Plant Proteins

Vasuki silva

Classification of feedstuffs• 1. Roughages - Dry forages and roughages, • 2. Pasture, range plants and forages fed fresh• 3. Silages & hayleges,• 4. Energy feeds• 5. Protein supplements,• 6. Mineral supplements,• 7. Vitamin supplements,• 8. Additives.

Protein supplements cont.

• Plant proteins• Animal proteins• Synthetic amino acids

Protein supplements• Protein is a critical nutrient• Protein supplements? - Those having 20% or

more crude protein on a dry matter basis• For non ruminant species and young suckling

ruminant species, a diet must supply the indispensable amino acids

• For ruminant species: – nourish microorganisms – digestible, indispensable amino acids

Protein supplements cont.

Coconut poonacSoybean meal Gingelly poonacGroundnut poonacCotton seed poonacKapok seed poonacCassava leaf mealIpil ipil leaf meal

Protein supplements cont.

• Other –flaxseed meal (linseed meal) peanut meal corn gluten meal sorghum gluten meal brewer's dried grains

Oilcakes & oil meals s

• The oilseed crops such as soybeans, canola, sunflowers, safflowers and flax are processed to extract oil for food and occasionally for industrial purposes.

• the protein-rich residues left after oil removal

• The residual meals are excellent sources of supplemental protein.

• Oilcakes are by-products of the vegetable oil extraction industry

• many varieties of seeds and fruits are cultivated primarily for their oil content

• In the tropics ,soybean, groundnut, and sesame (gingelly) are the principal oil seeds yielding protein-rich oilcake or meal after oil removal

Oil extraction from seed or fruit is carried out by two methods

1.by pressing-oilcake2.with chemical solvents(solvent extraction) - oil meal.

Oil cake production

• Two mechanical processes 1. hydraulic presses not very efficient 2. the screw expeller processmore efficient in removing oilDue to high temperatures oilcakes come

out burnt with subsequent lowering of feed value

Chemical extraction method• The oil meal that is produced by this method

hasvery low fat content; less than 1%Due to low temperatures ,oil cake may contain ant nutritive factorsDue to the relatively mild treatment ,these products have a comparatively higher feed value than expeller cakes higher protein content

Groundnut /peanut (Arachishypogaea L.)

Groundnut poonac

Groundnut poonac cont.

• safe feed for fish 50 percent of the material as the principal protein

source can be used in complete feeding of carps• High in PUFA • groundnut protein is especially low in methionine• The principal contaminant is aflatoxin.(Aflatoxin is

not destroyed by heat).

Soyabean (Glycine max )

• one of the world's most important oil seed crops

• accounted for 64.1% of the world production of protein meals in 1997 to 1998.

Soybean meal cont.

• Moderate heating is generally required to inactivate anti-nutritional factors

• But, overheating can reduce amino acid availability

• high in crude protein content• low in Ca, but high in P content

Soybean meal cont.• Amino acid profile is favourable

• Palatable & Digestible

• High energy & Nitrogen Fixer while Low fiber content

• Fe, Zn, Mn, carotene, Vit.D & B complex

• High number of anti-nutritional factors

• Soybean best combined with cereal grains for AA

Soybean meal, low protien(non-dehulled) Soybean meal, high protein (dehulled) Soybean meal, high oil (expeller)

Soybean meal cont.

Solvent extraction -Soybean meal 44Expeller process-Soybean meal 48

Soybean meal composition

• Dry matter- 89.5%• C. protein- 44%• Total lysine -2.83%.....lysine digestibility -88%• Total phosphorus-0.64%• Ether extract- 1%• C.fiber- 5.3%• Ash- 5.6%• ME- 2715cal/g

Antinutritional factors• Protease inhibitors• Lectin• Phytoestrogens• Saponins• Goitrogenic factors• Rachitogenic factors• Phytic acid• Mycotoxins• Allergens• Lipoxidase

Soybean Meal in Feeding of Different Animals

Ruminants:• Important part of diet of ruminants due to:o More (60%) rumen-degradable proteino Good AA profileo High cell wall digestibilityo Palatable• 35% in dairy cows & beef• 30% in ewes• 20% in calves & lambs

• In Dairy Cows: Protein Energy Crude fiber Ammonia +ve effect on feed intake,milk yield & • milk protein contents If its price is high its alternatives are • used. It is totally depends upon price. In younge Calves:o Provides methionineo Provides lysine Limiting AAo Provides tryptophano It is provided to calves younger than 3 • months

In Poultry: Major protein source for poultry due to quality

& amount of protein and AA profile

Maize & soybean based diet provides all essential AA but methionine...Avoid unprocessed beans

Inclusion level Chicks 25% Broiler,breeder & laying hens 30-40%

Phytase added to corn-soybean layer diets to increase the egg production, egg weight & feed consumption Whole soybeans will soften the body So avoid it & give 20-25% per diet

Coconut Poonac

Coconut poonac cont.• Copra Cake (CC) is the left over

residue of a coconut after its oil extraction.

• principal ingredient for fish, shrimp, livestock feeds.

• Some research found that the feeds mixed with copra cake are a favorite of dairy cattle.

• This mixture also increases the fatty ingredients of their milk and gives it a creamy, sweetish, nutty flavor.

• Coconut poonac is used in some rural areas.• too expensive to use as a common food. It uses as a

replacement for more expensive imported manufactured feeds.

• In Sri Lanka coconut poonac has been particularly used for feeding dairy cattle.

• Coconut meal is a relatively good source of energy and protein for use in livestock diets. Coconut poonac is used in Sri lanka by two ways.

• whole coconut and from the by product of dessicated coconut.

• They are different in color and quality.

Coconut poonac cont.• It is widely used as a supplement in coconut

producing areas.

• For ruminants it is often fed intact after soaking or mixed with one or two other dietary ingredients, for example, with citrus meal in a 1:1 ratio.

• It can be used at fairly high levels, but animals which are not used to it are at first somewhat reluctant to feed on it. To overcome this difficulty, it should be introduced slowly in the feed.

• For pigs the optimum level of inclusion was 10%.

• The maximum safe amount for dairy cows seems to be about

1.5–2 kg day-1; larger amounts may result in tallowy butter. Beef cattle can consume much more without affecting carcass quality (FAO, 1981b).• Application: feeding dairy cattle,

pigs, beef cattle, deer, horse, sheep

Physical/chemical characteristicsApperance and Odor: Brown / Sweet Odor

Residual Oil Content: 10.0% max

Moisture Content: 12% max

Ash Content: 2.0%

Protein Content: 18.0% min

Stocking Densitiy: 52.0 lbs./cu.ft.

Fat Content : 10.0% max

Aflatoxin Maximum 50 ppb

Top 5 Copra Meal Exporters: *in 1000 MT

1. Philippines 500.00 MT2. Indonesia 250.00 MT3. Sri Lanka 16.00 MT4. Papua New Guinea 9.00 MT5. Mozambique 5.00 MT

Year of Estimate: 2010Source: United States Department of Agriculture

Cotton seed meal

• By product of oil extraction from cotton seeds• Plant protein supplement• Protein rich feed ingredient• Common source of protein for ruminants• Used as a partial substitute for soybean meal• Used to feed adult ruminants (ex: Cattle feed)• Poultry diets (Broiler diets, Layer diets)

Composition

• Crude Protein -45%• Crude fiber -10.6% • Lignin -5.4%• Ether extract -8.9%• Ash -7%• Gross Energy -21.2 MJ/kg DM• Ca -2 g/kg DM• P -12.4 g/kg DM• K -16.6 g/kg DM

• World production was 14.7 million tons in 2009• Among this 10.9 million tons- for feed livestock• Top five cotton seed producers: China, India, Pakistan, Brazil, U.S.A.• Account for almost 80% of world production• Consume 75% of this production as feed

• Susceptible to mold development when it is too wet• Dust explosion when it is too dry• So, moisture content should maintain between 5 &

11%• Storage temperature: between 5˚C & 25˚C • Temperature can control by;

tight closing & CO2 injections into the storage container

Limitations of usage

• Limits the use for non-ruminants & reproductive ruminants----Due to presence of gossypol

• Monogastric animals & young ruminants ---Highly susceptible to gossypol

• Can included up to 15% in cattle diets• Safe up to 10-15% of broiler diet• In layer diets limits to 10%• Should not exceed 5% in rabbit diets

Kapok seed meal

INTRODUCTION

Kapok seeds meal is the remains of kapok seeds after being processed to produce oil.

Two types    Kapok Seed Cake   Kapok Seed Powder

Both contain the similar quantity of protein and oil Kapok seeds meal is mainly used in animal feed

industry. Very good source of edible oil

NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION

Kapok seed meal is rich in protein & fiber Kapok seed meal has a variable composition due to the oil

extraction process result in residual oil & decortication

Crude protein % 28.9

Gross energy MJ/kg DM 24.0

Available Ca g/kg

4

Available P g/kg 8.7

Ash % DM 6.3

Lysine (% in protein) 1

Crude fat %DM 8.3

Crude fiber %DM 20.2

NDF %DM 33.3

SUITABILITY FOR RUMINANT

Kapok seed meal can be fed for ruminanthigh crude protein degradability no effect on feed intake, digestibility, milk yield

and milk compositionSupplementation of up to 40% kapok seed meal to

cattle produced satisfactory resultshigher levels can be toxic

SUITABILITY FOR POULTRY

metabolizable energy of kapok seed meal in poultry would be about 8.75 MJ/kg DM

Recommended rates in poultry diets are 5-10%When replace sunflower seed meal, kapok seed

meal there is no effect on feed intake, growth rate and feed efficiency

However, at 10% inclusion of kapok seed meal depressed growth rate by 35%.

At higher levels (20, 30 and 40%) kapok seed meal is highly toxic

Kapok seed meal has adverse effects on egg qualityHens laid low-quality eggs and yolks become brown cyclopropenoid fatty acids It cause release of iron from the yolk, leading to pink

egg contents & reduction in hatchability

SUITABILITY FOR PIGS

5% to 20% inclusion rate were recommended in pig diets

More than 20% decrease growth rate of growing pigs

Can enhanced meat quality by including 3% kapok seed meal in finishing pigs diets (more saturated fatty acids, greater redness, and a better marbling score in lean)

But it reduce nutrient digestibility

POTENTIAL CONSTRAINTS 

ToxicityKapok seed meal that have developed a soapy smell shouldn’t feed to monogastrics. because it may be toxic

High levels of kapok seed meal can be toxic in ruminants and poultry

Cyclopropenoid fatty acidsKapok seed oil contains cyclopropenoid fatty acids that can be beneficial in pigs as they promote hard fat

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Gingelly Poonac

• Sesame meal is a protein rich product obtained after oil extraction

• used as a feed for livestock and poultry

• The hulls resulting from the dehulling of sesame seeds are discarded and can be used as fodder for ruminants or poultry

Distribution

• long warm-season growing species• now found in many tropical and subtropical

areas

Environmental impacts

• it has low inputs requirements and often grows under conditions few other crops can survive.

• Sesame would attract beneficial insects and it is a source of feed for songbirds, quail and doves

Nutritional composition

• Protein : 42% minimum• Silica : 3% maximum• Moisture : 10% maximum• Oil Content : 6%• Product Type : Nuts & Oil Seed

• Combined with groundnut meal it provides a well-balanced protein

• It can be use as a instead of cotton seed poonac

Rabbits

• Sesame oil meal is considered as a classical

source of proteins for rabbit feeding since a long time

• sesame oil meal in balanced rabbit rations needs presence in the diet of a source of lysine

Pigs

• Sesame meal is frequently used as the principal protein in both growing and fattening rations for swine, constituting up to 30% when 5% of the ration is a lysine-rich ingredient, such as meat meal.

• Excessive use of sesame meal may produce soft pork

Poultry

• As sesame cake is rich in methionine and arginine, it has great potential as a poultry feed when mixed with lysine-rich materials.

Storage conditions

• it will become rancid if stored for any length of time

• It is stored in dried area with out moisture and low air conditions

• It can not be stored long period of times

Availability and prices

• Cultivated in Ampara, Moneragala, Hambantota and Anuradhapura area

• Production is decreased with a time

• Expensive than coconut poonac

• Suitable as a animal feed• Not much popular in Sri Lanka• Sesame hull is also suitable as a animal feed• Good opportunities are available

Cassava leaf meal

Used as a Feed for different animals including ruminants and non-ruminants.

Cassava foliage (leaves and stem), peels and particularly the root are used.

In fresh, dried or in silage form.

Alone or mixed with other feed.

Type of usage

Part Use as Use for

Foliage Fresh form or silage Pigs, poultry, goats and dairy cattle.

Root Chips, pellets , flour or pulp

Pigs, poultry

Peel Sun dried chips ruminants

Nutrient composition

• Proximate composition and metabolizable energy values

• Almost 85% fraction of the crude protein is true protein.• Variability in protein content is related to differences in cultivars,

stage of maturity, sampling procedure, soil fertility and climate.

Dry matter % 93.0Crude protein % 21.0 (16.7-39.9)Crude fat % 5.5 (3.8-10.5)Crude fiber % 20.0 (4.8-29.0)Ash % 8.5 (5.7-12.5)Metabolizable energy (Kcal/kg)

1.80 (1.56-1.94)

• Mineral contents of cassava meal

• Cassava leaves also rich in ascorbic acid and vitamin A and contain significant amount of riboflavin.

Macro minerals %K 1.28Ca 1.45Mg 0.42P 0.45Na 0.02Micro minerals (mg/kg)Zn 149Mn 52Fe 259Cu 12

Amino acid composition

• Deficient in methionine, possibly marginal in tryptophan but rich in lysine.

• As the leaves matured, the amino acid content is decreased. Lysine and histidine shows the great decrease.

Other components in cassavaCyanogenic glucosides.

• The normal range of cyanide content is from 20 - 80mg HCN per 100g of fresh leaf weight.

• On a dry basis (25% DM) the normal range of cyanide is around 800 - 3200mg/ 100g.

Tannins

• They are capable of forming indigestible complexes with protein.

• Increase amino acid requirements of animals.

Harvesting• In small scale, - Manually harvest the foliage by stem pruning - The foliage including tender stems can be wilted, green chopped and used directly for ruminant feeding. - The leaves could be stripped, dried and ground into a meal.

• In large scale, - Mechanical harvesting devices can be used.

Processing• Chopping - manually or mechanically - Increases cyanide elimination - Shortens the drying time

• Wilting - Spreading out in shade or in a room with cross ventilation - Leaves must be turned over regularly to avoid fermentation and mould formation

• Drying - Wilted leaves should be uniformly distributed in the drying floor and turn over regularly. - Simple sun drying eliminates the almost 90% of the initial cyanide content. - Once 12% moisture level is reached, the dry leaves can be preserved either in the form of leaf meal and pellets.

Storage• Cassava leaf meal has excellent storage

qualities

• Cyanide content decline during storage.

• But a gradual decline of crude protein content is possible.

Ipil ipil leaf meal

• Leucaena leucocephala (ipil ipil) provides nutritious and high protein forage for ruminants such as cattle, water buffalo, sheep and goats which increases milk production.

• Leaves have been used in feeds for non-ruminants like pig, and its processed seeds are also used as feed ingredient.

• The leaf-meal is used as poultry diet. Cheaper plant

protein source with high nutritive value.

Nutrient composition%

Crude protein 25ME (kcal/kg) 920Ca 1.72P 0.18Lysine (% in protein) 1.12SAA (% in protein) 0.64Crude fiber 10.9Crude fat 2.4Ash 9.6TDN 83.2Rate of inclusion max (poultry) 5

Types of usage

Use for Benefits

Ruminants- cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goat

Increase the milk production

Non ruminants- pig Fattening pigs

Poultry Increase in egg production & quality