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![Page 1: Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16 Plants o Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life o Types of Plants Mosses (Bryophytes) Ferns](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032604/56649e625503460f94b5dd94/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16Plants
o Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life
o Types of Plants
Mosses (Bryophytes)
Ferns
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
o Importance of Plant Diversity
Fungi
o Characteristics
o Types
![Page 2: Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16 Plants o Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life o Types of Plants Mosses (Bryophytes) Ferns](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032604/56649e625503460f94b5dd94/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Colonizing Land
• Plants
– Are terrestrial organisms.
– Are multicellular eukaryotes that make organic molecules by photosynthesis (photoautotrophs).
• Living on land poses different problems than living in water does.
– Plants require structural specializations, such as roots and shoots.
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Figure 16.2
Anatomy of a Plant and Terrestrial Adaptations
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• Leaves
– Are the main photosynthetic organs of most plants.
– Have stomata for gas exchange.
– Contain vascular tissue for transporting vital materials.
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Reproductive Adaptations
• Plants produce their gametes in protective structures called gametangia.
• In plants, but not algae, the zygote develops into an embryo while still contained within the female parent.
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Alternation of Generations Seen in Plant Life Cycles
Both the diploid and the haploid life stages are multicellular
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• Molecular comparisons and other evidence place a group of green algae called charophyceans closest to plants. Plants evolved from a water-based algae.
Where Did Land Plants Come From?
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Figure 16.7
Evolutionary Novelties and Clades Arising in Plant Evolution
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Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16Plants
o Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life
o Types of Plants
Mosses (Bryophytes)
Ferns
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
o Importance of Plant Diversity
Fungi
o Characteristics
Ecological Impact
![Page 10: Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16 Plants o Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life o Types of Plants Mosses (Bryophytes) Ferns](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032604/56649e625503460f94b5dd94/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Bryophytes (Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts)
• Mosses
– Have no true roots (filamentous rhizoids instead: terrestrial adaptation)
– Lack vascular tissue
– Must live in or near standing water
– Have a waxy cuticle to prevent dehydration (major terrestrial adaptations)
– Developing embryonic plants are retained within the gametangium (ovary) of the mother plant
– Have a dominant gametophyte (1n) generation
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Figure 16.8
Bryophytes Are the Simplest Plants
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Figure 16.10
Mosses Have a Dominant Gametophyte (1n) Generation or Life Stage
Moss Life Cycle
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Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16Plants
o Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life
o Types of Plants
Mosses (Bryophytes)
Ferns
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
o Importance of Plant Diversity
Fungi
o Characteristics
Ecological Impact
![Page 14: Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16 Plants o Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life o Types of Plants Mosses (Bryophytes) Ferns](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032604/56649e625503460f94b5dd94/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Figure 16.7
Evolutionary Novelties and Clades Arising in Plant Evolution
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Ferns
• Ferns
– Have true roots
– Have vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
– Must have water nearby during reproduction
– Forms haploid spores that germinate into tiny haploid gametophyte
– Dominant sporophyte (2n) generation
– Formed huge swamp forests about 360-250 million years ago (Carboniferous Period) fossil fuels
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Figure 16.11
Adult Ferns, Shoots, and Reproductive Structures
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Ferns Have a Dominant Sporophyte (2n) Generation
2n
1n
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Figure 16.12
Swampy Fern-Tree Forests Common 300 Million Years Ago
Fern Life Cycle
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Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16Plants
o Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life
o Types of Plants
Mosses (Bryophytes)
Ferns
Gymnosperms (Conifers)
Angiosperms
o Importance of Plant Diversity
Fungi
o Characteristics
Ecological Impact
![Page 20: Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16 Plants o Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life o Types of Plants Mosses (Bryophytes) Ferns](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032604/56649e625503460f94b5dd94/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Figure 16.7
Evolutionary Novelties and Clades Arising in Plant Evolution
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Gymnosperms (Mostly All Cone-Bearing Plants)
• A drier, colder climate at the end of the Carboniferous period favored the evolution of gymnosperms, the first seed plants.
• The descendants of early gymnosperms
– Include the conifers, cone-bearing plants.
• Gymnosperms have:
– Needle-like or scale-like leaves
– Male and female cones to make pollen and eggs
– “Naked” ovaries within cones (not fully enclosed by tissue)
– Eggs develop into seeds
– Wind pollinated, form winged seeds
– Dominant diploid (sporophyte) generation
– Persistent leaves (evergreen)
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Gymnosperm (Conifer) Needles and Leaves
Arrangements of needles on a stem
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Figure 16.13
Most Gymnosperms Are Evergreen and Reproduce with Cones
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Figure 16.16
The Ovaries in a Female Cone are “Naked” or Incompletely Housed By Integument Tissue
Pine Life Cycle
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Figure 16.14
Gymnosperms Have a Dominant Sporophyte Generation (e.g. Adult Trees)
Mosses Ferns Gymnosperms
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Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16Plants
o Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life
o Types of Plants
Mosses (Bryophytes)
Ferns
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)
o Importance of Plant Diversity
Fungi
o Characteristics
Ecological Impact
![Page 27: Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16 Plants o Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life o Types of Plants Mosses (Bryophytes) Ferns](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032604/56649e625503460f94b5dd94/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Angiosperms
• Angiosperms
– Supply nearly all of our food and much of our fiber for textiles.
• More efficient water transport and the evolution of the flower help account for the success of the angiosperms.
• Angiosperms (Flowering Plants) have:
– Flowers (both sex parts) instead of cones
– Seeds inside enclosed ovaries
– Seeds that are further embedded in nutritious tissue within fruits
– Broad and flattened leaves which are deciduous
– A dominant sporophyte (diploid) generation
– Are usually animal pollinated (some wind)
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Figure 16.17
Bee Pollinating
Anatomy of a Flower
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Angiosperm (Flowering Plant) Leaves Are Broad and Flattened
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Figure 16.18
The Life Cycle of an Angiosperm (Sporophyte Dominant)
2n
1nPlant Fertilization
Seed Development
Flowering Plant Life Cycle (time lapse)
Fruit Development
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• The seed being enclosed within an ovary distinguishes gymnosperms from angiosperms.
Angiosperm Fruits Are Fleshy
• A fruit is a ripened ovary that helps protect the seed and increase its dispersal
Flowering/Fert
Seeds
Fruit
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Figure 16.19
Seed Dispersal Strategies of Plants
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Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16Plants
o Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life
o Types of Plants
Mosses (Bryophytes)
Ferns
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
o Importance of Plant Diversity
Fungi
o Characteristics
o Types
![Page 34: Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16 Plants o Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life o Types of Plants Mosses (Bryophytes) Ferns](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032604/56649e625503460f94b5dd94/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Fungi
• Characteristics of Fungi:
– Eukaryotic, and most are multicellular.
– Cell walls of the polysaccharide chitin
– Chemoheterotrophic nutrition, 30% are parasitic
– Constructed of thin filaments called hyphae that form mycelia
– Fungi reproduce by releasing spores that are produced either sexually or asexually.
– Include the molds, yeasts, and club fungi (mushrooms)
– Fungi are extremely important to ecosystems because they decompose and recycle organic materials.
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Figure 16.20
Diverse Forms Within Kingdom Fungi
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Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16Plants
o Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life
o Types of Plants
Mosses (Bryophytes)
Ferns
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
o Importance of Plant Diversity
Fungi
o Characteristics
o Types
![Page 37: Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16 Plants o Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life o Types of Plants Mosses (Bryophytes) Ferns](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032604/56649e625503460f94b5dd94/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Figure 16.21
Club Fungi: The Mushrooms
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Molds: Mats of Mycelia
Fungal Reproduction and Nutrition
Some molds, like Penicillium produce antibacterial chemicals
(antibiotics)
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Yeast: Single-celled fungi
Saccharomyces cerevesiae: baker’s and brewer’s yeast
Candida albicans: pathogenic yeast causing vaginal yeast infections and systemic candidiasis in AIDS patients
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Parasitic Fungi
• Of the 100,000 known species of fungi, about 30% make their living as parasites.
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Figure 16.3
Most Plants Have Mycorrhizae Fungi On Their Roots
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• Lichens
– Are symbiotic associations between fungi and algae.
– Are an example of a cooperative living arrangment called mutualism.
Lichens Are Classified As Fungi But Are Part Protistan
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Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land CHAPTER 16Plants
o Adaptation of Plants to Terrestrial Life
o Types of Plants
Mosses (Bryophytes)
Ferns
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
o Importance of Plant Diversity
Fungi
o Characteristics
o Types