano

mal

y is

impo

rtan

t!

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Exam

ple

for l

atitu

dina

l pro

files

of v

ertic

al e

lect

ron

cont

ent f

rom

NN

SS o

bser

vatio

ns m

ade

at G

raz

dem

onst

ratin

g th

e po

tent

ial

of c

ombi

ned

obse

rvat

ions

for t

imes

of h

igh

sola

r act

ivity

.Af

tern

oon/

even

ing

of 2

Nov

embe

r, 19

90. E

lect

ron

cont

ent i

nun

its o

f 1015

m− 2

vs.

geo

gr, l

atitu

de in

deg

. N (N

to S

). U

pper

pane

l: tra

ces

of th

e io

nosp

heric

poi

nts

(in 4

00 k

m h

eigh

t) in

age

ogra

phic

sys

tem

. In

the

early

eve

ning

the

effe

ct o

f the

equa

toria

l ano

mal

y is

eve

n m

ore

pron

ounc

ed!

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Latit

ude

depe

nden

ce o

f TEC

from

Diff

. Dop

pler

on

the

150/

400

MH

z si

gnal

s of

NN

SS. R

ecei

ving

sta

tions

Gra

z(4

7.1°

N, 1

5.5°

E) a

nd U

ppsa

la (5

9.8°

N, 1

7.6°

E). T

ypic

aleq

ujin

ox/w

inte

r nig

ht p

rofil

e. M

ain

troug

h w

ith m

inim

umar

ound

60°

N. I

ndic

atio

n of

TEC

incr

ease

tow

ards

the

equa

toria

l ano

mal

y in

the

Sout

h. 1

8 O

ctob

er, 1

989

arou

nd 2

1:10

UT.

TEC

in u

nits

of 1

015 m

− 2 v

s ge

ogra

phic

latit

ude.

Upp

er p

anel

: tra

ces

of th

e io

nosp

heric

poi

nts

(in40

0 km

hei

ght)

in a

geo

grap

hic

syst

em. H

igh

sola

r act

ivity

(mon

thly

mea

n R

=159

, mon

thly

mea

n 10

.7 c

m s

olar

radi

oflu

x: 2

09 u

nits

).

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Latit

ude

depe

nden

ce o

f TEC

from

Diff

. Dop

pler

on

the

150

/ 400

MH

z si

gnal

s of

NN

SS. R

ecei

ving

sta

tion

Dio

nyso

s (3

8.1°

N,

23.0

°E) a

nd U

ppsa

la (5

9.8°

N, 1

7.6°

E). T

EC in

uni

ts o

f 1016

m− 2

vs

geog

raph

ic la

titud

e. 8

Apr

il, 1

981,

aro

und

11:4

0 U

T.M

onth

ly m

ean

R=1

56, m

onth

ly m

ean

10.7

cm

sol

ar ra

dio

flux:

223

uni

ts).

Geo

mag

netic

ally

nea

rly q

uiet

(Ap=

11).

Very

hig

h va

lues

of

TEC

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Exam

ple

for l

atitu

dina

l pro

files

of v

ertic

al e

lect

ron

cont

ent f

rom

NN

SS o

bser

vatio

ns m

ade

from

the

stat

ions

GIB

ilman

na,

L’A

QU

ila, G

RA

z an

d LI

Nda

u. F

ebru

ary

21, 1

995,

aro

und

03:1

9 U

T (to

p) a

nd 0

7:00

UT

(bot

tom

). El

ectro

n co

nten

t in

units

of 1

015 m

− 2 v

s. g

eogr

, lat

itude

in d

eg. N

(N to

S).

The

exam

ple

in th

e to

p sh

ows

a m

idla

titud

e m

axim

um o

f ele

ctro

nco

nten

t, po

ssib

ly th

e si

gnat

ure

of a

“nig

httim

e in

crea

se”.

The

min

imum

of t

he m

ain

troug

h is

not

see

n be

caus

e of

a c

ut o

ff in

the

data

from

Lin

dau.

It is

indi

cate

d in

the

botto

m e

xam

ple.

The

max

imum

has

now

flat

tene

d ou

t.

Com

bina

tion

of F

arad

ayw

ith D

iff. D

oppl

erda

ta.R

ecei

ving

sta

tions

Gra

z (4

7.1°

N, 1

5,5°

E)an

d Li

ndau

/Har

z (5

1.6°

N,

10.1

°E).

Con

tour

line

s of

vTEC

in u

nits

of 1

015 m

− 2

in a

geo

grap

hic

latit

ude

vs. l

ocal

tim

e sy

stem

. 10,

11, 1

2 an

d 13

Dec

embe

r,19

75. L

ow s

olar

act

ivity

(mon

thly

mea

n 10

.7 c

mso

lar r

adio

flux

: 75

units

),ge

omag

netic

ally

qui

et(A

p=8,

5, 3

, 3).

Geo

stat

iona

ry s

atel

lite

ATS-

6 an

d N

NSS

.

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves

Than

k yo

u fo

r you

r atte

ntio

n Th

ank

you

for y

our a

ttent

ion

––

part

part

II II fo

llow

s to

mor

row

follo

ws

tom

orro

w

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sum

mer

Sch

ool f

or Io

nosp

heric

Phy

sics

, Eric

e, 2

4-29

Sep

tem

ber 2

004

R. L

eitin

ger,

Uni

v. G

raz,

I. o

f Phy

sics

, I. f

or G

eoph

ysic

s, A

stro

phys

ics

and

Met

eoro

logy

Tran

siono

sphe

ric p

ropa

gatio

n of

radi

o wa

ves