Plants

LT 1. Contrast primary and secondary plant growth.

1. Fill out the following information on plant growth:

Type of growth

Describe this type of growth.

Where does it happen?

What tissues are involved in the

growth?

Primary

Secondary

2. A 2nd grader carved a heart into a tree with the initials of a boy she liked. She carved it 3 feet off the ground. As a high school senior, she comes back and sees the heart. How far off the ground is the heart

now? Justify your answer.

LT 2. Explain the how

water travels in xylem.

Its importanceCohesion of water

Trachids and Vessel Elements are lined

with hydrophilic cellulose and have pits that increase

surface area

AdhesionStomata

Transpiration

6. The transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism describes the primary way water is transported through xylem. Explain how each of the following is important in this process.

7. To remember how water travels through plants, you can remember that plants drink water through a straw.

a. How is xylem like a straw?

b. How is the transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism similar to the method people use to drink

through a straw?

LT 3. Describe ways that the environment can affect the rate of transpiration.

Environmental condition

↑ or ↓

Justification

Heat

Humidity

Windy

Dark

8. Will each of these speed up or slow down the rate of transpiration? Justify your answer.

LT 4. Describe how guard cells open and close.

9. Plants often pair active and passive transport to get a final effect. This is the case in the opening and closing of

stomata. For the picture below, label the arrows with what happens to make the guard cells open and close the

stomata. Be sure to distinguish what is being actively transported and what is being passively transported.

LT 5. Describe the adaptive value of root hairs.

3. What are root hairs? What is their function?

4. If a plant had a defect that kept it from producing root hairs, how would this effect the fitness of the plant?

5. Explain how active and passive transport are involved in root pressure.

Active:

Passive:

LT 6. Explain the process involved in pressure flow

including the roles of passive

and active transport.

10. Xylem sap always moves up, but phloem sap always moves from

the

____________________________ to the

____________________________.

Season Source Sink

Summer

1.2.

Spring

11. In a summer with long sunny days, where would the source be in a plant? What would 2 sinks be? In the spring when a tulip is starting to emerge from the ground, where is its source and where is its sink?

At the Source At the Sink

Active transport

Active transport

causes causes

Passive Transport

Passive Transport

12. Describe the active and passive transport at the source and at the sink that causes pressure flow through the phloem. For each type of transport, what is moving and where is it coming from and going to?

LT 7. Explain the symbiotic relationships plants can have with other organisms to aide in their

nutrition.

Relationship Benefit to plantOther organism

InvolvedBenefit to other

organism

Mycorrhizae

Nodules on the roots of

Legumes

13. For each of the following mutualistic relationships, explain the benefit to the plant and the benefit to the other organism.

LT 8. Describe ways plants respond to their environment including phototropism and

gravitotropism.

Tropism Describe it How does this happen?

Phototropism

Gravitropism

17. Plants respond to stimuli like all other living things. Fill in the following table about 2 ways plants respond t stimuli

LT 9. Name the major categories of plant hormones and their primary functions.

Type of Hormone Functions Way to RememberOther Key

information

Apical Dominance, Phototropism,

Gravitotropism, Cell Elongation

Stimulates cell division

Cell division is Cytokinesis

GerminationTheir name and

Germination start with G

Inhibits growth, closes stoma,

keeps dormant, stress hormone

Fruit ripeningOnly hormone that is a gas

14. Fill in the following table about major categories of plant hormones.

LT 10. Explain how plant hormones illustrate positive and negative feedback

systems (e.g. ethylene, gibberellins).

15. Explain how gibberellins show negative feedback.

16. Explain how ethylene is an example of a positive feedback loop.

LT 11. Explain how plants demonstrate photoperiodism in flowering.

Example

Is it a short day or a long day plant?

Environmental stimulus that

triggers flowering

How does a flash of light in the middle of the night affect

flowering?

Tulip

Monk's Hood

18. Tulips are some of the first flowers to bloom in the spring and monk's hood is a flower that does not bloom until September. Answer the following about each of these examples.