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Transcript of Plants and People 1
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FLOWERING PLANTS AND CIVILIZATION Part 1
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Components for Plants and Civilization
Horticulture is the science or art of cultivating fruits,
vegetables, flowers, or ornamental plants
Genetics is the branch of biology that deals with heredity,
especially the mechanisms of hereditary transmission
and the variation of inherited characteristics amongsimilar or related organisms
Taxonomy is the classification and naming of organisms in
an ordered system that indicates natural relationships
Ethnobotany is the study of how plants are used in various
cultures, particularly in the developing world (people in
the industrial world mostly by their plant products
rather than glowing or gathering them)
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Plants are the basis of nearly all food and other materials
(other than minerals) used in the modern world
Originally ancient cultures simply gathered plant material from
the wild and used in as early cultures developed as
hunter-gatherers
As the plant an animal resources became depleted by increasing
population, cultures began to settle down and grow many of
the plants they needed, i.e., to become farmersAncient farmers selected seeds or vegetative propagules from the
more fruitful or better adapted individuals, which slowly lead
to better yields
After thousands of years of purposeful (rather than natural)selection, the cultivated plants differed appreciably from their
wild relatives
Plant geographers now recognize six world regions where
domestication of crops is believed to have taken place
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Six Regions of Crop Domestication
Near EastRegionwheat, barley, peas, asparagus, beets,
carrots, turnips, olives, cherries, plums, apples, pears, onions,garlic, cabbage, broccoli, lettuce parsley, opium poppy
Chinese regionpeach, litchi, ginger, tea, soybean, and cucumber
Africayams, okra, sweet melons, coffee
South Asia and Oceaniarice, taro, breadfruit, banana, coconut,sugar cane, mango, citrus, nutmeg, turmeric, pepper, and
eggplant
North AmericaSunflower and tobacco
South and Central Americacorn, peanut, potato, cassava,
beans, cashew, pineapple, papaya, avocado, chili pepper,
tomato, cotton, cacao, guava, sweet potato, pumpkin, squash,
rubber, and vanilla
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Plants organized into families based on evolutionary relationships
Over 300 families of angiosperms are recognized
Names & circumscription are changing with new DNA evidence,
that separates homologous from analogous characters
All angiosperm families have their family name ending inceae,Orders inales, but are not commonly used
Families can be recognized on the basis of chemical, genetic, and
morphological similarity
Some related families produce organic compounds that can beused to distinguish them from other families
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Easiest way to determine plant families are morphological
Flowers are the most important part of species identification
Androeciumnumber and condition (free or fused) of stamens
*Malvaceae has monadelphous stamens
*Fabaceae (Papillionoideae) has diadelphous stamens
*Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) has six stamens with four petals
*Melastomaceae often has geniculate stamens
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Gynoeciumposition of ovary, number of carpels, number of
seeds, number of locules, and placentation are important
*Apocarpous ovaries belong to primitive families
*Free central placentation characteristic of the Caryophyllales*Parietal placentation is uncommon, but is found in papaya
and passion fruit
Counting seeds and locules can eliminate many families
Distinctive characters, such as the gynophore in CapparaceaeWhether the ovary is inferior or superior is important
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The number of petals and if they are fused together or not are
important diagnostic characters
Many petals are found in primitive families, 4 or 5 in
advanced familiesFree petals are more often found in primitive families, fused
petals more often in advanced families
Whether a corolla is actinomorphic or zygomorphic is important
Many Ranunculaceae corollas have spurs for storing nectar
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Leaves less commonly used to recognized families and species,
but some are useful
Opposite vs. alternate, and compound vs. simple are diagnostic,
since some families have only alternate, some only opposite,
and some only simple and others only compound
Sap is often important, especially if it is milky (latex)
Only 20 families have milky sap, some partially, some entirely
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Plant Families Most Important for Plant Domestication
Monocots
Poaceae Cyperaceae Araceae
Arecaceae Liliaceae Zingiberaceae
Orchidaceae
Dicots
Rosaceae Fabaceae Euphorbiaceae
Malvaceae Apiaceae Cucurbitaceae
Solanaceae Convolvulaceae Apocynaceae
Verbenaceae Lamiaceae Acanthaceae
Rubiaceae Asteraceae
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Poaceae (a.k.a., Gramineae, Grass Family)
Comprises 9,000 to 10,000 species of grasses found throughout
the tropics and even up into the tundra
They form the dominant part of the grassland biome, which
covers perhaps 20% of the earths surface
Perhaps 32 indigenous species in Fiji, and up to 100 weedy grasses
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The stems are round and often hollow, unlike sedges that
typically have solid, 3-angled stems
Flowers are arranged in spikelets bearing overlapping bracts
They are wind pollinated and lack colorful petals (apetalous)
The fruit is a caryopsis, a one-seeded indehiscent fruit with
the seed fused to the ovary wall
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They provide the majority of the food eaten by humans,
directly with cereal crops, and indirectly by forage for cattle
and other domesticated animals eaten by humans
Food crops include wheat, corn (maize), barley, oats, rye, and
sugar cane, as well as the very useful bamboo
Jobs tears (Coix lacryma-jobi) seeds (fruits actually) are used
to make Polynesian and Melanesian necklaces
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Cyperaceae (Sedge Family)
Comprises about 4000 species of sedges found throughout the
world, mostly in the tropics but many species also in the tundraDistinguished from grasses by solid, usually 3-angled stems
(sedges have edges)
Most tend to be associated with wet and/or poor soil (they
sometimes dominate marshes)
About 24 species native to Fiji, and nearly as many weeds
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Mostly lanceolate leaves borne on a closed sheath, and
often with leaf-like bracts below the inflorescence
Green, apetalous flowers are surrounded by bracts and
arranged in spikelets
Florets are mostly wind pollinated with a superior ovary
bearing 2 or 3 stigma lobes
Fruit is a caryopsis containing a single, usually 3-angled seed
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Economic species include water
chestnut,kutu (Eleocharis dulcis),
and papyrus (Cyperus papyriferus)Papyrus used by the ancient Egyptians
to make paper
Kutu used by Fijians and western
Polynesians to makekuta mats
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Araceae (Arum Family)
Comprises about 3,700 herbaceous species of plants known as
aroids, mostly herbs but some of them vines (trunk
climbers)
Found mostly in the tropics, but many also temperate
Many are cultivated for food and as ornamentals
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Stemless herbs with large, alternate leaves, and often forming
large tubers or corms
Commonly having oxalate crystals and milky sap
Flowers usually tiny, apetalous, and unisexual, arranged on a
fleshy spike called a spadix, which is usually surrounded by a
sheath called spathe
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Many species of aroids are cultivated as ornamentals, some
for their foliage, some for their showy spathes
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Some native species are vines, including the two native species
found in Fiji,Epipremnum pinnatum (shown here) and
Rhapidophora spuria
In Tonga, the roots of the former species are used to make
baskets called katoalu
One species, water cabbage, is a weed in Fiji
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Araceae (a.k.a. Palmae, Palm Family)
Comprises about 2,600 to 3,000 species of woody monocots
found in the tropics, subtropics, and warm temperate areas of
the world
A few, such as rattans, grow as vines
Only about 130 palms found outside the tropics, and farthest
north and south are found at 44 N and 44 S
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All easily recognized by large, evergreen compound leaves,
either pinnate or palmate, on top of the woody stemFlowers either unisexual or bisexual, and usually arranged
in dense panicles
Tepals 6, often both whorls petaloid, and 6 stamens
Ovary 3-celled, superior, and usually forming a drupe fruit
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The largest seed (up to 30 kg) in the world belongs the coco de
mer of Mauritius, and the largest leaves (25 m) to another
palm (Raphia sp.)
There are about 22 native species of palms in Fiji
Numerous palms used as ornamentals
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Important economic products include the following:
Dates from date palms (Phoenix dactylifera), which are growncommercially in deserts (and in cities as an ornamental)
Coconuts (Cocos nucifera) for their edible seed, and many other
coconut products made from all parts of the palm
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Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) for cooking oil is a major crop
being grown in the tropics, and is a major cause of
displacement of tropical rainforest
Palm hearts (Euterpe spp.) from the stem tips of several species
of this genus; they are used in salads and cooking
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Sago starch is obtained from the trunk
of a felled sago palm (Metroxylon saguand other species)
Rattans (various species), which are
climbing palms, are used for furniture
and basketry
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Betel nut (Areca catechu) as a stimulating drug
Widespread in Indo-Malaya, SE Asia, and Micronesia
Betel nut is powdered with crushed limestone and wrapped in
the leaf of aPiper sp. before it is chewed
It gives that wonderful betel nut smile
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Liliaceae (Lily Family)
Comprises about 4,000 species of herbaceous species, many
growing from bulbs or rhizomes, mostly in temperate areas
A catch-all family with many species originally included thathave now been put into different families
Most important commercial use is as ornamentals, with
numerous species being in the ornamental plant trade
Many are poisonous, but some, e.g., garlic and onion, are edible
Often combined with Amaryllidaceae
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Leaves alternate or less often opposite or whorled
Flowers often showy and nearly always bisexual and actinomorphic
Perianth typically consists of two whorls of 6 undifferentiated or
weakly differentiated petaloid tepals
Androecium usually consists of 6 fertile stamens
Gynoecium typically consists of a single 3-carpellate pistil of 3
Fruit is nearly always a capsule or berry
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Two species of lilies are native to Fiji
Collospermum montanum, which is an epiphyte common in
montane areas
Dianella intermedia, which is a terrestrial herb
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Zingiberaceae (Ginger Family)
Comprises about 1000 herbaceous species with creeping or
horizontal rhizomes, found mostly in the tropics.
The spiral gingers are sometimes put into the family CostaceaeMain commercial use as ornamentals, but a few are used in
cooking (turmeric and ginger)
Six species of ginger are native in Fiji
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Leaves alternate and distichous with a sheathing base
Flowers bisexual, strongly zygomorphic, often borne in a spike or
raceme with conspicuous floral bracts
Perianth a 3-lobed or spathaceous tubular calyx and a petaloidtubular corolla with 3 lobes
Androecium of a single fertile stamen, with a large petaloid
labellum representing 2 connate staminodes
Gynoecium of a single compound pistil of 3 carpels
Fruit a capsule or berry-like
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Orchidaceae (Orchid Family)
The largest family of angiosperms, over 25,000 described species
found mostly in the tropics, but also into temperate regions
Very specialized methods of pollination, often with only onepollinator
Important epiphytes in tropical rainforests, and thousands of
species used in hybridization for making new cultivars
Fiji has 164 native species, Samoa 100, but Hawaii has only 3
Vanilla is an orchid with a use other than as an ornamental
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Most native species are epiphytes, but many are terrestrial
Leaves alternate, parallel veined (as most monocots)
Zygomorphic flowers with one petal called the labellum that ismodified into a landing platform
Stamens and pistil fused together to form a column
Pollen in a two packets called pollinia that are carried intact
by insects during pollination
Capsule contains thousands of tiny seeds
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Rosaceae (Rose Family)
Comprises about 3,000 to 4,000 species
Leaves are always alternate, usually simple but sometimes
compound, often with toothed margins
Stamens usually many, petals free and sometimes many
The ovary is often half-inferior (perigynous)
The family is very small in Oceania, with only one species
native to Fiji (Rubus moluccanus)
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It comprises many edible fruits, such as strawberries,
blackberries, pears, apples, plum, peaches, cherries, apricots,
and almonds
Also many important ornamentals, particularly roses, of
which hundreds of cultivars have been named
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Fabaceae (Pea Family)
The third largest family of angiosperms with ca. 13,000 species
Formerly called Leguminosae
Sometimes divided into three families, but more often subfamilies
MimosoideaeUsually with conspicuous stamens and small petals
CaesalpinoideaeUsually with 5 or 10 stamens and 5 showy petals
Papillionoideaewith butterfly flowers and diadelphous stamens
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They comprise trees, herbs, shrubs, and vines
Alternate leaves, and these may be simple, pinnately compound,
or trifoliate (3-leaflets)
The butterfly flower is the most diagnostic characteristic (of
the subfamily Papillionoideae)
Nearly all of them have a legume fruit
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The comprise numerous ornamental, native, weedy, and
commercial crop species
Important food crops include peas, beans (kidney, lima, string,
winged, etc.), peanuts, lentils
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Also fodder plants, such as mesquite and alfalfa,
since they are high in nitrates (root nodules!)
Many important timber species, including vesi
Also some chemicals, such as fish poisons (derris)
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Euphorbiaceae (Spurge Family)
Comprises about 4,000 species of herbs, shrubs, and trees
found throughout the world, but mostly tropicalMany species are used as ornamentals, particularly succulent
spurges found in Asia and Africa
Many species, particularly the genusEuphorbia, have milky sap,
which can serve to distinguish the succulent ones from cacti
About 66 species in 21 genera are native to Fiji
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The most economically important species are rubber (Heveabrasiliensis ), castor bean (Ricinus communis), and cassava
(Manihot esculenta)
Some species are poisonous (e.g., castor bean with deadly ricin)
Includes numerous weedy species and ornamentals
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Malvaceae (Mallow Family)
Comprises about 1500 species of the tropics to temperate areas
Trees, shrubs, and herbs, with four native species in Fiji
Includes many ornamental species, including several species and
numerous, variously colored cultivars of hibiscus, one of which
is an ancient introduction to Fiji
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Usually have stellate hairs and mucilaginous sap
Leaves always alternate, simple, often palmately veined and/or
lobedFlowers have five free petals, often colorful and conspicuous
Gynoecium with a superior, several celled ovary
Stamens usually united (monadelphous)
Fruit usually a several-celled capsule or schizocarp
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The family includes four native species, three of them widespreadtreesmilo (mulomulo), beach hibiscus (vau), and native cotton
It also includes species of weeds, a few of them of ancient
introduction to Fiji
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